High-level medium-chain triglyceride feeding and energy expenditure in normal-weight women

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Alexandrou ◽  
Gene R. Herzberg ◽  
Matthew D. White
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Medium Chain Triglyceride ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Postprandial Energy Expenditure

The objective of this study was to assess how short-term feeding of high levels of dietary medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) affect energy expenditure and postprandial substrate oxidation rates in normal-weight, premenopausal women. Eight healthy women were fed both a MCT-rich and an isocaloric long-chain triglyceride (LCT)-rich diet for two 1-week periods separated by a minimum of 21 days. The energy intake in each diet was 45% carbohydrates, 40% fat, and 15% protein. The 2 diets had either 60.81% or 1.11% of total fat energy from MCT with the remaining fat energy intake from LCT. On days 1 and 7 of each diet, resting metabolic rate and postprandial energy expenditure (EE) were measured by indirect calorimetry with a ventilated hood. Results indicated on days 1 and 7, there were no significant differences between diets for resting metabolic rate or mean postprandial EE. On both days 1 and 7, fat oxidation for the MCT-rich diet was significantly greater (0.0001 ≤ p ≤ 0.04) than that for the LCT-rich diet at different time points across the 5.5 h postprandial period. In conclusion, for premenopausal, normal-weight women consuming a diet with 25% of the energy content from MCT, there were no changes in resting metabolic rate, transient increases in postprandial energy expenditure, and significant increases in postprandial fat oxidation.

Effect of Carbohydrate Ingestion during Exercise on Post-exercise Substrate Oxidation and Energy Intake

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Melby ◽  
Kristen L. Osterberg ◽  
Alyssa Resch ◽  
Brenda Davy ◽  
Susan Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Total Fat

Thirteen physically active, eumenorrheic, normal-weight (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2) females, aged 18–30 years, completed 4 experimental conditions, with the order based on a Latin Square Design: (a) CHO/Ex: moderate-intensity exer-· cise (65% V̇O2peak) with a net energy cost of ~500 kcals, during which time the subject consumed a carbohydrate beverage (45 g CHO) at specific time intervals; (b) CHO/NoEx: a period of time identical to (a) but with subjects consuming the carbohydrate while sitting quietly rather than exercising; (c) NoCHO/ Ex: same exercise protocol as condition (a) during which time subjects consumed a non-caloric placebo beverage; and (d) NoCHO/NoEx: same as the no-exercise condition (b) but with subjects consuming a non-caloric placebo beverage. Energy expenditure, and fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates for the entire exercise/sitting period plus a 90-min recovery period were determined by continuous indirect calorimetry. Following recovery, subjects ate ad libitum amounts of food from a buffet and were asked to record dietary intake during the remainder of the day. Total fat oxidation (exercise plus recovery) was attenuated by carbohydrate compared to placebo ingestion by only ~4.5 g. There was a trend (p = .08) for a carbohydrate effect on buffet energy intake such that the CHO/Ex and CHO/NoEx energy intakes were lower than the NoCHO/Ex and NoCHO/NoEx energy intakes, respectively (mean for CHO conditions: 683 kcal; NoCHO conditions: 777 kcal). Average total energy intake (buffet plus remainder of the day) was significantly lower (p < .05) following the conditions when carbohydrate was consumed (CHO/Ex = 1470 kcal; CHO/NoEx = 1285 kcal) compared to the noncaloric placebo (NoCHO/Ex =1767 kcal; NoCHO/ NoEx = 1660 kcal). In conclusion, in young women engaging in regular exercise, ingestion of 45 g of carbohydrate during exercise only modestly suppresses total fat oxidation during exercise. Furthermore, the ingestion of carbohydrate with or without exercise resulted in a lower energy intake for the remainder of the day

Moderate Exercise, Postprandial Energy Expenditure, and Substrate Use in Varying Meals in Lean and Obese Men

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Stiegler ◽  
S. Andrew Sparks ◽  
Adam Cunliffe
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Protein Meal ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Prior Exercise ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Postprandial Energy Expenditure

Maximizing postprandial energy expenditure and fat oxidation could be of clinical relevance for the treatment of obesity. This study investigated the effect of prior exercise on energy expenditure and substrate utilization after meals containing varying amounts of macronutrients. Eight lean (11.6% ± 4.0% body fat, M ± SD) and 12 obese (35.9% ± 5.3% body fat) men were randomly assigned to a protein (43% protein, 30% carbohydrate) or a carbohydrate (10% protein, 63% carbohydrate) meal. The metabolic responses to the meals were investigated during 2 trials, when meals were ingested after a resting period (D) or cycling exercise (Ex+D; 65% of oxygen consumption reserve, 200 kcal). Energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and glucose and insulin responses were measured for 4 hr during the postprandial phase. Although postprandial energy expenditure was not affected by prior exercise, the total amount of fat oxidized was higher during Ex+D than during D (170.8 ± 60.1 g vs. 137.8 ± 50.8 g, p < .05), and, accordingly, the use of carbohydrate as substrate was decreased (136.4 ± 45.2 g vs. 164.0 ± 42.9 g, p < .05). After the protein meal fat-oxidation rates were higher than after carbohydrate intake (p < .05), an effect independent of prior exercise. Plasma insulin tended to be lower during Ex+D (p = .072) and after the protein meal (p = .066). No statistically significant change in postprandial blood glucose was induced by prior exercise. Exercising before meal consumption can result in a marked increase in fat oxidation, which is independent of the type of meal consumed.

