Relationships between Ground Reaction Force and Tibial Bone Acceleration Parameters

Using data from six male subjects, this study compared ground reaction force and tibial acceleration parameters for running. A bone-mounted triaxial accelerometer and a force platform were employed for data collection. Low peak values were found for the axial acceleration, and a time shift toward the occurrence of the first peak in the vertical force data was present. The time to peak axial acceleration differed significantly from the time to the first force peak, and the peak values of force and acceleration demonstrated only a moderate correlation. However, a high negative correlation was found for the comparison of the peak axial acceleration with the time to peak vertical force. Employing a multiple regression analysis, the peak tibial acceleration could be well estimated using vertical force loading rate and peak horizontal ground reaction force as predictors.

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Use of Ground Reaction Force Parameters in Predicting Peak Tibial Accelerations in Running

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.9.4.306 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 306-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Ewald M. Hennig ◽

Thomas L. Milani ◽

Mario A. Lafortune

Keyword(s):

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Reaction Force ◽

The Body ◽

Force Platform ◽

Good Prediction ◽

Vertical Force ◽

Force Peak ◽

Power Frequency ◽

Initial Force ◽

Force Data

Ground reaction force data and tibial accelerations from a skin-mounted transducer were collected during rearfoot running at 3.3 m/s across a force platform. Five repetitive trials from 27 subjects in each of 19 different footwear conditions were evaluated. Ground reaction force as well as tibial acceleration parameters were found to be useful for the evaluation of the cushioning properties of different athletic footwear. The good prediction of tibial accelerations by the maximum vertical force rate toward the initial force peak (r2 = .95) suggests that the use of a force platform is sufficient for the estimation of shock-absorbing properties of sport shoes. If an even higher prediction accuracy is required a regression equation with two variables (maximum force rate, median power frequency) may be used (r2 = .97). To evaluate the influence of footwear on the shock traveling through the body, a good prediction of peak tibial accelerations can be achieved from force platform measurements.

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Estimates of Running Ground Reaction Force Parameters from Motion Analysis

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.2015-0329 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 69-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Gaspare Pavei ◽

Elena Seminati ◽

Jorge L.L. Storniolo ◽

Leonardo A. Peyré-Tartaruga

Keyword(s):

Motion Analysis ◽

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Center Of Mass ◽

Reaction Force ◽

The Body ◽

Vertical Force ◽

Vertical Stiffness ◽

Leg Stiffness ◽

Force Peak ◽

Body Center

We compared running mechanics parameters determined from ground reaction force (GRF) measurements with estimated forces obtained from double differentiation of kinematic (K) data from motion analysis in a broad spectrum of running speeds (1.94–5.56 m⋅s–1). Data were collected through a force-instrumented treadmill and compared at different sampling frequencies (900 and 300 Hz for GRF, 300 and 100 Hz for K). Vertical force peak, shape, and impulse were similar between K methods and GRF. Contact time, flight time, and vertical stiffness (kvert) obtained from K showed the same trend as GRF with differences < 5%, whereas leg stiffness (kleg) was not correctly computed by kinematics. The results revealed that the main vertical GRF parameters can be computed by the double differentiation of the body center of mass properly calculated by motion analysis. The present model provides an alternative accessible method for determining temporal and kinetic parameters of running without an instrumented treadmill.

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Mechanical demands of the two-handed hardstyle kettlebell swing performed by an RKC-certified Instructor

10.1101/2021.05.13.444085 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Neil J. Meigh ◽

Wayne A. Hing ◽

Ben J. Schram ◽

Justin W.L. Keogh

Keyword(s):

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Peak Force ◽

Vertical Force ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Male Body ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Force Peak ◽

