The Effect of Ice Slushy Ingestion and Mouthwash on Thermoregulation and Endurance Performance in the Heat

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 458-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catriona A. Burdon ◽  
Matthew W. Hoon ◽  
Nathan A. Johnson ◽  
Phillip G. Chapman ◽  
Helen T. O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Beverage Consumption ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Sports Beverage ◽  
Steady State Cycling

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to establish whether sensory factors associated with cold-beverage ingestion exert an ergogenic effect on endurance performance independent of thermoregulatory or cardiovascular factors.Methods:Ten males performed three trials involving 90 min of steady state cycling (SS; 62% VO2max) in the heat (32.1 ± 0.9 °C, 40 ± 2.4% relative humidity) followed by a 4 kJ/kg body mass time trial (TT). During SS, participants consumed an identical volume (260 ± 38g) of sports beverage (7.4% carbohydrate) every 15 min as either ice slushy (–1 °C; ICE), thermoneutral liquid (37 °C; CON), or thermoneutral liquid consumption with expectorated ice slushy mouthwash (WASH).Results:Rectal temperature, hydration status, heart rate, and skin blood flow were not different between trials. Gastrointestinal (pill) temperature was lower in ICE (35.6 ± 2.7 °C) versus CON (37.4 ± 0.7 °C, p = .05). Heat storage tended to be lower with ICE during SS (14.7 ± 8.4W.m−2, p = .08) and higher during TT (68.9 ± 38.6W.m−2, p = .03) compared with CON (22.1 ± 6.6 and 31.4 ± 27.6W.m−2). ICE tended to lower the rating of perceived exertion (RPE, 12.9 ± 0.6, p = .05) and improve thermal comfort (TC, 4.5 ± 0.2; p = .01) vs. CON (13.8 ± 1.0 and 5.2 ± 0.2 respectively). WASH RPE (13.0 ± 0.8) and TC (4.8 ± 0.2) tended to be lower versus CON (p = .07 and p = .09 respectively). ICE improved performance (18:28 ± 1:03) compared with CON (20:24 ± 1:46) but not WASH (19:45 ± 1:43).Conclusion:Improved performance with ICE ingestion likely resulted from the creation of a gastrointestinal heat sink, reducing SS heat storage. Although the benefits of cold-beverage consumption are more potent when there is ingestion, improved RPE, TC, and meaningful performance improvement with WASH supports an independent sensory effect of presenting a cold stimulus to the mouth.

On- Versus Off-Bike Power Training in Professional Cyclists: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro L. Valenzuela ◽  
Jaime Gil-Cabrera ◽  
Eduardo Talavera ◽  
Lidia B. Alejo ◽  
Almudena Montalvo-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Power Training ◽  
Sprint Training

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of resistance power training (RPT, training with the individualized load and repetitions that maximize power output) and cycling power training (CPT, short sprint training) in professional cyclists. Methods: The participants (20 [2] y, peak oxygen uptake 78.0 [4.4] mL·kg−1·min−1) were randomly assigned to perform CPT (n = 8) or RPT (n = 10) in addition to their usual training regime for 7 weeks (2 sessions/wk). The training loads were continuously registered using the session rating of perceived exertion. The outcomes included endurance performance (8-min time trial and incremental test), as well as measures of muscle strength/power (1-repetition maximum and mean maximum propulsive power on the squat, hip thrust, and lunge exercises) and body composition (assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Results: No between-group differences were found for training loads or for any outcome (P > .05). Both interventions resulted in increased time-trial performance, as well as in improvements in other endurance-related outcomes (ie, ventilatory threshold, respiratory compensation point; P < .05). A significant or quasi-significant increase (P = .068 and .047 for CPT and RPT, respectively) in bone mineral content was observed after both interventions. A significant reduction in fat mass (P = .017), along with a trend (P = .059) toward a reduced body mass, was observed after RPT, but not CPT (P = .076 for the group × time interaction effect). Significant benefits (P < .05) were also observed for most strength-related outcomes after RPT, but not CPT. Conclusion: CPT and RPT are both effective strategies for the improvement of endurance performance and bone health in professional cyclists, although the latter tends to result in greater improvements in body composition and muscle strength/power.

