scholarly journals Development of a Simulated Round of Golf

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. Hayes ◽  
Kjell van Paridon ◽  
Duncan N. French ◽  
Kevin Thomas ◽  
Dan A. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Gps Data ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Typical Error ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
The Impact

Purpose:The aim of this study was to develop a laboratory-based treadmill simulation of the on-course physiological demands of an 18-hole round of golf and to identify the underlying physiological responses.Methods:Eight amateur golfers completed a round of golf during which heart rate (HR), steps taken, and global positioning system (GPS) data were assessed. The GPS data were used to create a simulated discontinuous round on a treadmill. Steps taken and HR were recorded during the simulated round.Results:During the on-course round, players covered a mean (±SD) of 8,251 ± 450 m, taking 12,766 ± 1,530 steps. The mean exercise intensity during the on-course round was 31.4 ± 9.3% of age-predicted heart rate reserve (%HRR) or 55.6 ± 4.4% of age-predicted maximum HR (%HRmax). There were no significant differences between the simulated round and the on-course round for %HRR (P = .537) or %HR max (P = .561) over the entire round or for each individual hole. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the two rounds for steps taken. Typical error values for steps taken, HR, %HRmax, and %HRR were 1,083 steps, ±7.6 b·min-1, ±4.5%, and ±8.1%, respectively.Conclusion:Overall, the simulated round of golf successfully recreated the demands of an on-course round. This simulated round could be used as a research tool to assess the extent of fatigue during a round of golf or the impact of various interventions on golfers.

The content and load of preseason field-based training in a championship-winning professional rugby league team: A case study

2022 ◽  
pp. 174795412110648
Author(s):  
Matthew Fairbank ◽  
Jamie Highton ◽  
Matthew Daniels ◽  
Craig Twist
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Metabolic Distance

This study reports on the content and periodisation of the preseason field-based training for a professional rugby league team. Thirty professional male rugby league players (26 ± 5 years, 180.9 ± 6.5 cm, 94 ± 9 kg) completed an 8-week preseason. Global positioning system devices and heart rate were used to monitor physical and physiological responses of different field-based training components (speed, conditioning, rugby skill and game-based training). Rugby skill training contributed the most to the total distance covered, conditioning was the greatest contributor to high-speed running (>15 km/h) and game-based training provided the greatest high metabolic distance (>20 W/kg) and overall external load. Game-based training provided the greatest time with heart rate ≥80% estimated maximum. The weekly preseason cycle had lower loads on Monday and Thursday whereas Tuesday and Friday produced the highest loads. The preseason described herein adopted a progressive overload comprising a weekly undulating cycle. This study emphasises how skill and games-based training contributes significantly to the overall load of a professional rugby league team's preseason with more traditional conditioning promoting high-speed running load and high metabolic load.

scholarly journals Estimating satellite and receiver differential code bias using a relative Global Positioning System network

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1039-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa A. Elghazouly ◽  
Mohamed I. Doma ◽  
Ahmed A. Sedeek
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Gps Data ◽  
Electron Content ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Total Electron ◽  
Gps Network ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Differences

Abstract. Precise total electron content (TEC) is required to produce accurate spatial and temporal resolution of global ionosphere maps (GIMs). Receivers and satellite differential code biases (DCBs) are one of the main error sources in estimating precise TEC from Global Positioning System (GPS) data. Recently, researchers have been interested in developing models and algorithms to compute DCBs of receivers and satellites close to those computed from the Ionosphere Associated Analysis Centers (IAACs). Here we introduce a MATLAB code called Multi Station DCB Estimation (MSDCBE) to calculate satellite and receiver DCBs from GPS data. MSDCBE based on a spherical harmonic function and a geometry-free combination of GPS carrier-phase, pseudo-range code observations, and weighted least squares was applied to solve observation equations and to improve estimation of DCB values. There are many factors affecting the estimated values of DCBs. The first one is the observation weighting function which depends on the satellite elevation angle. The second factor is concerned with estimating DCBs using a single GPS station using the Zero Difference DCB Estimation (ZDDCBE) code or using the GPS network used by the MSDCBE code. The third factor is the number of GPS receivers in the network. Results from MSDCBE were evaluated and compared with data from IAACs and other codes like M_DCB and ZDDCBE. The results of weighted (MSDCBE) least squares show an improvement for estimated DCBs, where mean differences from the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) (University of Bern, Switzerland) are less than 0.746 ns. DCBs estimated from the GPS network show better agreement with IAAC than DCBs estimated from precise point positioning (PPP), where the mean differences are less than 0.1477 and 1.1866 ns, respectively. The mean differences of computed DCBs improved by increasing the number of GPS stations in the network.

