scholarly journals Validity of a Squash-Specific Fitness Test

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wilkinson ◽  
Damon Leedale-Brown ◽  
Edward M. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Volitional Exhaustion ◽  
Valid Assessment ◽  
Portable Analyzer

Purpose:This study examined the validity of a squash-specific test designed to assess endurance capability and aerobic power.Methods:Eight squash players and eight runners performed, in a counterbalanced order, incremental treadmill (TT) and squash-specific (ST) tests to volitional exhaustion. Breath-by-breath oxygen uptake was determined by a portable analyzer and heart rate was assessed telemetrically. Time to exhaustion was recorded.Results:Independent t tests revealed longer time to exhaustion for squash players on the ST than runners (775 ± 103 vs. 607 ± 81 s; P = .003) but no difference between squash players and runners in maximal oxygen uptake ( Vo2max) or maximum heart rate (HRmax). Runners exercised longer on the TT (521 ± 135 vs. 343 ± 115 s; P = .01) and achieved higher Vo2max than squash players (58.6 ± 7.5 vs. 49.6 ± 7.3 mL·kg−1·min−1; P = .03), with no group difference in HRmax. Paired t tests showed squash players achieved higher Vo2max on the ST than the TT (52.2 ± 7.1 vs. 49.6 ± 7.3 mL·kg−1·min−1; P = .02). The Vo2max and HRmax of runners did not differ between tests, nor did the HRmax of squash players. ST and TT Vo2max correlated highly in squash players and runners (r = .94, P < .001; r = .88, P = .003).Conclusions:The ST discriminated endurance performance between squash players and runners and elicited higher Vo2max in squash players than a nonspecifc test. The results suggest that the ST is a valid assessment of Vo2max and endurance capability in squash players.

scholarly journals Reproducibility of Physiological and Performance Measures from a Squash-Specific Fitness Test

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wilkinson ◽  
Damon Leedale-Brown ◽  
Edward M. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Fitness Test ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Volitional Exhaustion ◽  
And Performance

Purpose:We examined the reproducibility of performance and physiological responses on a squash-specific incremental test.Methods:Eight trained squash players habituated to procedures with two prior visits performed an incremental squash test to volitional exhaustion on two occasions 7 days apart. Breath-by-breath oxygen uptake ( Vo2) and heart rate were determined continuously using a portable telemetric system. Blood lactate concentration at the end of 4-min stages was assessed to determine lactate threshold. Once threshold was determined, test speed was increased every minute until volitional exhaustion for assessment of maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max), maximum heart rate (HRmax), and performance time. Economy was taken as the 60-s mean of Vo2 in the final minute of the fourth stage (below lactate threshold for all participants). Typical error of measurement (TEM) with associated 90% confidence intervals, limits of agreement, paired sample t tests, and least products regression were used to assess the reproducibility of scores.Results:Performance time (TEM 27 s, 4%, 90% CI 19 to 49 s) Vo2max (TEM 2.4 mL·kg−1·min−1, 4.7%, 90% CI 1.7 to 4.3 mL·kg−1·min−1), maximum heart rate (TEM 2 beats·min−1, 1.3%, 90% CI 2 to 4 beats·min−1), and economy (TEM 1.6 mL·kg−1·min−1, 4.1%, 90% CI 1.1 to 2.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) were reproducible.Conclusions:The results suggest that endurance performance and physiological responses to a squash-specific fitness test are reproducible.

Verification phase as a useful tool in the determination of the maximal oxygen uptake of distance runners

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian W. Midgley ◽  
Lars R. McNaughton ◽  
Sean Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Volitional Exhaustion

This study investigated the utility of a verification phase for increasing confidence that a “true” maximal oxygen uptake had been elicited in 16 male distance runners (mean age (±SD), 38.7  (± 7.5 y)) during an incremental treadmill running test continued to volitional exhaustion. After the incremental test subjects performed a 10 min recovery walk and a verification phase performed to volitional exhaustion at a running speed 0.5 km·h–1 higher than that attained during the last completed stage of the incremental phase. Verification criteria were a verification phase peak oxygen uptake ≤ 2% higher than the incremental phase value and peak heart rate values within 2 beats·min–1 of each other. Of the 32 tests, 26 satisfied the oxygen uptake verification criterion and 23 satisfied the heart rate verification criterion. Peak heart rate was lower (p = 0.001) during the verification phase than during the incremental phase, suggesting that the verification protocol was inadequate in eliciting maximal values in some runners. This was further supported by the fact that 7 tests exhibited peak oxygen uptake values over 100 mL·min–1 (≥ 3%) lower than the peak values attained in the incremental phase. Further research is required to improve the verification procedure before its utility can be confirmed.