THE INFLUENCE OF AN AMARANTH-BASED BEVERAGE ON CYCLING PERFORMANCE: A PILOT STUDY

Biotecnia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Ever Espino-González ◽  
María J. Muñoz-Daw ◽  
Juan M. Rivera-Sosa ◽  
María L. De la Torre-Díaz ◽  
Gabriel E. Cano-Olivas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Sports Beverage ◽  
Trial Performance

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an amaranth-based beverage (CHO-P) on cycling performance and hydration status, despite containing a total caloric content higher than that of a commercial sports beverage (CHO-P: 52.48 kcal per 100 mL vs CHO: 24 kcal per 100 mL). In a randomized, crossover design, six cyclists performed two exercise tests separated by seven days. Each test comprised two time-trials (32.20 km and 5 km) separated by 10 min of rest. Participants consumed either an amaranth-based beverage (CHO-P; 10% and 1.5% concentrations) or a commercial sports beverage (CHO; 6%). Changes in hematocrit and body mass, ratings of perceived exertion, and average power were assessed throughout both tests. 32.2-km time-trial performance was enhanced with CHO-P compared to CHO (54.3 ± 4.1 min vs 55.6 ± 4.8 min; p<0.05). However, no other variablemeasured in this study was significantly different between beverage types. Further laboratory based research should be performed to further explore the ergogenic potential of amaranth supplementation during endurance exercise.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Symptoms Related to Potato Ingestion During Cycling in Trained Athletes (P23-012-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susannah Scaroni ◽  
Amadeo Salvador ◽  
Colleen McKenna ◽  
Rafael Alamilla ◽  
Isabel Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Objectives Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion is an established nutritional strategy to improve endurance performance, yet currently available products may contribute to gastrointestinal (GI) distress. Potatoes have a high-glycemic index, indicating that their CHO content is readily available. We aimed to compare the effects of ingesting potato purée (POT), commercial CHO gel (GEL), or a control (water, CTL) during cycling on GI Symptoms and affective indices in trained athletes. Methods In a randomized crossover study, twelve trained cyclists (9 M and 3F; 30.5 ± 8.7y; 70.6 ± 7.6 kg; 1.70 ± 7 cm; 60.7 ± 8.9 mL/kg/min) completed a 2 h cycling challenge (60–85%VO2max) followed by a 6 kJ/kg time trial. Cyclists were randomly assigned to consume POT, GEL, or CTL during the challenge. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), GI symptoms, and affective responses (Feeling Scale −5/+5) were collected throughout the challenge via visual analog scales. Differences between treatments were assessed by mixed model analysis of variance using time and condition as a fixed factor and subject as a random factor. All data represent mean ± standard deviation. Results RPE was not different between POT, GEL, or CTL condition at the end of the cycling challenge (POT: 17 ± 1; GEL: 17 ± 1, CTL: 18 ± 1, P > 0.05). Higher GI symptoms (P < 0.01) were observed at the end of the challenge during POT condition (15 ± 3%) when compared to GEL (8 ± 3%) and CTL (7 ± 3%), with no significant difference in these symptoms prior to this time. FS response significantly increased (P = 0.04) during POT trial (2 ± 2) compared to GEL (0 ± 0.2) and CTL (0 ± 2) conditions at end of the challenge. Conclusions While POT ingestion resulted in greater GI distressed compared to CHO gel, cyclists perceived the exertion to be similar and even reported feeling more pleasant after POT ingestion in endurance exercise. Funding Sources Alliance for Potato Research and Education.

Improved Cycling Time-Trial Performance after Ingestion of a Caffeine Energy Drink

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Ivy ◽  
Lynne Kammer ◽  
Zhenping Ding ◽  
Bei Wang ◽  
Jeffrey R. Bernard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