Force Time

Background: The effects of hardstyle kettlebell training are frequently discussed in the strength and conditioning field, yet reference data from a proficient swing is scarce. The aim of this study was to profile the mechanical demands of a two-handed hardstyle swing performed by a Russian Kettlebell Challenge (RKC) Instructor. Methods: The subject is a 44-year-old male, body mass 75.6 kg, height 173.5 cm, with 6 years of regular hardstyle kettlebell training since attaining certification in 2013. Two-handed hardstyle swings were performed with a series of incremental weight (8-68 kg) kettlebells. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) were obtained from a floor-mounted force platform. Force-time curves (FTCs), peak force, forward force relative to vertical force, rate of force development (RFD) and swing cadence were investigated. Results: Data revealed the FTC of a proficient swing were highly consistent (mean SD = 47 N) and dominated by a single force peak, with a profile that remained largely unchanged with 8-24 kg kettlebells. Pearson correlation analyses revealed a very strong positive correlation in peak force with kettlebell weight (r = 0.95), which increased disproportionately from the lightest to heaviest kettlebells; peak net force increasing from 8.36 ± 0.75 N.kg-1 (0.85 x BW) to 12.82 ± 0.39 N.kg-1 (1.3x BW). There was a strong negative correlation between RFD and kettlebell weight (r = 0.82) decreasing from 39.2 N.s-1.kg-1 to 21.5 N.s-1.kg-1. There was a very strong positive correlation in forward ground reaction force with kettlebell weight (r = 0.99), expressed as a ratio of vertical ground reaction, increasing from 0.092 (9.2%) to 0.205 (20.5%). Swing cadence exceeded 40 swings per minute (SPM) at all weights. Conclusion: Our findings challenge some of the popular beliefs of the hardstyle kettlebell swing. Consistent with hardstyle practice and previous kinematic analysis of expert and novice, force-time curves show a characteristic single large force peak, differentiating passive from active shoulder flexion. Ground reaction force did not increase proportionate to bell weight, with a magnitude of forward force smaller than described in practice. These results could be useful for coaches and trainers using kettlebells with the intent to improve athletic performance, and healthcare providers using the kettlebell swing for therapeutic purposes. Findings from this study were used to inform the BELL Trial, a pragmatic clinical trial of kettlebell training with older adults. www.anzctr.org.au ACTRN12619001177145.

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Ground reaction force in basketball cutting maneuvers with and without ankle bracing and taping

Sao Paulo Medical Journal ◽

10.1590/s1516-31802006000500002 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 124 (5) ◽

pp. 245-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Isabel de Camargo Neves Sacco ◽

Henrique Yuji Takahasi ◽

Eneida Yuri Suda ◽

Linamara Rizzo Battistella ◽

Cristianne Akie Kavamoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Repeated Measurements ◽

Medical Rehabilitation ◽

Time Interval ◽

Peak Time ◽

Ankle Sprains ◽

Vertical Force ◽

Sport Shoe ◽

Ankle Bracing

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: In basketball, the most common injuries are ankle sprains. For this reason, players frequently use external ankle devices or taping as prophylactic and rehabilitation measures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ground reaction force (GRF) responses in basketball players while performing typical cutting maneuvers with and without ankle bracing and ankle taping. DESIGN AND SETTING: Comparative study with experimental design of single-group repeated measurements, at Medical Rehabilitation Division, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo. METHODS: Vertical (Fy) and medial-lateral (Fz) GRF measurements were made under three conditions (taping, Aircast-type orthosis and basketball shoes alone), with analysis of peak forces at foot contact (Fymax1, Fzmax1, Fymax2 and Fzmax2), growth gradient (peak/time) (GG Fymax1, GG Fzmax1, GG Fymax2 and GG Fzmax2) and impulse after foot contact. RESULTS: Bracing significantly reduced Fymax2 and GG Fymax2. GG Fzmax1 was significantly higher for the sport shoe condition than for the taping condition. Taping increased Fy in relation to the sport shoe at foot contact, but over a longer time interval, without increasing excessive ankle loading. Fz reached a peak in less time, which might generate greater inversion/eversion loading on a player's foot. The Aircast exerted better shock-absorbing effect than did the other two conditions, since it generated less vertical force over longer time intervals and smaller medial-lateral forces in relation to taping. CONCLUSIONS: Ankle bracing and ankle taping action mechanisms are still unclear and therefore should be carefully prescribed. More studies are needed to clarify taping and bracing effects on sporting activities.