Physical and Physiological Demands of Elite Rugby Union Officials

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1199-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Blair ◽  
Nathan Elsworthy ◽  
Nancy J. Rehrer ◽  
Chris Button ◽  
Nicholas D. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Relative Distance ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
Physical Preparation

Purpose: To examine the movement and physiological demands of rugby union officiating in elite competition. Methods: Movement demands of 9 elite officials across 12 Super Rugby matches were calculated, using global positioning system devices. Total distance (in m), relative distance (in m·min−1), and percentage time spent in various speed zones were calculated across a match. Heart-rate (HR) responses were also recorded throughout each match. Cohen d effect sizes were reported to examine the within-match variations. Results: The total distance covered was 8030 (506) m, with a relative distance of 83 (5) m·min−1 and with no differences observed between halves. Most game time was spent at lower movement speeds (76% [2%]; <2.0 m·s−1), with large effects for time spent >7.0 m·s−1 between halves (d = 2.85). Mean HR was 154 (10) beats·min−1 (83.8 [2.9]%HRmax), with no differences observed between the first and second halves. Most game time was spent between 81%HRmax and 90%HRmax (40.5% [7.5%]) with no observable differences between halves. Distances covered above 5.1 m·s−1 were highest during the first 10 min of a match, while distance at speeds 3.7 to 5 m·s−1 decreased during the final 10 min of play. Conclusions: These findings highlight the highly demanding and intermittent nature of rugby union officiating, with only some minor variations in physical and physiological demands across a match. These results have implications for the physical preparation of professional rugby union referees.

scholarly journals Parking Places to Moped-Style Scooter Sharing Services Using GIS Location-Allocation Models and GPS Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Onel Pérez-Fernández ◽  
Juan Carlos García-Palomares
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Gps Data ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Location Allocation ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
The City

Moped-style scooters are one of the most popular systems of micro-mobility. They are undoubtedly good for the city, as they promote forms of environmentally-friendly mobility, in which flexibility helps prevent traffic build-up in the urban centers where they operate. However, their increasing numbers are also generating conflicts as a result of the bad behavior of users, their unwarranted use in public spaces, and above all their parking. This paper proposes a methodology for finding parking spaces for shared motorcycle services using Geographic information system (GIS) location-allocation models and Global Positioning System (GPS) data. We used the center of Madrid and data from the company Muving (one of the city’s main operators) for our case study. As well as finding the location of parking spaces for motorbikes, our analysis examines how the varying distribution of demand over the course of the day affects the demand allocated to parking spaces. The results demonstrate how reserving a relatively small number of parking spaces for scooters makes it possible to capture over 70% of journeys in the catchment area. The daily variations in the distribution of demand slightly reduce the efficiency of the network of parking spaces in the morning and increase it at night, when demand is strongly focused on the most central areas.

scholarly journals Concurrent Measurement of Global Positioning System and Event-Based Physical Activity Data: A Methodological Framework for Integration

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Anna M.J. Iveson ◽  
Malcolm H. Granat ◽  
Brian M. Ellis ◽  
Philippa M. Dall
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Gps Data ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Physical Activity Data ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Event Based

Objective: Global positioning system (GPS) data can add context to physical activity data and have previously been integrated with epoch-based physical activity data. The current study aimed to develop a framework for integrating GPS data and event-based physical activity data (suitable for assessing patterns of behavior). Methods: A convenience data set of concurrent GPS (AMOD) and physical activity (activPAL) data were collected from 69 adults. The GPS data were (semi)regularly sampled every 5 s. The physical activity data output was presented as walking events, which are continuous periods of walking with a time-stamped start time and duration (to nearest 0.1 s). The GPS outcome measures and the potential correspondence of their timing with walking events were identified and a framework was developed describing data integration for each combination of GPS outcome and walking event correspondence. Results: The GPS outcome measures were categorized as those deriving from a single GPS point (e.g., location) or from the difference between successive GPS points (e.g., distance), and could be categorical, scale, or rate outcomes. Walking events were categorized as having zero (13% of walking events, 3% of walking duration), or one or more (52% of walking events, 75% of walking duration) GPS points occurring during the event. Additionally, some walking events did not have GPS points suitably close to allow calculation of outcome measures (31% of walking events, 22% of walking duration). The framework required different integration approaches for each GPS outcome type, and walking events containing zero or more than one GPS points.