Context:Not all athletic competitions lend themselves to supplementation during the actual event, underscoring the importance of preexercise supplementation to extend endurance and improve exercise performance. Energy drinks are composed of ingredients that have been found to increase endurance and improve physical performance.Purpose:The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a commercially available energy drink, ingested before exercise, on endurance performance.Methods:The study was a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. After a 12-hr fast, 6 male and 6 female trained cyclists (mean age 27.3 ± 1.7 yr, mass 68.9 ± 3.2 kg, and VO2 54.9 ± 2.3 ml · kg–1 · min–1) consumed 500 ml of either flavored placebo or Red Bull Energy Drink (ED; 2.0 g taurine, 1.2 g glucuronolactone, 160 mg caffeine, 54 g carbohydrate, 40 mg niacin, 10 mg pantothenic acid, 10 mg vitamin B6, and 10 μg vitamin B12) 40 min before a simulated cycling time trial. Performance was measured as time to complete a standardized amount of work equal to 1 hr of cycling at 70% Wmax.Results:Performance improved with ED compared with placebo (3,690 ± 64 s vs. 3,874 ± 93 s, p < .01), but there was no difference in rating of perceived exertion between treatments. β-Endorphin levels increased during exercise, with the increase for ED approaching significance over placebo (p = .10). Substrate utilization, as measured by open-circuit spirometry, did not differ between treatments.Conclusion:These results demonstrate that consuming a commercially available ED before exercise can improve endurance performance and that this improvement might be in part the result of increased effort without a concomitant increase in perceived exertion.

scholarly journals The effects of a caffeine-like supplement, TeaCrine®, on muscular strength, endurance and power performance in resistance-trained men

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle R. Cesareo ◽  
Justin R. Mason ◽  
Patrick G. Saracino ◽  
Margaret C. Morrissey ◽  
Michael J. Ormsbee
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Tea Plants ◽  
Repetitions To Failure

Abstract Background TeaCrine® is the synthetic version to naturally occurring theacrine (1, 3, 7, 9-tetramethyluric acid) found in the leaves of Camellia kucha tea plants. A few studies have examined the effects of TeaCrine® on cognitive perception, but no research exists examining its effects on resistance exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of TeaCrine®, a caffeine-like compound, on maximal muscular strength, endurance, and power performance in resistance-trained men. Methods Twelve resistance-trained men participated in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over designed study. Each participant performed one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press, 1RM squat, bench press repetitions to failure (RTF) at 70% 1RM, squat RTF at 70% 1RM, and 2-km rowing time trial 90 min after consumption of: (1) Caffeine 300 mg (CAFF300); (2) TeaCrine® 300 mg (TEA300); (3) TeaCrine® + Caffeine (COMBO; 150 mg/150 mg); (4) Placebo 300 mg (PLA). Power and velocity were measured using a TENDO Power Analyzer. Visual analogue scales for energy, focus, motivation to exercise, and fatigue were administered at baseline and 90 min post-treatment ingestion (pre-workout). Rating of perceived exertion was assessed after bench press RTF and squat RTF. Results There were no differences between groups for 1RM, RTF, and power in the bench press and squat exercises. Only CAFF300 resulted in significant increases in perceived energy and motivation to exercise vs. TEA300 and PLA (Energy: + 9.8%, 95% confidence interval [3.3–16.4%], p < 0.01; + 15.3%, 95% CI [2.2–28.5%], p < 0.02; Motivation to exercise: + 8.9%, 95% CI [0.2–17.6%], p = 0.04, + 14.8%, 95% CI [4.7–24.8%], p < 0.01, respectively) and increased focus (+ 9.6%, 95% CI [2.1–17.1%], p = 0.01) vs. TEA300, but there were no significant differences between CAFF300 and COMBO (Energy + 3.9% [− 6.9–14.7%], Focus + 2.5% [− 6.3–11.3%], Motivation to exercise + 0.5% [− 11.6–12.6%]; p > 0.05). Conclusion Neither TEA300, CAFF300, COMBO, or PLA (when consumed 90 min pre-exercise) improved muscular strength, power, or endurance performance in resistance-trained men. Only CAFF300 improved measures of focus, energy, and motivation to exercise.

A Comparative Analysis Between the Effects of Galactose and Glucose Supplementation on Endurance Performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Macdermid ◽  
Stephen Stannard ◽  
Dean Rankin ◽  
David Shillington
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Performance Trial