scholarly journals Metabolic effects of altering the 24 h energy intake in man, using direct and indirect calorimetry

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Dauncey
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Total Heat Loss

1. The metabolic effects of increasing or decreasing the usual energy intake for only 1 d were assessed in eight adult volunteers. Each subject lived for 28 h in a whole-body calorimeter at 26° on three separate occasions of high, medium or low energy intake. Intakes (mean±SEM) of 13830 ± 475 (high), 8400 ± 510 (medium) and 3700 ± 359 (low) kJ/24 h were eaten in three meals of identical nutrient composition.2. Energy expenditure was measured continuously by two methods: direct calorimetry, as total heat loss partitioned into its evaporative and sensible components; and indirect calorimetry, as heat production calculated from oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. For the twenty-four sessions there was a mean difference of only 1.2 ± 0.14 (SEM)% between the two estimates of 24 h energy expenditure, with heat loss being less than heat production. Since experimental error was involved in both estimates it would be wrong to ascribe greater accuracy to either one of the measures of energy expenditure.3. Despite the wide variation in the metabolic responses of the subjects to over-eating and under-eating, in comparison with the medium intake the 24 h heat production increased significantly by 10% on the high intake and decreased by 6% on the low intake. Mean (± SEM) values for 24 h heat production were 8770 ± 288, 7896 ± 297 and 7495 ± 253 kJ on the high, medium and low intakes respectively. The effects of over-eating were greatest at night and the resting metabolic rate remained elevated by 12% 14 h after the last meal. By contrast, during under-eating the metabolic rate at night decreased by only 1%.4. Evaporative heat loss accounted for an average of 25% of the total heat loss at each level of intake. Changes in evaporative heat loss were +14% on the high intake and −10% on the low intake. Sensible heat loss altered by +9% and −5% on the high and low intakes respectively.5. It is concluded that (a) the effects on 24 h energy expenditure of over-feeding for only 1 d do not differ markedly from those estimated by some other workers after several weeks of increasing the energy intake; (b) the resting metabolic rate, measured at least 14 h after the last meal, can be affected by the previous day's energy intake; (c) the zone of ambient temperature within which metabolism is minimal is probably altered by the level of energy intake.

scholarly journals Effect of endogenous carbohydrate availability on oral medium-chain triglyceride oxidation during prolonged exercise

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 949-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Jeukendrup ◽  
W. H. Saris ◽  
R. Van Diesen ◽  
F. Brouns ◽  
A. J. Wagenmakers
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Medium Chain Triglyceride ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Glycogen Depletion ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Significant Difference

The present study examined the medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oxidation rate of oral carbohydrate (CHO) + MCT supplements after a glycogen-depletion trial [low glycogen (LG)] and in the glycogen-loaded state [normal-to-high glycogen (HG)]. Eight elite athletes cycled four times 90 min at 50% maximal workload (57% maximal O2 uptake). In two trials, they followed a LG protocol to achieve low-glycogen stores in the leg muscles the evening before the experiment, and in two trials they followed a HG protocol. Subjects received a bolus of 4 ml/kg at the start and 2 ml/kg every 20 min during exercise of either a 15% CHO (long-chain glucose polymer) solution or an equicaloric CHO + MCT suspension. Exogenous MCT oxidation was measured by adding a [1,1,1-13C]trioctanoate tracer to the MCT oil and measuring 13CO2 production in the breath. The results show that 85% of MCT ingested was oxidized in LG and 69% in HG during the 60- to 90-min period. There was no statistically significant difference in MCT utilization between LG and HG. Peak oxidation rates were 0.15 and 0.13 g/min, respectively. MCT contributed 7.6% (LG) and 6.5% (HG) to total energy expenditure during the 60- to 90-min period. Total fatty acid oxidation was significantly elevated in the LG trial but was not influenced by MCT ingestion. Concomitantly, CHO oxidation was reduced in LG but no effect of MCT was observed. We conclude that 1) the contribution of MCT to total energy expenditure was small and 2) strenuous exercise the day before the experiment, followed by a low CHO intake and leading to a low CHO availability, substantially increased total fat oxidation but did not significantly increase MCT oxidation.

