Educational Strategies Used in Increasing Fluid Intake and Enhancing Hydration Status in Field Hockey Players Preparing for Competition in a Hot and Humid Environment: A Case Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie A. Dabinett ◽  
Karen Reid ◽  
Nic James
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Strategy Training ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Educational Strategies ◽  
Field Hockey ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Body Mass Changes ◽  
Commonwealth Games

The purpose of the present study was to develop a hydration strategy for use by female English field hockey players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Malaysia. An additional aim was to initiate the process of acclimation. Fifteen elite players, mean age (±SEM) 24.1 ± 1.19 years, height 1.67 ± 0.01 m, and body mass 62.8 ± 1.76 kg, took part in a 5-day training camp immediately prior to departure for the Games. In order to develop the hydration strategy, training took place under similar environmental conditions to those to be experienced in Malaysia (i.e., 32 °C, 80% humidity). Acclimation training consisted of 30–50 min of either continuous, low intensity cycling or high intensity intermittent cycling, which more closely replicated the pattern of activity in field hockey. Body mass measures taken each morning, and pre and post training, together with urine color measures, were used to assess hydration status. Pre-loading with up to 1 L of a 3% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution or water immediately prior to acclimation training, as well as regular drinks throughout, ensured that players avoided significant dehydration, with percent body mass changes ranging from −0.34% to +4.24% post training. Furthermore, the protocol used was sufficient to initiate the process of acclimation as demonstrated by a significant reduction in exercising heart rate and core temperature at all time points by days 4 and 5. In conclusion, although labor intensive and time consuming, the camp was successful in developing a hydration strategy that players were able to utilize once at the Games.

scholarly journals Relationships between heart rate variability and indirect indicators of hydration status in elite male field hockey players

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110415
Author(s):  
Jason D Vescovi ◽  
Iva Mandic ◽  
Greig Watson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Field Hockey ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Meaningful Relationships ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between resting morning heart rate variability (HRV) metrics and indirect markers of hydration status in elite male athletes. Twenty-two field hockey players (age 26.8 ± 3.4 yr; height 178.4 ± 6.3 cm; body mass 76.2 ± 7.4 kg) were monitored over 10-d during a pre-Olympic training camp. Measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) during an orthostatic challenge, urine specific gravity (Usg, first morning void) and body mass were captured on seven of the mornings. Individual generalized linear mixed models evaluated the relationships between supine and standing HRV metrics with Usg and day-to-day change in body mass. No meaningful relationships were identified between supine (estimates −0.002 to 0.001) or standing (−0.002 to 0.003) HRV metrics and Usg as well as between supine (−0.003 to 0.016) or standing (−0.004 to 0.006) HRV metrics and changes in body mass. These outcomes indicate that supine and standing HRV metrics are not influenced by indirect indices of hydration status in elite male field hockey players.

Sweat rate, salt loss, and fluid intake during an intense on-ice practice in elite Canadian male junior hockey players

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Palmer ◽  
Lawrence L. Spriet
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Sodium Loss

Previous research in many sports suggests that losing ~1%–2% body mass through sweating impairs athletic performance. Elite-level hockey involves high-intensity bursts of skating, arena temperatures are >10 °C, and players wear protective equipment, all of which promote sweating. This study examined the pre-practice hydration, on-ice fluid intake, and sweat and sodium losses of 44 candidates for Canada’s junior men’s hockey team (mean ± SE age, 18.4 ± 0.1 y; height, 184.8 ± 0.9 cm; mass, 89.9 ± 1.1 kg). Players were studied in groups of 10–12 during 4 intense 1 h practices (13.9 °C, 66% relative humidity) on 1 day. Hydration status was estimated by measuring urine specific gravity (USG). Sweat rate was calculated from body mass changes and fluid intake. Sweat sodium concentration ([Na]) was analyzed in forehead sweat patch samples and used with sweat rate to estimate sodium loss. Over 50% of players began practice mildly hypohydrated (USG > 1.020). Sweat rate during practice was 1.8 ± 0.1 L·h–1 and players replaced 58% (1.0 ± 0.1 L·h–1) of the sweat lost. Body mass loss averaged 0.8% ± 0.1%, but 1/3 of players lost more than 1%. Sweat [Na] was 54.2 ± 2.4 mmol·L–1 and sodium loss averaged 2.26 ± 0.17 g during practice. Players drank only water during practice and replaced no sodium. In summary, elite junior hockey players incurred large sweat and sodium losses during an intense practice, but 2/3 of players drank enough to minimize body mass loss. However, 1/3 of players lost more than 1% body mass despite ready access to fluid and numerous drinking opportunities from the coaches.

