Sweat Rate and Electrolyte Concentration in Swimmers, Runners, and Nonathletes

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone D. Henkin ◽  
Paulo L. Sehl ◽  
Flavia Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Electrolyte Concentration ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Similar Intensity ◽  
Maximal Cycle

Because swimmers train in an aquatic environment, they probably do not need to sweat as much as runners who train on land and, therefore, should not develop the same magnitude of sweating adaptations.Purpose:To compare sweat rate and electrolyte concentration in swimmers, runners and nonathletes.Methods:Ten swimmers (22.9 ± 3.1 years old), 10 runners (25 ± 2.9 y) and 10 nonathletes (26.5 ± 2.2 y) cycled in the heat (32°C and 40% relative humidity) for 30 min at similar intensity relative to their maximal cycle test. Sweat volume was calculated from the difference of their body mass before and after cycling, since they were not allowed to drink. Sweat was collected from the scapula using absorbent patch placed on the skin that was cleaned with distilled water. After cycling, the patch was transferred to syringe and the sample was obtained when squeezing it to a tube. Concentration of sodium ([Na+]), chloride ([Cl–]) and potassium ([K+]) were analyzed using an ion selector analyzer.Results:The sweat volume, in liters, of swimmers (0.9 ± 0.3) was lower (P < .05) than that of runners (1.5 ± 0.2) and similar to that of nonathletes (0.6 ± 0.2). [Na+] and [Cl-], in mmolL-1, of swimmers (65.4 ± 5.5 and 61.2 ± 81), and nonathletes (67.3 ± 8.5 and 58.3 ± 9.6) were higher (P < .05) than those of runners (45.2 ± 7.5 and 38.9 ± 8.3). [K+] was similar among groups.Conclusions:The lower sweat volume and higher sweat [Na+] and [Cl-] of swimmers, as compared with runners, indicate that training in the water does not cause the same magnitude of sweating adaptations.

The Hydration Profile of Female Cricket Players during Competition

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Soo ◽  
Geraldine Naughton
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Female Cricket ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fluid Losses ◽  
Male Cricket

This study investigated the hydration profile of high-performance female cricket players competing at a national tournament. The profile comprised hydration monitoring (n = 18) and a questionnaire (n = 20). Our objectives were to 1) advance the understanding of fluid losses in cricket sessions across a tournament and 2) assess the hydration knowledge and practices in female cricket players. Body mass before and after each game inning was recorded in order to estimate sweat rate, sweat loss, and percentage body-mass loss. Comparisons were made between groups categorized according to level of activity during each inning. When sweat rates were estimated according to actual activity time, results were in the range of those in other female team sports but less than results from male cricket players. A range of knowledge of hydration issues was also observed. This study supports the need for individualized hydration recommendations and provides direction for further hydration education in women’s cricket.

The tribocorrosion behaviors of Hastelloy C276 alloy in seawater

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Jun ◽  
Yan Fengyuan ◽  
Wang Jianzhang
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Current ◽  
Artificial Seawater ◽  
Wear Loss ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Friction Behavior ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Electrochemical Behaviors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Aisi 316 Stainless Steel ◽  
The Difference

Purpose – The aim of this work is to study the tribocorrosion behaviors of Hastelloy C276 alloy sliding against AISI 316 stainless steel in artificial seawater and distilled water. Design/methodology/approach – The electrochemical behaviors of Hastelloy C276 alloy are measured by potentiodynamic polarization method. The tribocorrosion properties are evaluated using an MRH-03 type ring-on-block test rig in artificial seawater with different salinity. The wear loss is determined by the difference of sample weight before and after tribocorrosion tests. Findings – The results show that the typical passivation behavior is observed for C276 alloy in seawater. The Hastelloy C276 alloy has the maximum corrosion current density in 3 percent seawater, which is the synergism of salt concentration and dissolved oxygen in seawater. Friction coefficients are in general larger in distilled water compared with seawater. The wear loss in seawater is always higher than that in distilled water for both alloys. Seawater could reduce the friction coefficient and the wear resistance. Originality/value – Many scientists focused on studying the friction behavior of passive metals sliding against alumina or zirconia, which was considered to act as inert antagonist in the experiments. However, there are few papers available on the tribocorrosion properties of passive metals sliding each other in corrosion mediums.

