A Perturbation Study of Lower Extremity Motion during Running

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbert Van Woensel ◽  
Peter R. Cavanagh
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Shoe Condition ◽  
Phase Profile ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Extremity Motion ◽  
Rearfoot Motion

The present study explored kinematic adaptation in the lower extremity to running in shoes with 10° valgus and varus midsole perturbations. Rearfoot motion and knee flexion/extension data on nine subjects were collected using a Selspot II system during treadmill running in the two test shoes and in a neutral shoe condition. Maximum pronation was significantly altered by an amount approximately the same as the shoe perturbation, but there was no substantial adaptation in the amount of knee flexion. From the rearfoot patterns it was inferred that time to maximum pronation may be an unreliable variable to describe the pattern of rearfoot motion; the two-phase profile using rearfoot velocity may be more useful. It was concluded that certain subtle sagittal plane kinematic adaptations in timing and velocity patterns did occur at the knee in response to the shoe perturbations.

The Biomechanics of Lower Extremity Action in Distance Running

Foot & Ankle ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Cavanagh
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Plane Motion ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
Foot Placement ◽  
Running Injuries ◽  
Acceleration Force ◽  
Rearfoot Motion ◽  
Insight Into

The role of quantitative biomechanical measurements in the evaluation of the running patient is discussed. Many techniques are now available to provide insight into the external mechanics of lower extremity action during running, and results from such measurements are presented for symptom-free subjects at distance running speeds. Details of stride length, stride time, and foot placement are first presented followed by a discussion of kinematic data, including stick figures, angle-time graphs, and angle-angle diagrams for the sagittal plane motion of the hip, knee, and ankle joints. The measurement of rearfoot motion, as an approximation of coronal plane subtalar joint movements, is also discussed. Results from acceleration, force, and pressure measurements are considered, and the assertion is made that bilateral asymmetry in many of these measures is a fairly common finding. There are, at present, few reports in the literature of the application of biomechanical techniques to the evaluation of patients with running injuries. It is anticipated that there will be rapid developments in this area in the future and that this will provide considerable insight into the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of running injuries.

scholarly journals Is Motorized Treadmill Running Biomechanically Comparable to Overground Running? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Over Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bas Van Hooren ◽  
Joel T. Fuller ◽  
Jonathan D. Buckley ◽  
Jayme R. Miller ◽  
Kerry Sewell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Internal Joint

Abstract Background Treadmills are often used in research, clinical practice, and training. Biomechanical investigations comparing treadmill and overground running report inconsistent findings. Objective This study aimed at comparing biomechanical outcomes between motorized treadmill and overground running. Methods Four databases were searched until June 2019. Crossover design studies comparing lower limb biomechanics during non-inclined, non-cushioned, quasi-constant-velocity motorized treadmill running with overground running in healthy humans (18–65 years) and written in English were included. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed where possible. Results 33 studies (n = 494 participants) were included. Most outcomes did not differ between running conditions. However, during treadmill running, sagittal foot–ground angle at footstrike (mean difference (MD) − 9.8° [95% confidence interval: − 13.1 to − 6.6]; low GRADE evidence), knee flexion range of motion from footstrike to peak during stance (MD 6.3° [4.5 to 8.2]; low), vertical displacement center of mass/pelvis (MD − 1.5 cm [− 2.7 to − 0.8]; low), and peak propulsive force (MD − 0.04 body weights [− 0.06 to − 0.02]; very low) were lower, while contact time (MD 5.0 ms [0.5 to 9.5]; low), knee flexion at footstrike (MD − 2.3° [− 3.6 to − 1.1]; low), and ankle sagittal plane internal joint moment (MD − 0.4 Nm/kg [− 0.7 to − 0.2]; low) were longer/higher, when pooled across overground surfaces. Conflicting findings were reported for amplitude of muscle activity. Conclusions Spatiotemporal, kinematic, kinetic, muscle activity, and muscle–tendon outcome measures are largely comparable between motorized treadmill and overground running. Considerations should, however, particularly be given to sagittal plane kinematic differences at footstrike when extrapolating treadmill running biomechanics to overground running. Protocol registration CRD42018083906 (PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews).