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Ground reaction force and hoof deceleration patterns on two different surfaces at the trot

Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.1017/s147806150667607x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 209-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Pia Gustås ◽

Christopher Johnston ◽

Stig Drevemo

Keyword(s):

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Force Plate ◽

Ground Surface ◽

Ground Reaction Forces ◽

Triaxial Accelerometer ◽

Loading Rates ◽

Sand Surface ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Force Data

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to compare the hoof deceleration and ground reaction forces following impact on two different surfaces. Seven unshod Standardbreds were trotted by hand at 3.0–5.7 m s− 1 over a force plate covered by either of the two surfaces, sandpaper or a 1 cm layer of sand. Impact deceleration data were recorded from one triaxial accelerometer mounted on the fore- and hind hooves, respectively. Ground reaction force data were obtained synchronously from a force plate, sampled at 4.8 kHz. The differences between the two surfaces were studied by analysing representative deceleration and force variables for individual horses. The maximum horizontal peak deceleration and the loading rates of the vertical and the horizontal forces were significantly higher on sandpaper compared with the sand surface (P < 0.001). In addition, the initial vertical deceleration was significantly higher on sandpaper in the forelimb (P < 0.001). In conclusion, it was shown that the different qualities of the ground surface result in differences in the hoof-braking pattern, which may be of great importance for the strength of the distal horse limb also at slow speeds.

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The Relationship Between Vertical Loadrates and Tibial Acceleration Across Footstrike Patterns

Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics ◽

10.1177/2473011418s00200 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 2473011418S0020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Irene Davis ◽

Todd Hayano ◽

Adam Tenforde

Keyword(s):

Impact Loading ◽

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Force Plate ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽

Vertical Ground ◽

Tibial Acceleration ◽

The Relationship

Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: While the etiology of injuries is multifactorial, impact loading, as measured by the loadrate of the vertical ground reaction force has been implicated. These loadrates are typically measured with a force plate. However, this limits the measure of impacts to laboratory environments. Tibial acceleration, another measure of running impacts, is considered a surrogate for loadrate. It can be measured using new wearable technology that can be used in a runner’s natural environment. However, the correlation between tibial acceleration measured from mobile devices and vertical ground reaction force loadrates, measured from forceplates, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between vertical and resultant loadrates to vertical and resultant tibial acceleration across different footstrike patterns (FSP) in runners. Methods: The study involved a sample of convenience made up of 169 runners (74 F, 95 M; age: 38.66±13.08 yrs) presenting at a running injury clinic. This included 25 habitual forefoot strike (FFS), 17 midfoot strike (MFS) and 127 rearfoot strike (RFS) runners. Participants ran on an instrumented treadmill (average speed 2.52±0.25 m/s), with a tri-axial accelerometer attached at the left distal medial tibia. Only subjects running with pain <3/10 on a VAS scale during the treadmill run were included to reduce the confounding effect of pain. Vertical average, vertical instantaneous and resultant instantaneous loadrates (VALR, VILR and RILR) and peak vertical and resultant tibial accelerations (VTA, RTA) were averaged for 8 consecutive left steps. Correlation coefficients (r) were calculated between tibial accelerations and loadrates. Results: All tibial accelerations were significantly correlated across all loadrates, with the exception of RTA with VILR for FFS (Table 1) which was nearly significant (p=0.068). Correlations ranged from 0.37-0.82. VTA was strongly correlated with all loadrates (r = 0.66). RTA was also strongly correlated with both loadrates for RFS and MFS, but only moderately correlated with loadrates for FFS (r = 0.47). Correlations were similar across the different loadrates (VALR, VILR, RILR). Conclusion: The stronger correlation between vertical tibial acceleration and all loadrates (VALR, VILR, RILR) suggests that it may be the best surrogate for loadrates when studying impact loading in runners.

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