The Effect of Periodization and Training Intensity Distribution on Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance: A Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1114-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Kenneally ◽  
Arturo Casado ◽  
Jordan Santos-Concejero
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Intensity Distribution ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Long Distance Running ◽  
Contradictory Finding

This review aimed to examine the current evidence for 3 primary training intensity distribution types: (1) pyramidal training, (2) polarized training, and (3) threshold training. Where possible, the training intensity zones relative to the goal race pace, rather than physiological or subjective variables, were calculated. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched in May 2017 for original research articles. After analysis of 493 resultant original articles, studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) Their participants were middle- or long-distance runners; (2) they analyzed training intensity distribution in the form of observational reports, case studies, or interventions; (3) they were published in peer-reviewed journals; and (4) they analyzed training programs with a duration of 4 wk or longer. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria, which included 6 observational reports, 3 case studies, 6 interventions, and 1 review. According to the results of this analysis, pyramidal and polarized training are more effective than threshold training, although the latest is used by some of the best marathon runners in the world. Despite this apparent contradictory finding, this review presents evidence for the organization of training into zones based on a percentage of goal race pace, which allows for different periodization types to be compatible. This approach requires further development to assess whether specific percentages above and below race pace are key to inducing optimal changes.

Training-intensity Distribution on Middle- and Long-distance Runners: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Campos ◽  
Arturo Casado ◽  
João Guilherme Vieira ◽  
Miller Guimarães ◽  
Leandro Sant’Ana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intensity Distribution ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Low Intensity

AbstractTraining-intensity distribution (TID) is considered the key factor to optimize performance in endurance sports. This systematic review aimed to: I) characterize the TID typically used by middle-and long-distance runners; II) compare the effect of different types of TID on endurance performance and its physiological determinants; III) determine the extent to which different TID quantification methods can calculate same TID outcomes from a given training program. The keywords and search strategy identified 20 articles in the research databases. These articles demonstrated differences in the quantification of the different training-intensity zones among quantification methods (i. e. session-rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, blood lactate, race pace, and running speed). The studies that used greater volumes of low-intensity training such as those characterized by pyramidal and polarized TID approaches, reported greater improvements in endurance performance than those which used a threshold TID. Thus, it seems that the combination of high-volume at low-intensity (≥ 70% of overall training volume) and low-volume at threshold and high-intensity interval training (≤ 30%) is necessary to optimize endurance training adaptations in middle-and long-distance runners. Moreover, monitoring training via multiple mechanisms that systematically encompasses objective and subjective TID quantification methods can help coaches/researches to make better decisions.

scholarly journals Catharsis – Philosophical and Spiritual Aspects of Long-Distance Running

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-52
Author(s):  
Marcel Nemec
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Regular Physical Activity ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Long Distance Running

Summary The purpose of the study was to identify and analyze the occurrence of cathartic states in a sample of long-distance runners. Data collected via questionnaires were used to evaluate quantitative variables complemented by heuristics while aiming at qualitatively categorize the areas of cathartic states in the context of philosophical and spiritual aspects of long-distance running. The study findings objectify philosophical and spiritual aspects affecting personalities of long-distance runners. The study findings have shown that catharsis represents a relevant philosophical and spiritual aspect affecting long-distance running. We assume that authentic experience of catharsis and its effects motivates runners to perform regular physical activity. The analysis of philosophical and spiritual aspects of long-distance running has revealed a multi-spectral holistic relevance based on the transfer affecting a specific way of life, spectrum of values, ethical personality traits, and also the quality of long-distance runners’ lives.

scholarly journals Key psychological factors in long distance running

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
D. Chojnicki ◽  
O. Smoleńska ◽  
R. Muszkieta
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Long Distance Running ◽  
Research Problems

Purpose of the article is to identify the most important psychological factors influencing success among long-distance runners. Material and methods. The application of an electronic diagnostic survey (interview) was used as the research method in the study. The normalized questionnaire was applied as a research technique in the paper. Results.The analysis of the results was divided into parts, the first two of which concern the characteristics and environment of the respondents, and the remaining ones refer to the research problems formulated in the methodology section. The most numerous group of women have physical and mental trainings (32%) and the majority of men trains neither physically nor mentally (28%). Conclusions. There are many key factors in long-distance running. However, the most important ones seem to be stubbornness, motivation, self-confidence, optimism as well as support from family and peers. Runners are considered to be people who are often physically and mentally resistant. They are often able to sacrifice a lot to achieve their goals. The path taken by long-distance runners is often incomprehensible to their surroundings that is family, peers or employers.

scholarly journals Hypophosphataemia in confused half-marathon runners: A report of two cases

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 380-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yat Hei Lo ◽  
Ka Leung Mok
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Heat Illness ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Exertional Heat Illness ◽  
With Memory

