Moderate Exercise, Postprandial Energy Expenditure, and Substrate Use in Varying Meals in Lean and Obese Men

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Stiegler ◽  
S. Andrew Sparks ◽  
Adam Cunliffe
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Protein Meal ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Prior Exercise ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Postprandial Energy Expenditure

Maximizing postprandial energy expenditure and fat oxidation could be of clinical relevance for the treatment of obesity. This study investigated the effect of prior exercise on energy expenditure and substrate utilization after meals containing varying amounts of macronutrients. Eight lean (11.6% ± 4.0% body fat, M ± SD) and 12 obese (35.9% ± 5.3% body fat) men were randomly assigned to a protein (43% protein, 30% carbohydrate) or a carbohydrate (10% protein, 63% carbohydrate) meal. The metabolic responses to the meals were investigated during 2 trials, when meals were ingested after a resting period (D) or cycling exercise (Ex+D; 65% of oxygen consumption reserve, 200 kcal). Energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and glucose and insulin responses were measured for 4 hr during the postprandial phase. Although postprandial energy expenditure was not affected by prior exercise, the total amount of fat oxidized was higher during Ex+D than during D (170.8 ± 60.1 g vs. 137.8 ± 50.8 g, p < .05), and, accordingly, the use of carbohydrate as substrate was decreased (136.4 ± 45.2 g vs. 164.0 ± 42.9 g, p < .05). After the protein meal fat-oxidation rates were higher than after carbohydrate intake (p < .05), an effect independent of prior exercise. Plasma insulin tended to be lower during Ex+D (p = .072) and after the protein meal (p = .066). No statistically significant change in postprandial blood glucose was induced by prior exercise. Exercising before meal consumption can result in a marked increase in fat oxidation, which is independent of the type of meal consumed.

Influence of age and pubertal status on substrate utilization during exercise with and without carbohydrate intake in healthy boys

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian W. Timmons ◽  
Oded Bar-Or ◽  
Michael C. Riddell
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Power ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Pubertal Status ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Pubertal Boys

Substrate utilization during exercise is known to differ between children and adults, but whether these differences are related to pubertal status is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pubertal status on endogenous (CHOendo) and orally ingested exogenous (CHOexo) carbohydrate and fat oxidation rates during exercise. Twenty boys at the same chronological age (12 y) were divided into three pubertal groups (pre-pubertal, PP: n = 7; early-pubertal, EP: n = 7; mid- to late-pubertal, M-LP: n = 6) and consumed either a placebo or13C-enriched 6% CHO drink while cycling for 60 min at ~70% of their maximal aerobic power (VO2 max). Another group of 14-year-old boys (pubertal, n = 9) completed all procedures. Substrate utilization was calculated for the final 15 min of exercise using indirect calorimetry and stable isotope methodology. CHOexodecreased fat (p < 0.001) and increased total CHO (p < 0.001) oxidation, irrespective of group. Fat oxidation was higher (p = 0.01) in younger boys than in older boys, but similar (p ≥ 0.33) among PP, EP, and M-LP boys. CHOexocontributed to ~30% of energy expenditure (EE) in PP and EP, but to only 24% in M-LP (p = 0.02), which was identical to the older boys (24%). CHOexooxidation rate as a percentage of EE was inversely related to testosterone levels (r = −0.51, p = 0.005, n = 29). It was concluded that reliance on CHOexoduring exercise is particularly sensitive to pubertal status, with the highest oxidation rates observed in pre- and early-pubertal boys, independent of chronological age.