Purpose:To determine beneficial effects of short-term galactose (GAL) supplementation over a 50:50 glucose–maltodextrin (GLUC) equivalent on self-paced endurance cycling performance.Methods:On 2 separate occasions, subjects performed a 100-km self-paced time trial (randomized and balanced order). This was interspersed with four 1-km and four 4-km maximal efforts reflecting the physical requirements of racing. Before each trial 38 ± 3 g of GAL or GLUC was ingested in a 6% concentrate fluid form 1 hr preexercise and then during exercise at a rate of 37 ± 3 g/hr. Performance variables were recorded for all 1- and 4-km efforts, all interspersed intervals, and the total 100-km distance. Noninvasive indicators of work intensity (heart rate [HR] and rating of perceived exertion) were also recorded.Results:Times taken to complete the 100-km performance trial were 8,298 ± 502 and 8,509 ± 578 s (p = .132), with mean power outputs of 271 ± 37 and 256 ± 45 W (p = .200), for GAL and GLUC, respectively. Mean HR did not differ (GAL 157 ± 7 and GLUC 157 ± 7 beats/min, p = .886). A main effect of carbohydrate (CHO) type on time to complete 4-km efforts occurred, with no CHO Type × Effort Order interaction observed. No main effect of CHO type or interaction of CHO Type × Sequential Order occurred for 1-km efforts.Conclusion:A 6% GAL drink does not enhance performance time during a self-paced cycling performance trial in highly trained endurance cyclists compared with a formula typically used by endurance athletes but may improve the ability to produce intermediate self-paced efforts.

scholarly journals Improved 1000-m Running Performance and Pacing Strategy With Caffeine and Placebo: A Balanced Placebo Design Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Hurst ◽  
Lieke Schipof-Godart ◽  
Florentina Hettinga ◽  
Bart Roelands ◽  
Chris Beedie
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Balanced Placebo Design ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Placebo Design

Purpose: To investigate the placebo effect of caffeine on pacing strategy and performance over 1000-m running time trials using a balanced placebo design. Methods: Eleven well-trained male middle-distance athletes performed seven 1000-m time trials (1 familiarization, 2 baseline, and 4 experimental). Experimental trials consisted of the administration of 4 randomized treatments: informed caffeine/received caffeine, informed caffeine/received placebo, informed placebo/received caffeine, and informed placebo/received placebo. Split times were recorded at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 m, and peak heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were recorded at the completion of the trial. Results: Relative to baseline, participants ran faster during informed caffeine/received caffeine (d = 0.42) and informed caffeine/received placebo (d = 0.43). These changes were associated with an increased pace during the first half of the trial. No differences were shown in pacing or performance between baseline and the informed placebo/received caffeine (d = 0.21) and informed placebo/received placebo (d = 0.10). No differences were reported between treatments for peak heart rate (η2 = .084) and rating of perceived exertion (η2 = .009). Conclusions: The results indicate that the effect of believing to have ingested caffeine improved performance to the same magnitude as actually receiving caffeine. These improvements were associated with an increase in pace during the first half of the time trial.

scholarly journals Pole Length’s Influence on Performance During Classic-Style Snow Skiing in Well-Trained Cross-Country Skiers

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 884-891
Author(s):  
Erik Trøen ◽  
Bjarne Rud ◽  
Øyvind Karlsson ◽  
Camilla Høivik Carlsen ◽  
Matthias Gilgien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Flat Terrain ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Maximal Effort

Purpose: To investigate how self-selected pole length (PL) of ∼84% (PL84%) compared with ∼90% (PL90%) of body height influenced performance during a 700-m time trial with undulating terrain on snow. Methods: Twenty-one cross-country skiers, 7 of whom were women, performed 4 trials at a maximal effort in a counterbalanced fashion with PL84% and PL90% separated by 20-minute breaks between trials. In trials I and II, only double poling was allowed, while in trials III and IV, skiers used self-selected classical subtechniques. Continuous speed, cyclic parameters, and heart rate were collected using microsensors in addition to a post-time-trial rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Results: The 700-m times with only double poling were significantly shorter with PL90% than PL84% (mean ± 95% confidence limits –1.6% ± 1.0%). Segment analyses showed higher speed with PL90% in uphill sections than with PL84% (3.7% ± 2.1%), with the greatest difference found for the female skiers (5.6% ± 2.9%). In contrast, on flat terrain at high skiing speeds, speed was reduced with PL90% compared with PL84% (–1.5% ± 1.4%); this was only significant for the male skiers. During free choice of classical subtechniques, PL did not influence performance in any segments, choice of subtechnique, or cycle rate during the trials. No differences in rating of perceived exertion or heart rate between PLs were found. Conclusions: PL90% improved performance in uphills at low speeds when using double poling but hindered performance on flat terrain and at higher speeds compared with self-selected PLs. Choice of PL should, therefore, be based on racecourse topography, preferred subtechniques, and the skier’s physiological and technical abilities.