Introduction: Severe hypophosphataemia may occur in long distance runners presenting to Accident & Emergency (A&E) department with exertional heat illness. Case presentation: A 46-year-old man who collapsed in half marathon race was found to have raised body temperature (38.8°C) and confused with memory loss in the Accident & Emergency department. His amnesia was persistent even after his body temperature was normalized. He was found to have severe hypophosphataemia (0.21 mmol/L; reference range: 0.74 - 1.4 mmol/L). He had a neurological recovery after phosphate replacement. Another 45-year-old female half marathon runner was found to have moderate hypophosphataemia (0.5 mmol/L) co-presenting with exertional heat illness. Discussion: Moderate to severe hypophosphataemia complicated the clinical picture of the two cases presented with exertional heat illness. Causes of hypophosphataemia in runners are multifactorial. Conclusion: Emergency physician should be alert of profound hypophosphataemia as a complication in heat exertional illness.

scholarly journals Pacing in Long-Distance Running: Sex and Age Differences in 10-km Race and Marathon

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Ivan Cuk ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
Elias Villiger ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Long Distance Running ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
Mass Participation ◽  
Events Data ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

Background and objective: The recent availability of data from mass-participation running events has allowed researchers to examine pacing from the perspective of non-elite distance runners. Based on an extensive analysis of the literature, we concluded that no study utilizing mass-participation events data has ever directly compared pacing in the 10-km race, with other long-distance races. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to assess and compare pacing between 10-km runners and marathoners, in regards to their sex and age. Materials and methods: For the purpose of this study, official results from the Oslo marathon (n = 8828) and 10-km race (n = 16,315) held from 2015 to 2018 were included. Results: Both 10-km runners and marathoners showed positive pacing strategies. Moreover, two-way analysis of variance showed that women were less likely to slow in the marathon than men (9.85% in comparison to 12.70%) however, not in the 10-km race (3.99% in comparison to 3.38%). Finally, pace changing is more prominent in youngest and oldest marathoners comparing to the other age groups (12.55% in comparison to 10.96%). Conclusions: Based on these findings, practitioners should adopt different training programmes for marathoners in comparison to shorter long-distance runners.

scholarly journals Difference of walking plantar loadings in experienced and novice long-distance runners

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zixiang Gao ◽  
Qichang Mei ◽  
Liangliang Xiang ◽  
Yaodong Gu
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Loading ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Contact Duration ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Functional Parameters ◽  
Novice Group ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Long Distance Running

Purpose: Long-distance running has been a global popularity, and differences may be observed in runners of experience. This study was aimed to evaluate the differences in plantar loading between experienced long-distance runners and novice runners during walking. The hypotheses were that smaller load in the middle of the forefoot and the stable foot balance would be observed in experienced runners during walking. Methods: Twenty-five participants were recruited as the experienced runners group (ten: frequency ≥ 4 times/week and distance ≥ 40 km/week, for over 1 year) and the novice group (fifteen: frequency ≤ 2 times/week and distance ≤ 10 km/week, for less than 1 year). Results: The peak Meta loading showed that the novice runners were significantly larger than the experienced runners (p ≤ .001). The occurring time of peak Meta loading was significantly delayed compared to the experienced runners (p = .050). Peak Foot balance was higher in the novice runners group (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: This study highlighted the findings of the potential differences of plantar pressures and foot functional parameters during walking in experienced runners and novice runners, specifically the contact duration of phases during stance, toes functions and medial-lateral loading shifting (foot balance) and metatarsals (central forefoot) offloading.

From couch to ultra marathon: using functional imagery training to enhance motivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Rhodes ◽  
Karol Nedza ◽  
Jon May ◽  
Thomas Jenkins ◽  
Tom Stone
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Exercise Adherence ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Group Setting ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Imagery Training ◽  
Long Distance Running ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Contact Hours

Abstract Objectives This study evaluates ultra-marathon runners’ use of goal-setting, self-talk, and imagery as strategies to help them through the challenge of long-distance running. Methods In stage one, thirty-one self-professed non-runners were recruited and received motivational interviewing (MI) in a group setting, examining their motivation to get healthy. In stage two, five months later, participants were asked if they would consider running an ultra-marathon, and fifteen (M age=39.47, SD=5.84) agreed. At this point participants were randomly split into an MI or Functional Imagery Training (FIT) group. FIT teaches participants how to master goal centred imagery by controlling attention and elaboration. Groups received similar contact hours and completed four measures that assess grit, resilience, self-efficacy, and imagery ability at baseline and after the race. Results We found no significant differences between measures for finishers and non-finishers or between groups or over time. However, the likelihood of completing the ultra-marathon was five times as likely in the FIT group, than in MI (RR=5.25). Grit and resilience scores were strongly correlated. By receiving FIT, there was a significant association (p=0.04) to complete the ultra-marathon. Conclusions FIT is a relatively cost-effective method to increase exercise adherence through multi-sensory elaboration of goal setting and overcoming barriers or challenges.

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