Energy cost of cows' grazing activity: Use of the heart rate method and the Global Positioning System for direct field estimation1

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 1951-1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Brosh ◽  
Z. Henkin ◽  
E. D. Ungar ◽  
A. Dolev ◽  
A. Orlov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Rate Method

Subsidence is determined in the heart of the Central Valley using Post Processed Static and Precise Point Positioning techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Facio ◽  
M. Berber
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Precise Point Positioning ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Gps Data ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Online Services ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
System Data ◽  
Point Positioning

AbstractPost Processed Static (PPS) and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) techniques are not new; however, they have been refined over the decades. As such, today these techniques are offered online via GPS (Global Positioning System) data processing services. In this study, one Post Processed Static (OPUS) and one Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) technique is used to process 24 h GPS data for a CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Stations) station (P565) duration of year 2016. By analyzing the results sent by these two online services, subsidence is determined for the location of CORS station, P565, as 3–4 cm for the entire year of 2016. In addition, precision of these two techniques is determined as ∼2 cm. Accuracy of PPS and PPP results is 0.46 cm and 1.21 cm, respectively. Additionally, these two techniques are compared and variations between them is determined as 2.5 cm.

Variations of the Precipitation Water Vapor by Using GPS Data Triggered Raining in the Summer of Thailand

2015 ◽  
Vol 804 ◽  
pp. 279-282
Author(s):  
Nithiwatthn Choosakul
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Gps Data ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Precipitation Water ◽  
High Level

The variation of water vapor can be detected from the Global Positioning System (GPS) data. The GPS signal was delayed when propagated through the wet atmosphere. The delayed signal can be retrieved into Precipitation Water Vapor (PWV) data. The GPS data of CUSV station from 2009 to 2012 were used in this research. The results showed that the PWV varied during the summer of Thailand. The PWV were slightly increased from 20 mm at the beginning of the season to 40 mm at the end of season. The increased PWV data were shown as linear line. A slope of the linear line may relate with the amount of the cumulative rain in the season. The steeper line might relate to the great number of raining in the end of the season, otherwise, the fairly gradual line might relate to the raining at any time in the season. The high level of PWV up to around 33 mm could induce the rain in the summer of Thailand.

scholarly journals Inflow Layer Energetics of Hurricane Bonnie (1998) near Landfall

2003 ◽  
Vol 131 (8) ◽  
pp. 1600-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek R. Wroe ◽  
Gary M. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Energy Exchange ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Curved Track ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hurricane Bonnie ◽  
Convective Cells

Abstract On 26 August 1998, a NOAA WP-3D aircraft executed a curved track that mimics an inflow trajectory to the eyewall of Hurricane Bonnie. Global positioning system (GPS) sondes and airborne expendable bathythermographs jettisoned along the trajectory provide the observations to conduct an energy budget for the 1600-m-deep inflow to the eyewall. Surface fluxes are estimated via the bulk aerodynamic equations and the flux at the top of the inflow is solved as a residual. From 170- to 125-km radial distance from the circulation center the mean θe of the inflow remains constant despite combined sensible and latent surface fluxes in excess of 500 W m−2. Convective cells remove energy from the inflow boundary layer at a rate similar to the inputs from the sea. From 125 to 100 km, in the annulus adjacent to the eyewall, mean θe increases 4.5 K in response to higher surface fluxes and little loss through the inflow top. Energy balance may be achieved by either entrainment of higher θe through the top of the inflow layer, or by inclusion of just half the estimated heat from viscous dissipation. The authors infer that the secondary circulation of the eyewall inhibits convective cells from forming in this region and thus facilitates the rapid increase of energy in the inflow. The results support hypotheses that hurricane intensity appears to be strongly modulated by energy exchange in a meso-β region adjacent to and under the eyewall.

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