scholarly journals A high-protein total diet replacement increases energy expenditure and leads to negative fat balance in healthy, normal-weight adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila L P Oliveira ◽  
Normand G Boulé ◽  
Arya M Sharma ◽  
Sarah A Elliott ◽  
Mario Siervo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Background High-protein diets and total diet replacements are becoming increasingly popular for weight loss; however, further research is needed to elucidate their impact on the mechanisms involved in weight regulation. Objective The aim of this inpatient metabolic balance study was to compare the impact of a high-protein total diet replacement (HP-TDR) versus a control diet (CON) on select components of energy metabolism in healthy adults of both sexes. Methods The acute intervention was a randomized, controlled, crossover design with participants allocated to 2 isocaloric arms: 1) HP-TDR: 35% carbohydrate, 40% protein, and 25% fat achieved through a nutritional supplement; 2) CON: 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat. Participants received the prescribed diets for 32 h while inside a whole-body calorimetry unit (WBCU). The first dietary intervention randomly offered in the WBCU was designed to maintain energy balance and the second matched what was offered during the first stay. Energy expenditure, macronutrient oxidation rates and balances, and metabolic blood markers were assessed. Body composition was measured at baseline using DXA. Results Forty-three healthy, normal-weight adults (19 females and 24 males) were included. Compared with the CON diet, the HP-TDR produced higher total energy expenditure [(EE) 81 ± 82 kcal/d, P &lt;0.001], protein and fat oxidation rates (38 ± 34 g/d, P &lt;0.001; 8 ± 20 g/d, P = 0.013, respectively), and a lower carbohydrate oxidation rate (–38 ± 43 g/d, P &lt;0.001). Moreover, a HP-TDR led to decreased energy (–112 ± 85 kcal/d; P &lt;0.001), fat (–22 ± 20 g/d; P &lt;0.001), and carbohydrate balances (–69 ± 44 g/d; P &lt;0.001), and increased protein balance (90 ± 32 g/d; P &lt;0.001). Conclusions Our primary findings were that a HP-TDR led to higher total EE, increased fat oxidation, and negative fat balance. These results suggest that a HP-TDR may promote fat loss compared with a conventional isocaloric diet. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02811276 and NCT03565510.

scholarly journals Inter-Day Reliability of Resting Metabolic Rate and Maximal Fat Oxidation during Exercise in Healthy Men Using the Ergostik Gas Analyzer

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4308
Author(s):  
Lidia Robles-González ◽  
Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín ◽  
Millán Aguilar-Navarro ◽  
Carlos Ruiz-Moreno ◽  
Alejandro Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Maximal Fat Oxidation ◽  
Experimental Trials

The attainment of high inter-day reliability is crucial to determine changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax) after an intervention. This study aimed to analyze the inter-day reliability of RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax in healthy adults using the Ergostik gas analyzer. Fourteen healthy men (age: 24.4 ± 5.0 years, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max): 47.5 ± 11.9 mL/kg/min) participated in a repeated-measures study. The study consisted of two identical experimental trials (Day 1 and Day 2) in which the participants underwent an indirect calorimetry assessment at resting and during an incremental exercise test. Stoichiometric equations were used to calculate energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates. There were no significant differences when comparing RMR (1999.3 ± 273.9 vs. 1955.7 ± 362.6 kcal/day, p = 0.389), RER (0.87 ± 0.05 vs. 0.89 ± 0.05, p = 0.143), MFO (0.32 ± 0.20 vs. 0.31 ± 0.20 g/min, p = 0.776) and Fatmax (45.0 ± 8.6 vs. 46.4 ± 8.4% VO2max, p = 0.435) values in Day 1 vs. Day 2. The inter-day coefficient of variation for RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax were 4.85 ± 5.48%, 3.22 ± 3.14%, 7.78 ± 5.51%, and 6.51 ± 8.04%, respectively. In summary, the current results show a good inter-day reliability when RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax are determined in healthy men using the Ergostik gas analyzer.

Interaction of acute changes in exercise energy expenditure and energy intake on resting metabolic rate

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
R C Bullough ◽  
C A Gillette ◽  
M A Harris ◽  
C L Melby
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Exercise Energy Expenditure ◽  
Acute Changes

Total peptide YY is a correlate of postprandial energy expenditure but not of appetite or energy intake in healthy women

Metabolism ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1458-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éric Doucet ◽  
Manon Laviolette ◽  
Pascal Imbeault ◽  
Irene Strychar ◽  
Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Postprandial Energy Expenditure

Determination of total energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate and physical activity in lean and overweight people

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Thielecke ◽  
J. Möseneder ◽  
A. Kroke ◽  
K. Klipstein-Grobusch ◽  
H. Boeing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Overweight People
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