scholarly journals Blinded and unblinded hypohydration similarly impair cycling time trial performance in the heat in trained cyclists

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 870-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P. Funnell ◽  
Stephen A. Mears ◽  
Kurt Bergin-Taylor ◽  
Lewis J. James
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
The Many ◽  
Trial Performance

Knowledge of hydration status may contribute to hypohydration-induced exercise performance decrements; therefore, this study compared blinded and unblinded hypohydration on cycling performance. Fourteen trained, nonheat-acclimated cyclists (age: 25 ± 5 yr; V̇o2peak: 63.3 ± 4.7 ml·kg−1·min−1; cycling experience: 6 ± 3 yr) were pair matched to blinded (B) or unblinded (UB) groups. After familiarization, subjects completed euhydrated (B-EUH; UB-EUH) and hypohydrated (B-HYP; UB-HYP) trials in the heat (31°C); 120-min cycling preload (50% Wpeak) and a time trial (~15 min). During the preload of all trials, 0.2 ml water·kg body mass−1 was ingested every 10 min, with additional water provided during EUH trials to match sweat losses. To blind the B group, a nasogastric tube was inserted in both trials and used to provide water in B-EUH. The preload induced similar ( P = 0.895) changes in body mass between groups (B-EUH: −0.6 ± 0.5%; B-HYP: −3.0 ± 0.5%; UB-EUH: −0.5 ± 0.3%; UB-HYP −3.0 ± 0.3%). All variables responded similarly between B and UB groups ( P ≥ 0.558), except thirst ( P = 0.004). Changes typical of hypohydration (increased heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, gastrointestinal temperature, serum osmolality and thirst, and decreased plasma volume; P ≤ 0.017) were apparent in HYP by 120 min. Time trial performance was similar between groups ( P = 0.710) and slower ( P ≤ 0.013) with HYP for B (B-EUH: 903 ± 89 s; B-HYP: 1,008 ± 121 s; −11.4%) and UB (UB-EUH: 874 ± 108 s; UB-HYP: 967 ± 170 s; −10.1%). Hypohydration of ~3% body mass impairs time trial performance in the heat, regardless of knowledge of hydration status. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates, for the first time, that knowledge of hydration status does not exacerbate the negative performance consequences of hypohydration when hypohydration is equivalent to ~3% body mass. This is pivotal for the interpretation of the many previous studies that have not blinded subjects to their hydration status and suggests that these previous studies are not likely to be confounded by the overtness of the methods used to induce hypohydration.

scholarly journals Improvement of 10-km Time-Trial Cycling With Motivational Self-Talk Compared With Neutral Self-Talk

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Barwood ◽  
Jo Corbett ◽  
Christopher R.D. Wagstaff ◽  
Dan McVeigh ◽  
Richard C. Thelwell
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Performance Effect ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Self Talk

Purpose:Unpleasant physical sensations during maximal exercise may manifest themselves as negative cognitions that impair performance, alter pacing, and are linked to increased rating of perceived exertion (RPE). This study examined whether motivational self-talk (M-ST) could reduce RPE and change pacing strategy, thereby enhancing 10-km time-trial (TT) cycling performance in contrast to neutral self-talk (N-ST).Methods:Fourteen men undertook 4 TTs, TT1–TT4. After TT2, participants were matched into groups based on TT2 completion time and underwent M-ST (n = 7) or N-ST (n = 7) after TT3. Performance, power output, RPE, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were compared across 1-km segments using ANOVA. Confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for performance data.Results:After TT3 (ie, before intervention), completion times were not different between groups (M-ST, 1120 ± 113 s; N-ST, 1150 ± 110 s). After M-ST, TT4 completion time was faster (1078 ± 96 s); the N-ST remained similar (1165 ± 111 s). The M-ST group achieved this through a higher power output and VO2 in TT4 (6th–10th km). RPE was unchanged. CI data indicated the likely true performance effect lay between 13- and 71-s improvement (TT4 vs TT3).Conclusion:M-ST improved endurance performance and enabled a higher power output, whereas N-ST induced no change. The VO2 response matched the increase in power output, yet RPE was unchanged, thereby inferring a perceptual benefit through M-ST. The valence and content of self-talk are important determinants of the efficacy of this intervention. These findings are primarily discussed in the context of the psychobiological model of pacing.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document