scholarly journals Amateur and Professional Ice Hockey Player Hydration Status and Urine Specific Gravity Values Before and After Training in Winter Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilita Ozoliņa ◽  
Inese Pontaga ◽  
Igors Ķīsis
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The aim of our investigation was to determine and compare the pre- and post- training body hydration status in professional and amateur male ice hockey players consumed the drinks according to their thirst sensation in winter conditions. Materials and methods: 11 amateur and 23 professional ice hockey players participated in the investigation. The players were weighted before and after training using precise scales. The body mass composition of every athlete was determined by the body composition analyzer. Every player collected mid–stream urine specimens before and after the training. Urine specific gravity (USG) was measured by urine refractometer. Results: 56% of the professional ice hockey players and 82% of amateur players were hypohydrated before training according to their USG values ≥ 1.020, 5% of professional players were dehydrated their USG values ≥ 1.030. After the training with duration of 1.5 hours the mean body mass decreased for 0.9±0.5% of pre– training value in amateur players and for 1.6±0.8% in professionals (p=0.005). After the training the professional players’ hydration status worsened: 66% were hypohydrated and 26% dehydrated according to USG, the mean USG after training was significantly higher than before it (p=0.011). USG after training did not change in amateur players: their mean USG values before and after training did not differed significantly (p=0.677). Conclusions: Fluid uptake according to thirst sensation in winter conditions cannot compensate the fluid loss at rest and during training especially in professional ice hockey players. The body mass loss exceeded value critical for performance - 2 % in one third part of professionals. The differences between two groups can be explained by higher intensity of exercises during training, the better physical conditioning and greater sweating rate in professional players in comparison with amateurs, which causes close to twice greater uncompensated fluid loss in professionals than in amateurs.

scholarly journals Accuracy of Urine Color to Detect Equal to or Greater Than 2% Body Mass Loss in Men

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1306-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. McKenzie ◽  
Colleen X. Muñoz ◽  
Lawrence E. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Negative Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Urine Color

Context  Clinicians and athletes can benefit from field-expedient measurement tools, such as urine color, to assess hydration state; however, the diagnostic efficacy of this tool has not been established. Objective  To determine the diagnostic accuracy of urine color assessment to distinguish a hypohydrated state (≥2% body mass loss [BML]) from a euhydrated state (<2% BML) after exercise in a hot environment. Design  Controlled laboratory study. Setting  Environmental chamber in a laboratory. Patients or Other Participants  Twenty-two healthy men (age = 22 ± 3 years, height = 180.4 ± 8.7 cm, mass = 77.9 ± 12.8 kg, body fat = 10.6% ± 4.6%). Intervention(s)  Participants cycled at 68% ± 6% of their maximal heart rates in a hot environment (36°C ± 1°C) for 5 hours or until 5% BML was achieved. At the point of each 1% BML, we assessed urine color. Main Outcome Measure(s)  Diagnostic efficacy of urine color was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios. Results  Urine color was useful as a diagnostic tool to identify hypohydration after exercise in the heat (area under the curve = 0.951, standard error = 0.022; P < .001). A urine color of 5 or greater identified BML ≥2% with 88.9% sensitivity and 84.8% specificity (positive likelihood ratio = 5.87, negative likelihood ratio = 0.13). Conclusions  Under the conditions of acute dehydration due to exercise in a hot environment, urine color assessment can be a valid, practical, inexpensive tool for assessing hydration status. Researchers should examine the utility of urine color to identify a hypohydrated state under different BML conditions.

Development of Individual Hydration Strategies for Athletes

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Maughan ◽  
Susan M. Shirreffs
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Individual Needs ◽  
Exercise Environment

Athletes are encouraged to begin exercise well hydrated and to consume sufficient amounts of appropriate fluids during exercise to limit water and salt deficits. Available evidence suggests that many athletes begin exercise already dehydrated to some degree, and although most fail to drink enough to match sweat losses, some drink too much and a few develop hyponatremia. Some simple advice can help athletes assess their hydration status and develop a personalized hydration strategy that takes account of exercise, environment, and individual needs. Preexercise hydration status can be assessed from urine frequency and volume, with additional information from urine color, specific gravity, or osmolality. Change in hydration during exercise can be estimated from the change in body mass that occurs during a bout of exercise. Sweat rate can be estimated if fluid intake and urinary losses are also measured. Sweat salt losses can be determined by collection and analysis of sweat samples, but athletes losing large amounts of salt are likely to be aware of the taste of salt in sweat and the development of salt crusts on skin and clothing where sweat has evaporated. An appropriate drinking strategy will take account of preexercise hydration status and of fluid, electrolyte, and substrate needs before, during, and after a period of exercise. Strategies will vary greatly between individuals and will also be influenced by environmental conditions, competition regulations, and other factors.