Influence of Successive Badminton Matches on Muscle Strength, Power, and Body-Fluid Balance in Elite Players

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Abian-Vicen ◽  
Adrián Castanedo ◽  
Pablo Abian ◽  
Cristina Gonzalez-Millan ◽  
Juan José Salinero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Body Mass Change ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Body Fluid Balance ◽  
Renal Responses

The aim was to analyze the influence of competitive round on muscle strength, body-fluid balance, and renal function in elite badminton players during a real competition. Body mass, jump height during a countermovement jump, handgrip force, and urine samples were obtained from 13 elite badminton players (6 men and 7 women) before and after the 2nd-round and quarterfinal matches of the national Spanish badminton championship. Sweat rate was determined by using prematch-to-postmatch body-mass change and by weighing individually labeled fluid bottles. Sweat rates were 1.04 ± 0.62 and 0.98 ± 0.43 L/h, while rehydration rate was 0.69 ± 0.26 and 0.91 ± 0.52 L/h for the 2nd round and quarterfinals, respectively. Thus, dehydration was 0.47% ± 1.03% after the 2nd round and 0.23% ± 0.43% after the quarterfinals. There were no differences in prematch-to-postmatch jump height, but jump height was reduced from 37.51 ± 8.83 cm after the 2nd-round game to 34.82 ± 7.37 cm after the quarterfinals (P < .05). No significant differences were found in handgrip force when comparing prepost matches or rounds, although there were significant differences between dominant and nondominant hands (P < .05). The succession of rounds caused the appearance of proteinuria, hematuria, glycosuria, and higher nitrite and ketone concentrations in urine. Rehydration patterns during a real badminton competition were effective to prevent dehydration. A badminton match did not affect jump height or handgrip force, but jump height was progressively reduced by the competitive round. Badminton players’ renal responses reflected diminished renal flux due to the high-intensity nature of this racket sport.

scholarly journals Temperature of water ingested before exercise alters the onset of physiological heat loss responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (1) ◽  
pp. R13-R20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan B. Morris ◽  
Georgia K. Chaseling ◽  
Anthony R. Bain ◽  
Ollie Jay
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Vascular Conductance ◽  
Mean Body Temperature ◽  
Local Sweat Rate ◽  
Cutaneous Vascular Conductance

This study sought to determine whether the temperature of water ingested before exercise alters the onset threshold and subsequent thermosensitivity of local vasomotor and sudomotor responses after exercise begins. Twenty men [24 (SD 4) yr of age, 75.8 (SD 8.1) kg body mass, 52.3 (SD 7.7) ml·min−1·kg−1peak O2consumption (V̇o2peak)] ingested 1.5°C, 37°C, or 50°C water (3.2 ml/kg), rested for 5 min, and then cycled at 50% V̇o2peakfor 15 min at 23.0 (SD 0.9) °C and 32 (SD 10) % relative humidity. Mean body temperature (Tb), local sweat rate (LSR), and skin blood flow (SBF) were measured. In a subset of eight men [25 (SD 5) yr of age, 78.6 (SD 8.3) kg body mass, 48.9 (SD 11.1) ml·min−1·kg−1V̇o2peak], blood pressure was measured and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was determined. The change in Tbwas greater at the onset of LSR measurement with ingestion of 1.5°C than 50°C water [ΔTb= 0.19 (SD 0.15) vs. 0.11 (SD 0.12) °C, P = 0.04], but not 37°C water [ΔTb= 0.14 (SD 0.14) °C, P = 0.23], but did not differ between trials for SBF measurement [ΔTb= 0.18 (SD 0.15) °C, 0.11 (SD 0.13) °C, and 0.09 (SD 0.09) °C with 1.5°C, 37°C, and 50°C water, respectively, P = 0.07]. Conversely, the thermosensitivity of LSR and SBF was not different [LSR = 1.11 (SD 0.75), 1.11 (SD 0.75), and 1.34 (SD 1.11) mg·min−1·cm−2·°C−1with 1.5°C, 37°C, and 50°C ingested water, respectively ( P = 0.46); SBF = 717 (SD 882), 517 (SD 606), and 857 (SD 904) %baseline arbitrary units (AU)/°C with 1.5°C, 37°C, and 50°C ingested water, respectively ( P = 0.95)]. After 15 min of exercise, LSR and SBF were greater with ingestion of 50°C than 1.5°C water [LSR = 0.40 (SD 0.17) vs. 0.31 (SD 0.19) mg·min−1·cm−2( P = 0.02); SBF = 407 (SD 149) vs. 279 (SD 117) %baseline AU ( P < 0.001)], but not 37°C water [LSR = 0.50 (SD 0.22) mg·min−1·cm−2; SBF = 324 (SD 169) %baseline AU]. CVC was statistically unaffected [275 (SD 81), 340 (SD 114), and 384 (SD 160) %baseline CVC with 1.5°C, 37°C, and 50°C ingested water, respectively, P = 0.30]. Collectively, these results support the concept that visceral thermoreceptors modify the central drive for thermoeffector responses.