Examining Biomechanical and Anthropometrical Factors as Contributors to Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-53
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Bauer ◽  
Lara Duke
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Iliotibial Band ◽  
Knee Flexion Angle ◽  
Biomechanical Parameters ◽  
Biomechanical Factors ◽  
Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome ◽  
Friction Syndrome

Examining Biomechanical and Anthropometrical Factors as Contributors to Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome This study was conducted in an attempt to determine if the biomechanical parameters thought to predict iliotibial band injury could accurately differentiate between iliotibial band (IT band) injured and healthy runners. 20 injured and 20 healthy runners were tested. Injured subjects were randomly assigned into groups of ten (INJ-1 or INJ-2). Ten healthy runners acted as controls (CON) and ten healthy (EXP) subjects trained for 1 week with a 1.27 cm felt heal pad in the shoe of their longer leg. All subjects completed a runner's questionnaire, and 13 lower extremity anatomical measurements, four clinical lower extremity assessments, and 2D kinematics from the sagittal and frontal planes during treadmill running were recorded. Comparison of kinematic values between INJ-1 vs. CON and INJ-2 vs. EXP indicated the INJ-1 group had a greater knee flexion angle than the CON group. No other direct comparisons revealed statistically significant differences between groups, nor did a discriminant function based on nine anatomical measurements or analysis of the running questionnaire responses. It was not possible to clearly distinguish between the healthy and injured runners of this study based on the biomechanical factors most commonly thought to predispose individuals to iliotibial band injury.

scholarly journals Lower Extremity Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces After Prophylactic Lace-Up Ankle Bracing

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay J. DiStefano ◽  
Darin A. Padua ◽  
Cathleen N. Brown ◽  
Kevin M. Guskiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ankle Motion ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Ankle Bracing

Abstract Context: Long-term effects of ankle bracing on lower extremity kinematics and kinetics are unknown. Ankle motion restriction may negatively affect the body's ability to attenuate ground reaction forces (GRFs). Objective: To evaluate the immediate and long-term effects of ankle bracing on lower extremity kinematics and GRFs during a jump landing. Design: Experimental mixed model (2 [group] × 2 [brace] × 2 [time]) with repeated measures. Setting: Sports medicine research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 37 healthy subjects were assigned randomly to either the intervention (n  =  11 men, 8 women; age  =  19.63 ± 0.72 years, height  =  176.05 ± 10.58 cm, mass  =  71.50 ± 13.15 kg) or control group (n  =  11 men, 7 women; age  =  19.94 ± 1.44 years, height  =  179.15 ± 8.81 cm, mass  =  74.10 ± 10.33 kg). Intervention(s): The intervention group wore braces on both ankles and the control group did not wear braces during all recreational activities for an 8-week period. Main Outcome Measure(s): Initial ground contact angles, maximum joint angles, time to reach maximum joint angles, and joint range of motion for sagittal-plane knee and ankle motion were measured during a jump-landing task. Peak vertical GRF and the time to reach peak vertical GRF were assessed also. Results: While participants were wearing the brace, ankle plantar flexion at initial ground contact (brace  =  35° ± 13°, no brace  =  38° ± 15°, P  =  .024), maximum dorsiflexion (brace  =  21° ± 7°, no brace  =  22° ± 6°, P  =  .04), dorsiflexion range of motion (brace  =  56° ± 14°, no brace  =  59° ± 16°, P  =  .001), and knee flexion range of motion (brace  =  79° ± 16°, no brace  =  82° ± 16°, P  =  .036) decreased, whereas knee flexion at initial ground contact increased (brace  =  12° ± 9°, no brace  =  9° ± 9°, P  =  .0001). Wearing the brace for 8 weeks did not affect any of the outcome measures, and the brace caused no changes in vertical GRFs (P > .05). Conclusions: Although ankle sagittal-plane motion was restricted with the brace, knee flexion upon landing increased and peak vertical GRF did not change. The type of lace-up brace used in this study appeared to restrict ankle motion without increasing knee extension or vertical GRFs and without changing kinematics or kinetics over time.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF SPORTS SPECIALIZATION ON LOWER EXTREMITY SAGITTAL PLANE LOADING IN ADOLESCENT MALES AND FEMALES