A dynamical systems approach for the submaximal prediction of maximum heart rate and maximal oxygen uptake

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Michael J. Mazzoleni ◽  
Claudio L. Battaglini ◽  
Kerry J. Martin ◽  
Erin M. Coffman ◽  
Jordan A. Ekaidat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate

Determination of second lactate threshold using near-infrared spectroscopy in elite cyclists

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
José-Antonio Salas-Montoro ◽  
Manuel Mateo March ◽  
Cristóbal Sánchez-Muñoz ◽  
Mikel Zabala
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Power ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Muscle Oxygen ◽  
Elite Cyclists

The use of near-infrared spectroscopy could be an interesting alternative to other invasive or expensive methods to estimate the second lactate threshold. Our objective was to compare the intensities of the muscle oxygen saturation breakpoint obtained with the Humon Hex and the second lactate threshold in elite cyclists. Ninety cyclists performed a maximal graded exercise test. Blood capillary lactate was obtained at the end of steps and muscle oxygenation was continuously monitored. There were no differences (p>0.05) between muscle oxygen oxygenation breakpoint and second lactate threshold neither in power nor in heart rate, nor when these values were relativized as a percentage of maximal aerobic power or maximum heart rate. There were also no differences when men and women were studied separately. Both methods showed a highly correlation in power (r=0.914), percentage of maximal aerobic power (r=0.752), heart rate (r=0.955), and percentage of maximum heart rate (r=0.903). Bland-Altman resulted in a mean difference of 0.05±0.27 W·kg–1, 0.91±4.93%, 0.63±3.25 bpm, and 0.32±1.69% for power, percentage of maximal aerobic power, heart rate and percentage of maximum heart rate respectively. These findings suggest that Humon may be a non-invasive and low-cost alternative to estimate the second lactate threshold intensity in elite cyclists.

Higher Fat Oxidation in Running Than Cycling at the Same Exercise Intensities

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoit Capostagno ◽  
Andrew Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Carbohydrate Oxidation ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Maximum Workload

This study examined the differences in fat and carbohydrate oxidation during running and cycling at the same relative exercise intensities, with intensity determined in a number of ways. Specifically, exercise intensity was expressed as a percentage of maximum workload (WLmax), maximum oxygen uptake (%VO2max), and maximum heart rate (%HRmax) and as rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Ten male triathletes performed maximal running and cycling trials and subsequently exercised at 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, and 80% of their WLmax. VO2, HR, RPE, and plasma lactate concentrations were measured during all submaximal trials. Fat and carbohydrate oxidation were calculated from VO2 and VCO2 data. A 2-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used to determine any statistically significant differences between exercise modes. Fat oxidation was shown to be significantly higher in running than in cycling at the same relative intensities expressed as either %WLmax or %VO2max. Neither were there any significant differences in VO2max and HRmax between the 2 exercise modes, nor in submaximal VO2 or RPE between the exercise modes at the same %WLmax. However, heart rate and plasma lactate concentrations were significantly higher when cycling at 60% and 65% and 65–80%WLmax, respectively. In conclusion, fat oxidation is significantly higher during running than during cycling at the same relative intensity expressed as either %WLmax or %VO2max.

scholarly journals Perceived exertion and heart rate models for estimating metabolic workload in elite British soldiers performing a backpack load-carriage task

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Simpson ◽  
Scott M. Graham ◽  
Geraint D. Florida-James ◽  
Christopher Connaboy ◽  
Richard Clement ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Load Carriage ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Serial Data ◽  
Backpack Load

Identifying field measures to estimate backpack load-carriage work intensity in elite soldiers is of interest to the military. This study developed rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate models to define metabolic workload for a backpack load-carriage task valid for a population of elite soldiers using serial data. Male soldiers (n = 18) from the British Parachute or Special Air Service Regiment completed an incremental treadmill walking and (or) running protocol while carrying a 20-kg backpack. Heart rate, RPE, and oxygen uptake were recorded at each incremental stage of the protocol. Linear mixed models were used to model the RPE and heart rate data in the metric of measured peak oxygen uptake. Workload was accurately estimated using RPE alone (SE = 6.03), percentage of estimated maximum heart rate (%E-MHR) (SE = 6.9), and percentage of measured maximum heart rate (%M-MHR) (SE = 4.9). Combining RPE and %E-MHR resulted in a field measure with an accuracy (SE = 4.9) equivalent to the %M-MHR model. We conclude that RPE, %E-MHR, and %M-MHR provide accurate field-based proxy measures of metabolic workload in elite British soldiers performing a backpack load-carriage task. The model is accurate for the metabolic range measured by these serial data for the backpack load-carriage task.

scholarly journals Assessment of Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Ski Mountaineering: A Laboratory-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7002
Author(s):  
Verena Menz ◽  
Martin Niedermeier ◽  
Rainer Stehle ◽  
Hendrik Mugele ◽  
Martin Faulhaber
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Good Agreement