High-level medium-chain triglyceride feeding and energy expenditure in normal-weight women

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Alexandrou ◽  
Gene R. Herzberg ◽  
Matthew D. White
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Medium Chain Triglyceride ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Postprandial Energy Expenditure

The objective of this study was to assess how short-term feeding of high levels of dietary medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) affect energy expenditure and postprandial substrate oxidation rates in normal-weight, premenopausal women. Eight healthy women were fed both a MCT-rich and an isocaloric long-chain triglyceride (LCT)-rich diet for two 1-week periods separated by a minimum of 21 days. The energy intake in each diet was 45% carbohydrates, 40% fat, and 15% protein. The 2 diets had either 60.81% or 1.11% of total fat energy from MCT with the remaining fat energy intake from LCT. On days 1 and 7 of each diet, resting metabolic rate and postprandial energy expenditure (EE) were measured by indirect calorimetry with a ventilated hood. Results indicated on days 1 and 7, there were no significant differences between diets for resting metabolic rate or mean postprandial EE. On both days 1 and 7, fat oxidation for the MCT-rich diet was significantly greater (0.0001 ≤ p ≤ 0.04) than that for the LCT-rich diet at different time points across the 5.5 h postprandial period. In conclusion, for premenopausal, normal-weight women consuming a diet with 25% of the energy content from MCT, there were no changes in resting metabolic rate, transient increases in postprandial energy expenditure, and significant increases in postprandial fat oxidation.

scholarly journals Whole-body fat oxidation increases more by prior exercise than overnight fasting in elite endurance athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrika Andersson Hall ◽  
Fredrik Edin ◽  
Anders Pedersen ◽  
Klavs Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Prior Exercise ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Maximal Fat Oxidation

The purpose of this study was to compare whole-body fat oxidation kinetics after prior exercise with overnight fasting in elite endurance athletes. Thirteen highly trained athletes (9 men and 4 women; maximal oxygen uptake: 66 ± 1 mL·min−1·kg−1) performed 3 identical submaximal incremental tests on a cycle ergometer using a cross-over design. A control test (CON) was performed 3 h after a standardized breakfast, a fasting test (FAST) 12 h after a standardized evening meal, and a postexercise test (EXER) after standardized breakfast, endurance exercise, and 2 h fasting recovery. The test consisted of 3 min each at 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of maximal oxygen uptake and fat oxidation rates were measured through indirect calorimetry. During CON, maximal fat oxidation rate was 0.51 ± 0.04 g·min−1 compared with 0.69 ± 0.04 g·min−1 in FAST (P < 0.01), and 0.89 ± 0.05 g·min−1 in EXER (P < 0.01). Across all intensities, EXER was significantly higher than FAST and FAST was higher than CON (P < 0.01). Blood insulin levels were lower and free fatty acid and cortisol levels were higher at the start of EXER compared with CON and FAST (P < 0.05). Plasma nuclear magnetic resonance-metabolomics showed similar changes in both EXER and FAST, including increased levels of fatty acids and succinate. In conclusion, prior exercise significantly increases whole-body fat oxidation during submaximal exercise compared with overnight fasting. Already high rates of maximal fat oxidation in elite endurance athletes were increased by approximately 75% after prior exercise and fasting recovery.

scholarly journals β-Adrenergically Stimulated Fat Oxidation Is Diminished in Middle-Aged Compared to Young Subjects*

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 3764-3769
Author(s):  
E. E. Blaak ◽  
M. A. van Baak ◽  
W. H. M. Saris
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Young Subjects

Abstract The effect of aging on β-adrenergically mediated substrate utilization was investigated in nine young (25.2 ± 1.7 yr old) and eight older males (52.9 ± 2.1 yr old), matched for body weight and body composition. In a first experiment, the nonselectiveβ -agonist isoprenaline (ISO) was infused in increasing standardized doses, and during each infusion period energy expenditure and substrate utilization were determined by indirect calorimetry. In a second experiment, forearm skeletal muscle metabolism was studied during a standardized infusion dose of ISO (19 ng/kg fat-free mass·min). During β-adrenergic stimulation there was an increased carbohydrate oxidation (at an ISO infusion dose of 24 ng/kg fat-free mass·min, 31% vs. 21% of total energy expenditure; P &lt; 0.05) and a decreased fat oxidation (51 vs. 62 of total energy expenditure; P &lt; 0.05) in older compared to young subjects. Skeletal muscle lactate release significantly increased in the older subjects (from −175 ± 32 to −366 ± 66 nmol/100 mL forearm tissue·min), whereas there was no change in young subjects (from− 32 ± 21 to 23 ± 57 nmol/100 mL forearm tissue·min; interaction group × ISO, P &lt; 0.01). Additionally, there was a tendency toward a blunted ISO-induced increase in nonesterified fatty acid uptake in the older subjects (interaction group × ISO, P = 0.062). Thus, middle-aged subjects have a blunted ability to oxidize fat during β-adrenergic stimulation compared to young subjects. This diminished fat oxidation may be an important etiological factor in the age-related increase in body fatness and obesity by favoring fat storage above oxidation.