scholarly journals The Relationship between %BML, Urine Color, Thirst Level and Urine Indices of Hydration Status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuki Sekiguchi ◽  
Courteney L. Benjamin ◽  
Cody R. Butler ◽  
Margaret C. Morrissey ◽  
Erica M. Filep ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Venn Diagram ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Health Quality ◽  
No Gold Standard ◽  
The Relationship

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Dehydration is known to impair health, quality of daily life, and exercise performance [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>]. While several methods are utilized to assess fluid balance, there is no gold standard to assess hydration status [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>]. Cheuvront and Kenefick [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>] suggested the use of a Venn diagram, which consists of % body mass weight (BML), urine color, and thirst level (WUT) to measure hydration status and fluid needs. However, no study to date has examined the relationship between the WUT criteria and hydration status measured by urine indices. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between urine-specific gravity (USG), urine osmolality (<i>U</i><sub>OSM</sub>), and the WUT criteria. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Twenty-two females (mean ± SD; age, 20 ± 1 year; weight, 65.4 ± 12.6 kg) and twenty-one males (age, 21 ± 1 year; body mass, 78.7 ± 14.6 kg) participated in this study. First-morning body mass, urine color, USG, <i>U</i><sub>OSM</sub>, and thirst level were collected for 10 consecutive days. First 3 days were utilized to establish a euhydrated baseline body weight. %BML &#x3e;1%, urine color &#x3e;5, and thirst level ≥5 were used as the dehydration thresholds. The number of markers that indicated dehydration levels was summed when each variable met each threshold. One-way ANOVA with Tukey pairwise comparison was used to assess the differences in USG and <i>U</i><sub>OSM</sub>, followed by a calculation of effect size (ES). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref> indicates the differences of <i>U</i><sub>OSM</sub> based on the WUT criteria. For <i>U</i><sub>OSM</sub>, “2 markers indicated” (mean [M] ± SD [ES], 705 ± 253 mOsmol [0.43], <i>p</i> = 0.018) was significantly higher than “1 marker indicated” (M ± SD, 597 ± 253 mOsmol). Additionally, “zero marker indicated” (509 ± 249 mOsmol) was significantly lower than “3 markers indicated” (M ± SD [ES], 761 ± 250 mOsmol, [1.01], <i>p</i> = 0.02) and “2 markers indicated” ([ES], [0.78], <i>p</i> = 0.004). However, there was no statistical difference between “3 markers indicated” ([ES], [0.65], <i>p</i> = 0.13) and “1 marker indicated.” For USG, “3 markers indicated” (M ± SD [ES], 1.021 ± 0.007 [0.57], <i>p</i> = 0.025) and “2 markers indicated” (M ± SD [ES], 1.019 ± 0.010 [0.31], <i>p</i> = 0.026) were significantly higher than “1 marker indicated” (M ± SD, 1.016 ± 0.009). Additionally, “zero marker indicated” (1.014 ± 0.005) was significantly lower than “3 markers indicated” ([ES], [1.21], <i>p</i> = 0.005) and “2 markers indicated” ([ES], [0.54], <i>p</i> = 0.009). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> When 3 markers indicated dehydration levels, <i>U</i><sub>OSM</sub> and USG were greater than euhydrated cut points. When 2 markers indicated dehydration levels, USG was higher than the euhydrated cut point. Additionally, <i>U</i><sub>OSM</sub> and USG were significantly lower when zero or 1 marker indicated dehydration levels. Thus, the WUT criteria are a useful tool to assess hydration status. Athletes, coaches, sports scientists, and medical professions can use this strategy in the field settings to optimize their performance and health without consuming money and time.

Relationships Between WUT (Body Weight, Urine Color, and Thirst Level) Criteria and Urine Indices of Hydration Status

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812110384
Author(s):  
Yasuki Sekiguchi ◽  
Courteney L. Benjamin ◽  
Cody R. Butler ◽  
Margaret C. Morrissey ◽  
Erica M. Filep ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Venn Diagram ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Living Situation ◽  
Urine Color