THE LIPIDE COMPOSITION DURING STORAGE OF HUMAN PLASMA, POOLED, IRRADIATED, AND DRIED

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-93
Author(s):  
Eldon M. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Free Cholesterol ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Normal Human Plasma ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Blood Transfusion Service ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the total lipide, neutral fat, total fatty acid, total cholesterol, ester cholesterol, free cholesterol, and phospholipide content, estimated by oxidative micromethods, of human plasma, pooled, irradiated, and dried, as collected by the Canadian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service and processed at the Connaught Medical Research Laboratories. Determinations were made before and after storage as dried plasma for six months in the dark at temperatures of −40° C., 4° C., 20° C., and 40° C. All lipides present in this dry powdered plasma were found to be completely taken up in the distilled water used for its reconstitution to liquid plasma. The reconstituted liquid plasma contained approximately one-half the concentration of lipides present in fresh normal human plasma, the difference being due entirely to dilution during preparation and processing, except in the instances of both free and esterified cholesterol, of which approximately one-fifth the amount present in fresh normal human plasma was found to be missing in the final product. No statistically significant loss of lipides in dried plasma occurred after storage at −40° C., 4° C., or 20° C.; at 40° C. there was a statistically significant loss of approximately one-fifth of practically all lipides. Ultraviolet irradiation during processing did not affect the lipide composition of dried plasma determined before and after storage at 4° C.

The influence of dead spaces and the designs of injectors on the amount of drug dose in intra-vitreal injection

2020 ◽  
pp. 112067212097782
Author(s):  
Erol Havuz ◽  
Seda Güdül Havuz ◽  
Onur Gokmen
Keyword(s):  
Drug Dose ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Becton Dickinson ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Percent Error ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Drug Doses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Difference

Aim: To evaluate the dead spaces resulting from different designs of the insulin injectors used for intravitreal injections and the amounts of drug doses. Methods: In the study, five different brands of sterile insulin injectors of 1 mL were used for the test. The weight of the injectors was determined before and after filling the injectors with 0.05 and 0.1 mL distilled water. The weight of the injectors was measured with and without the needle after the water within the injectors had been taken out and weight differences were measured. The difference between the intended amount of fluid to be thrown out and the weight of the fluid remaining in the injector was calculated as percent error. Results: After throwing out 0.05 mL distilled water from the injector, weights of the Beybi®, Traf®, Becton Dickinson®, Ayset®, and Setojet® brands of injectors with 30 G needle were detected to increase the mean 0.0220 ± 0.006 g, 0.0208 ± 0.008 g, 0.0355 ± 0.016 g, 0.0219 ± 0.017 g, and 0.0150 ± 0.007 g, respectively compared to the weights of the dry injectors. The 0.1 mL injector group was found to be mean 0.0350 ± 0.014 g, 0.0264 ± 0.008 g, 0.0405 ± 0.015 g, 0.0272 ± 0.013 g, and 0.0245 ± 0.014 g, respectively. The maximum increase due to the dead spaces in the injectors was found in the Becton Dickinson® injector, both in the 0.05 mL and the 0.1 mL groups ( p < 0.000). Conclusion: The injector designs may affect the dose of IVI required to be given. More correct amounts of drugs may be administered via the intra-vitreal route through designs that reduce the dead spaces at the end part of the injector and between the inner wall and the plunger.

scholarly journals Hydration Behaviors Before and After an Educational and Prescribed Hydration Intervention in Adolescent Athletes

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle A. Cleary ◽  
Ronald K. Hetzler ◽  
Darcy Wasson ◽  
Jennifer J. Wages ◽  
Christopher Stickley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Educational Intervention ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Before And After