scholarly journals High-protein meals may benefit fat oxidation and energy expenditure in individuals with higher body fat

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijka BATTERHAM ◽  
Rachael CAVANAGH ◽  
Arthur JENKINS ◽  
Linda TAPSELL ◽  
Guy PLASQUI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
High Protein

scholarly journals Exogenous glucose oxidation during exercise in endurance-trained and untrained subjects

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 835-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Jeukendrup ◽  
M. Mensink ◽  
W. H. M. Saris ◽  
A. J. M. Wagenmakers
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Glucose Solution ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Glucose Ingestion ◽  
Relative Exercise Intensity ◽  
Endogenous Carbohydrates

Jeukendrup, A. E., M. Mensink, W. H. M. Saris, and A. J. M. Wagenmakers. Exogenous glucose oxidation during exercise in endurance-trained and untrained subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(3): 835–840, 1997.—To investigate the effect of training status on the fuel mixture used during exercise with glucose ingestion, seven endurance-trained cyclists (Tr; maximum O2 uptake 67 ± 2.3 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) and eight untrained subjects (UTr; 48 ± 2 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) were studied during 120 min of exercise at ∼60% maximum O2 uptake. At the onset of exercise, 8 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1of an 8% naturally enriched [13C]glucose solution was ingested and 2 ml/kg every 15 min thereafter. Energy expenditure was higher in Tr subjects compared with UTr subjects (3,404 vs. 2,630 kJ; P < 0.01). During the second hour, fat oxidation was higher in Tr subjects (37 ± 2 g) compared with UTr subjects (23 ± 1 g), whereas carbohydrate oxidation was similar (116 ± 8 g in Tr subjects vs. 114 ± 4 g in UTr subjects). No differences were observed in exogenous glucose oxidation (50 ± 2 g in Tr subjects and 45 ± 3 g in UTr subjects, respectively). Peak exogenous glucose oxidation rates were similar in the two groups (0.95 ± 0.07 g/min in Tr subjects and 0.96 ± 0.03 g/min in UTr subjects). It is concluded that the higher energy expenditure in Tr subjects during exercise at the same relative exercise intensity is entirely met by a higher rate of fat oxidation without changes in the rates of exogenous and endogenous carbohydrates.

Effect of exercise intensity on 24-h energy expenditure and nutrient oxidation

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 1045-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward L. Melanson ◽  
Teresa A. Sharp ◽  
Helen M. Seagle ◽  
Tracy J. Horton ◽  
William T. Donahoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Carbohydrate Oxidation ◽  
Con A ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Enzymatic Profile ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of exercise at different intensities on 24-h energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation. Sixteen adults (8 men and 8 women) were studied on three occasions [sedentary day (Con), a low-intensity exercise day (LI; 400 kcal at 40% of maximal oxygen consumption) and a high-intensity exercise day (HI; 400 kcal at 70% of maximal oxygen consumption)] by using whole room indirect calorimetry. Both 24-h EE and carbohydrate oxidation were significantly elevated on the exercise days (Con < LI = HI), but 24-h fat oxidation was not different across conditions. Muscle enzymatic profile was not consistently related to 24-h fat or carbohydrate oxidation. With further analysis, it was found that, compared with men, women sustained slightly higher rates of 24-h fat oxidation (mg · kg FFM−1· min−1) and had a muscle enzymatic profile favoring fat oxidation. It is concluded that exercise intensity has no effect on 24-h EE or nutrient oxidation. Additionally, it appears that women may sustain slightly greater 24-h fat oxidation rates during waking and active periods of the day.

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