Background: A Venn diagram consisting of percentage body mass loss, urine color, and thirst perception (weight, urine, thirst [WUT]) has been suggested as a practical method to assess hydration status. However, no study to date has examined relationships between WUT and urine hydration indices. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between urine specific gravity, urine osmolality, and the WUT criteria. Hypothesis: Urine specific gravity and urine osmolality indicate hypohydration when the WUT criteria demonstrate hypohydration (≥2 markers). Study Design: Laboratory cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 22 women (mean ± SD; age, 20 ± 1 years; mass, 65.4 ± 12.6 kg) and 21 men (age, 21 ± 1 years; body mass, 78.7 ± 14.6 kg) participated in this study. First morning body mass, urine color, urine specific gravity, urine osmolality, and thirst level were collected for 10 consecutive days in a free-living situation. Body mass loss >1%, urine color >5, and thirst level ≥5 were used as the dehydration thresholds. The number of markers that indicated dehydration levels were counted and categorized into either 3, 2, 1, or 0 WUT markers that indicated dehydration. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey pairwise comparisons was used to assess the differences in urine specific gravity and urine osmolality between the different number of WUT markers. Results: Urine specific gravity in 3 WUT markers (mean ± SD [effect size], 1.021 ± 0.007 [0.57]; P = 0.025) and 2 WUT markers (1.019 ± 0.010 [0.31]; P = 0.026) was significantly higher than 1 WUT marker (1.016 ± 0.009). Urine mosmolality in 2 WUT markers (705 ± 253 mOsmol [0.43]; P = 0.018) was significantly higher than 1 WUT (597 ± 253 mOsmol). Meeting at least 2 WUT markers resulted in sensitivities of 0.652 (2 WUT criteria met) and 0.933 (3 WUT criteria met) to detect urine osmolality >700 mOsmol. Conclusion: These results suggest that when 3 WUT markers are met, urine specific gravity and urine osmolality were greater than euhydration cutoff points. The WUT criterion is a useful tool to use in field settings to assess hydration status when first morning urine sample was used. Clinical Relevance: Athletes, coaches, sports scientists, and medical professionals can use WUT criteria to monitor dehydration with reduced cost and time.

Caffeinated Energy Drinks Improve High-Speed Running in Elite Field Hockey Players

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Del Coso ◽  
Javier Portillo ◽  
Juan José Salinero ◽  
Beatriz Lara ◽  
Javier Abian-Vicen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Field Hockey ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Gps Devices ◽  
Placebo Drink

The aim of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of a caffeine-containing energy drink to improve physical performance of elite field hockey players during a game. On 2 days separated by a week, 13 elite field hockey players (age and body mass = 23.2 ± 3.9 years and 76.1 ± 6.1 kg) ingested 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass in the form of an energy drink or the same drink without caffeine (placebo drink). After 60 min for caffeine absorption, participants played a simulated field hockey game (2 × 25 min). Individual running pace and instantaneous speed during the game were assessed using GPS devices. The total number of accelerations and decelerations was determined by accelerometry. Compared with the placebo drink, the caffeinated energy drink did not modify the total distance covered during the game (6,035 ± 451 m and 6,055 ± 499 m, respectively; p = .87), average heart rate (155 ± 13 beats per min and 158 ± 18 beats per min, respectively; p = .46), or the number of accelerations and decelerations (697 ± 285 and 618 ± 221, respectively; p = .15). However, the caffeinated energy drink reduced the distance covered at moderate-intensity running (793 ± 135 and 712 ± 116, respectively; p = .03) and increased the distance covered at high-intensity running (303 ± 67 m and 358 ± 117 m; p = .05) and sprinting (85 ± 41 m and 117 ± 55 m, respectively; p = .02). Elite field hockey players can benefit from ingesting caffeinated energy drinks because they increase the running distance covered at high-intensity running and sprinting. Increased running distance at high speed might represent a meaningful advantage for field hockey performance.

Urinary Indices during Dehydration, Exercise, and Rehydration

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence E. Armstrong ◽  
Jorge A. Herrera Soto ◽  
Frank T. Hacker ◽  
Douglas J. Casa ◽  
Stavros A. Kavouras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Better Than

This investigation evaluated the validity and sensitivity of urine color (Ucol), specific gravity (Usg), and osmolality (Uosm) as indices of hydration status, by comparing them to changes in body water. Nine highly trained males underwent a 42-hr protocol involving dehydration to 3.7% of body mass (Day 1, −2.64 kg), cycling to exhaustion (Day 2, −5.2% of body mass, −3.68 kg), and oral rehydration for 21 hr. The ranges of mean (across time) blood and urine values were Ucol, 1-7; Usg, 1.004-1.029; U08m, 117-1,081 mOsm • kg−1; and plasma osmolality (Posm), 280-298 mOsm ⋅ kg−1. Urine color tracked changes in body water as effectively as (or better than) Uosm, Usg, urine volume, Posm, plasma sodium, and plasma total protein. We concluded that (a) Ucol, Uosm, and Usg are valid indices of hydration status, and (b) marked dehydration, exercise, and rehydration had little effect on the validity and sensitivity of these indices.

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