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0028
Author(s):  
Shiho Goto ◽  
Joseph P. Hannon ◽  
Angellyn N. Grondin ◽  
James M. Bothwell ◽  
J. Craig Garrison
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Extremity Injuries ◽  
Dominant Side

Background: Sport specialization has been associated with increased risk of both acute and chronic lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries in adolescent athletes. Repetitive movement through sport specialization has been hypothesized to increase the stress through the lower extremity, leading to injury. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in sagittal plane lower extremity loading between adolescent athletes who participate in a single sport (SS) verse those who participate multiple sports (MS). Methods: A cross sectional study design was used. A total 252 adolescent athletes participated in the study (Males: SS=26, Age=14.62±1.72, Ht=173.06±12.41 cm, Mass =62.47±14.72 Kg; MS=27, Age=13.52±1.72, Ht=171.61±11.20 cm, Mass =61.32±14.21 Kg Females: SS=127, Age=14.28±1.77, Ht=164.72±10.73 cm, Mass =58.29±11.17 Kg, MS=84, Age=13.62±1.41, Ht=163.22±7.67 cm, Mass =57.63±11.44 Kg). Participants were included if they were between the ages of 10 and 17, involved in high-risk sports for equal or greater than 50 hours per year, and reported no injuries in the 3 months prior to participation in the study. Joint moments of the hip, knee, and ankle were assessed at initial contact (IC) during a jump-landing (JL) task in both the dominant and non-dominant limbs. All values were normalized to the product of height and weight and averaged across three trials. Participants were grouped into SS or MS groups, then sub-grouped by gender. Separate independent t-tests were performed on each dependent variable for the dominant and non-dominant limbs in males and females to examine the differences between the groups (SS vs MS) (α = 0.05). Results: In the female cohort, the SS group demonstrated lesser knee flexion moments compared to the MS group on dominant side (SS=0.022 HtWt-1, MS=0.026 HtWt-1; p=0.012). The female SS group also demonstrated lesser hip extension moments (SS=0.031HtWt-1, MS=0.042 HtWt-1; p=0.022) and knee flexion moments on non-dominant side compared to that of the MS group (SS=0.023HtWt-1, MS=0.027 HtWt-1; p=0.013). There were no significant differences observed in any of the variables in male adolescents. Conclusion: Altered sagittal plane biomechanics were observed in female adolescents, but not in male adolescents during a JL task. The MS group had greater loading at the hip and knee joints than the SS group. Since MS has been suggested to increase the risk of lower extremity injuries, this biomechanical pattern at IC of a JL may be a profile for higher risk of lower extremity injuries. (394/400) [Table: see text]

Continuous Relative Phase Variability during an Exhaustive Run in Runners with a History of Iliotibial Band Syndrome

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross H. Miller ◽  
Stacey A. Meardon ◽  
Timothy R. Derrick ◽  
Jason C. Gillette
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Relative Phase ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Heel Strike ◽  
Iliotibial Band ◽  
Iliotibial Band Syndrome ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
History Of ◽  
Continuous Relative Phase ◽  
Rearfoot Motion

Previous research has proposed that a lack of variability in lower extremity coupling during running is associated with pathology. The purpose of the study was to evaluate lower extremity coupling variability in runners with and without a history of iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) during an exhaustive run. Sixteen runners ran to voluntary exhaustion on a motorized treadmill while a motion capture system recorded reflective marker locations. Eight runners had a history of ITBS. At the start and end of the run, continuous relative phase (CRP) angles and CRP variability between strides were calculated for key lower extremity kinematic couplings. The ITBS runners demonstrated less CRP variability than controls in several couplings between segments that have been associated with knee pain and ITBS symptoms, including tibia rotation–rearfoot motion and rearfoot motion–thigh ad/abduction, but more variability in knee flexion/extension–foot ad/abduction. The ITBS runners also demonstrated low variability at heel strike in coupling between rearfoot motion–tibia rotation. The results suggest that runners prone to ITBS use abnormal segmental coordination patterns, particular in couplings involving thigh ad/abduction and tibia internal/external rotation. Implications for variability in injury etiology are suggested.