This study aims to evaluate the agreement in maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) between a running protocol and a ski mountaineering (SKIMO) protocol. Eighteen (eleven males, seven females) ski mountaineers (age: 25 ± 3 years) participated in the study. V˙O2max, maximum heart rate (HRmax), and maximum blood lactate concentration (BLAmax) were determined in an incremental uphill running test and an incremental SKIMO-equipment-specific test. V˙O2max did not differ between the SKIMO and uphill running protocols (p = 0.927; mean difference –0.07 ± 3.3 mL/min/kg), nor did HRmax (p = 0.587, mean difference –0.7 ± 5.1 bpm). A significant correlation was found between V˙O2max SKIMO and V˙O2max running (p ≤ 0.001; ICC = 0.862 (95% CI: 0.670−0.946)). The coefficient of variation was 4.4% (95% CI: 3.3−6.5). BLAmax was significantly lower for SKIMO compared to running (12.0 ± 14.1%; p = 0.002). This study demonstrates that V˙O2max determined with a traditional uphill running protocol demonstrates good agreement with an equipment-specific SKIMO protocol.

scholarly journals PO-136 Cycling Incremental test using Breath-by-breath Metabolic Cart to Predict VO2 max

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Wang ◽  
Haixia Fu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Functional Data ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Metabolic Cart

Objective Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is a key indicator to assess health as well as sports performance. In heterogeneous, athletic populations, VO2 max is one of the most frequently measured variables in exercise physiology laboratories. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Maximal oxygen uptake with other metabolism parameters during one high-intensity activity, and provide simple solution for VO2 max prediction. Methods A total of 27 young athletes were selected. The incremental test was performed on a cycle ergometer (Monark 874 E, Sweden). Participants warmed up for 5 min at 50 watts (W); thereafter, the power output was increased 125 W every 3 min until exhaustion, which was defined as the incapacity to maintain a pedal cadence above 60 revolution per minute (rpm). Oxygen uptake (V̇O2), carbon dioxide production (V̇CO2) and other metabolism indexes were obtained breath-by-breath throughout the test using a metabolic cart (Quark b2, COSMED, Italy). Heart rate (HR) was measured throughout the test using a HR monitor (Polar Vantage NV, Finland). The main method in the VO2 prediction is the use of a mixed effects regression model. The potential explanatory variables include VO2kg (functional data with information on oxygen consumption per kg weight during the test), HR (functional data with heart rate information during the test), MHR (maximum heart rate of the athlete), VO2kgmean (average oxygen consumption during the test), VO2kgmax (maximum oxygen consumption value during the test), VCO2 (carbon dioxide emissions per minute during the test), HRmean (heart rate average), HRmax (maximum heart rate value during the test), age, height, weight. The model statistical analyses were implemented in R platform (version 3.3.3). Results (1) regression model results revealed MHR did not have stronger effects on VO2 max prediction. (2) Parameters of VO2kg, HR, HRmean, height, weight showed relative higher r2 values and lower RMSE values indicating the possible indexes for VO2 max prediction. (3) the interaction effects occurred between indicators which increase the complexity of the model. Conclusions In this study, a simple methodology for the prediction of maximum oxygen consumption has been presented. It combines a relatively simple level of base metabolism parameters. Despite the easy test and low level of exercise required the test provides an rational prediction of VO2 max, which could provide necessary information when it applied as a simple way. 

Validation of a Maximal Incremental Skating Test Performed on a Slide Board: Comparison With Treadmill Skating

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1363-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiane Piucco ◽  
Fernando Diefenthaeler ◽  
Rogério Soares ◽  
Juan M. Murias ◽  
Guillaume Y. Millet
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Criterion Validity ◽  
Compensation Point ◽  
Respiratory Compensation Point ◽  
Respiratory Compensation ◽  
Gas Exchange Threshold

Purpose: To investigate the criterion validity of a maximal incremental skating test performed on a slide board (SB). Methods: Twelve subelite speed skaters performed a maximal skating test on a treadmill and on a SB. Gas exchange threshold (GET), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximal variables were determined. Results: Oxygen uptake () (31.0 ± 3.2 and 31.4 ± 4.1 mL·min−1·kg−1), percentage of maximal () (66.3 ± 4 and 67.7 ± 7.1%), HR (153 ± 14 and 150 ±12 bpm), and ventilation (59.8 ± 11.8 and 57.0 ± 10.7 L·min−1) at GET, and (42.5 ± 4.4 and 42.9 ± 4.8 mL·min−1·kg−1), percentage of (91.1 ± 3.3 and 92.4 ± 2.1%), heart rate (HR) (178 ± 9 and 178 ± 6 bpm), and ventilation (96.5 ± 19.2 and 92.1 ± 12.7 L·min−1) at RCP were not different between skating on a treadmill and on a SB. (46.7 ± 4.4 vs 46.4 ±6.1 mL·min−1·kg−1) and maximal HR (195 ± 6 vs 196 ± 10 bpm) were not significantly different and correlated (r = .80 and r = .87, respectively; P < .05) between the treadmill and SB. at GET, RCP, and obtained on a SB were correlated (r > .8) with athletes’ best times on 1500 m. Conclusions: The incremental skating test on a SB was capable to distinguish maximal ( and HR) and submaximal (, % , HR, and ventilation) parameters known to determine endurance performance. Therefore, the SB test can be considered as a specific and practical alternative to evaluate speed skaters.

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