Reliability, Concurrent Validity, and Minimal Detectable Change for iPhone Goniometer App in Assessing Knee Range of Motion

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (06) ◽  
pp. 577-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Barker ◽  
Brett Bowman ◽  
Heather Galloway ◽  
Nicole Oliashirazi ◽  
Ali Oliashirazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Minimal Detectable Change ◽  
Detectable Change ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Knee Muscle ◽  
Concurrent Relationships ◽  
Knee Muscle Strength

AbstractMuch of the published works assessing the reliability of smartphone goniometer apps (SG) have poor generalizability since the reliability was assessed in healthy subjects. No research has established the values for standard error of measurement (SEM) or minimal detectable change (MDC) which have greater clinical utility to contextualize the range of motion (ROM) assessed using the SG. This research examined the test–retest reproducibility, concurrent validity, SEM, and MDC values for the iPhone goniometer app (i-Goni; June Software Inc., v.1.1, San Francisco, CA) in assessing knee ROM in patients with knee osteoarthritis or those after total knee replacement. A total of 60 participants underwent data collection which included the assessment of active knee ROM using the i-Goni and the universal goniometer (UG; EZ Read Jamar Goniometer, Patterson Medical, Warrenville, IL), knee muscle strength, and assessment of pain and lower extremity disability using quadruple numeric pain rating scale (Q-NPRS) and lower extremity functional scale (LEFS), respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to assess the reproducibility of the knee ROM assessed using the i-Goni and UG. Bland and Altman technique examined the agreement between these knee ROM. The SEM and MDC values were calculated for i-Goni assessed knee ROM to characterize the error in a single score and the index of true change, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient examined concurrent relationships between the i-Goni and other measures. The ICC values for the knee flexion/extension ROM were superior for i-Goni (0.97/0.94) compared with the UG (0.95/0.87). The SEM values were smaller for i-Goni assessed knee flexion/extension (2.72/1.18 degrees) compared with UG assessed knee flexion/extension (3.41/1.62 degrees). Similarly, the MDC values were smaller for both these ROM for the i-Goni (6.3 and 2.72 degrees) suggesting smaller change required to infer true change in knee ROM. The i-Goni assessed knee ROM showed expected concurrent relationships with UG, knee muscle strength, Q-NPRS, and the LEFS. In conclusion, the i-Goni demonstrated superior reproducibility with smaller measurement error compared with UG in assessing knee ROM in the recruited cohort. Future research can expand the inquiry for assessing the reliability of the i-Goni to other joints.

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Responses to Electrical Stimulation-Induced Leg Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 372-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Sutton ◽  
A. J. Thomas ◽  
G. M. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Leg Exercise ◽  
Leg Muscle

Abstract:Electrical stimulation-induced leg muscle contractions provide a useful model for examining the role of leg muscle neural afferents during low-intensity exercise in persons with spinal cord-injury and their able-bodied cohorts. Eight persons with paraplegia (SCI) and 8 non-disabled subjects (CONTROL) performed passive knee flexion/extension (PAS), electrical stimulation-induced knee flexion/extension (ES) and voluntary knee flexion/extension (VOL) on an isokinetic dynamometer. In CONTROLS, exercise heart rate was significantly increased during ES (94 ± 6 bpm) and VOL (85 ± 4 bpm) over PAS (69 ± 4 bpm), but no changes were observed in SCI individuals. Stroke volume was significantly augmented in SCI during ES (59 ± 5 ml) compared to PAS (46 ± 4 ml). The results of this study suggest that, in able-bodied humans, Group III and IV leg muscle afferents contribute to increased cardiac output during exercise primarily via augmented heart rate. In contrast, SCI achieve raised cardiac output during ES leg exercise via increased venous return in the absence of any change in heart rate.

scholarly journals Single-Leg Landings Following a Volleyball Spike May Increase the Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury More Than Landing on Both-Legs

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Datao Xu ◽  
Xinyan Jiang ◽  
Xuanzhen Cen ◽  
Julien S. Baker ◽  
Yaodong Gu
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Flexion Angle ◽  
Ligament Injury ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Volleyball players often land on a single leg following a spike shot due to a shift in the center of gravity and loss of balance. Landing on a single leg following a spike may increase the probability of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the kinematics and kinetics differences during the landing phase of volleyball players using a single leg (SL) and double-leg landing (DL) following a spike shot. The data for vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF) and sagittal plane were collected. SPM analysis revealed that SL depicted a smaller knee flexion angle (about 13.8°) and hip flexion angle (about 10.8°) during the whole landing phase, a greater knee and hip power during the 16.83–20.45% (p = 0.006) and 13.01–16.26% (p = 0.008) landing phase, a greater ankle plantarflexion angle and moment during the 0–41.07% (p < 0.001) and 2.76–79.45% (p < 0.001) landing phase, a greater VGRF during the 5.87–8.25% (p = 0.029), 19.75–24.14% (p = 0.003) landing phase when compared to DL. Most of these differences fall within the time range of ACL injury (30–50 milliseconds after landing). To reduce non-contact ACL injuries, a landing strategy of consciously increasing the hip and knee flexion, and plantarflexion of the ankle should be considered by volleyball players.

Forces at the Anterior Meniscus Attachments Strongly Increase Under Dynamic Knee Joint Loading

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 994-1004
Author(s):  
Andreas Martin Seitz ◽  
Florian Schall ◽  
Steffen Paul Hacker ◽  
Stefan van Drongelen ◽  
Sebastian Wolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Meniscal Tear ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Jump Landing ◽  
Medial Meniscectomy ◽  
Attachment Structures ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Longitudinal Tear

Background: The anatomic appearance and biomechanical and clinical importance of the anterior meniscus roots are well described. However, little is known about the loads that act on these attachment structures under physiological joint loads and movements. Hypotheses: As compared with uniaxial loading conditions under static knee flexion angles or at very low flexion-extension speeds, more realistic continuous movement simulations in combination with physiological muscle force simulations lead to significantly higher anterior meniscus attachment forces. This increase is even more pronounced in combination with a longitudinal meniscal tear or after total medial meniscectomy. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A validated Oxford Rig–like knee simulator was used to perform a slow squat, a fast squat, and jump landing maneuvers on 9 cadaveric human knee joints, with and without muscle force simulation. The strains in the anterior medial and lateral meniscal periphery and the respective attachments were determined in 3 states: intact meniscus, medial longitudinal tear, and total medial meniscectomy. To determine the attachment forces, a subsequent in situ tensile test was performed. Results: Muscle force simulation resulted in a significant strain increase at the anterior meniscus attachments of up to 308% ( P < .038) and the anterior meniscal periphery of up to 276%. This corresponded to significantly increased forces ( P < .038) acting in the anteromedial attachment with a maximum force of 140 N, as determined during the jump landing simulation. Meniscus attachment strains and forces were significantly influenced ( P = .008) by the longitudinal tear and meniscectomy during the drop jump simulation. Conclusion: Medial and lateral anterior meniscus attachment strains and forces were significantly increased with physiological muscle force simulation, corroborating our hypothesis. Therefore, in vitro tests applying uniaxial loads combined with static knee flexion angles or very low flexion-extension speeds appear to underestimate meniscus attachment forces. Clinical Relevance: The data of the present study might help to optimize the anchoring of meniscal allografts and artificial meniscal substitutes to the tibial plateau. Furthermore, this is the first in vitro study to indicate reasonable minimum stability requirements regarding the reattachment of torn anterior meniscus roots.

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