Context: The effectiveness of education in modifying hydration behaviors in adolescent athletes is unclear. Objective: To assess the hydration status and behaviors of female athletes before and after a 1-time educational intervention and prescribed hydration intervention in a warm, humid, tropical environment. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Non–air-conditioned gymnasium in a tropical environment (indoor wet bulb globe temperature  =  24.0 ± 0.2°C). Patient or Other Participants: Thirty-six female adolescent elite volleyball players (age  =  14.8 ± 0.8 years, height  =  168.2 ± 8.2 cm, mass  =  60.8 ± 9.0 kg, body mass index  =  21.7 ± 2.7, body surface area  =  1.65 ± 0.14 m2, body surface area to mass ratio  =  2.71 ± 0.18 m2·kg−1·10−2) participated. Intervention(s): Four observational periods consisting of 3 practices per observational period separated by 48 hours. The 4 periods included a control period, educational intervention, prescribed hydration intervention (PHI), and observational follow-up (OF-U). After the control period, an educational intervention consisting of a slide presentation was provided to the participants, followed by a week of observation. In the PHI, a precalculated volume of water based on individual sweat rate was consumed every 20 minutes during each 2-hour practice. During all other periods, participants consumed their fluid of choice ad libitum. The order of the treatment periods was not randomized and was the same for all participants. Main Outcome Measure(s): Prepractice to postpractice changes in body mass (ΔBM), percentage of body mass lost (%BML), urine specific gravity, urine color, urine osmolality, sweat rate, and volume of fluid consumed (Fvol). Results: The PHI was the only period during which participants maintained body mass (ΔBM  =  0.05 ± 1.3%); Fvol consumed was greatest during this time (Fvol  =  1.3 ± 0.4 L; F1,3  =  34.869, P ≤ .001). The ΔBM was less for the PHI (ΔBM  =  0.05 ± 0.9 kg, %BML  =  0.04 ± 1.3%) than the OF-U period (ΔBM  =  −0.7 ± 1.1 kg, %BML  =  −1.2 ± 1.9%; F1,3  =  6.220, P  =  .01). The Fvol (1.3 ± 0.4 L) and percentage of fluid consumed (143.7 ± 110.8%) to restore sweat loss for the PHI period were higher than for any other period (F1,3  =  34.869, P ≤ .001). None of the participants experienced serious dehydration in any of the conditions. Conclusions: A 1-time education session alone was not successful in changing hydration behaviors. However, prescribing individualized hydration protocols improved hydration for adolescents exercising in a warm, humid environment.

Changes in Hydration Factors Over the Course of Heat Acclimation in Endurance Athletes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yasuki Sekiguchi ◽  
Courteney L. Benjamin ◽  
Samantha O. Dion ◽  
Ciara N. Manning ◽  
Jeb F. Struder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Ad Libitum

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of heat acclimation (HA) on thirst levels, sweat rate, and percentage of body mass loss (%BML), and changes in fluid intake factors throughout HA induction. Twenty-eight male endurance athletes (mean ± SD; age, 35 ± 12 years; body mass, 73.0 ± 8.9 kg; maximal oxygen consumption, 57.4 ± 6.8 ml·kg−1·min−1) completed 60 min of exercise in a euhydrated state at 58.9 ± 2.3% velocity of maximal oxygen consumption in the heat (ambient temperature, 35.0 ± 1.3 °C; relative humidity, 48.0 ± 1.3%) prior to and following HA where thirst levels, sweat rate, and %BML were measured. Then, participants performed 5 days of HA while held at hyperthermia (38.50–39.75 °C) for 60 min with fluid provided ad libitum. Sweat volume, %BML, thirst levels, and fluid intake were measured for each session. Thirst levels were significantly lower following HA (pre, 4 ± 1; post, 3 ± 1, p < .001). Sweat rate (pre, 1.76 ± 0.42 L/hr; post, 2.00 ± 0.60 L/hr, p = .039) and %BML (pre, 2.66 ± 0.53%; post, 2.98 ± 0.83%, p = .049) were significantly greater following HA. During HA, thirst levels decreased (Day 1, 4 ± 1; Day 2, 3 ± 2; Day 3, 3 ± 2; Day 4, 3 ± 1; Day 5, 3 ± 1; p < .001). However, sweat volume (Day 1, 2.34 ± 0.67 L; Day 2, 2.49 ± 0.58 L; Day 3, 2.67 ± 0.63 L; Day 4, 2.74 ± 0.61 L; Day 5, 2.74 ± 0.91 L; p = .010) and fluid intake (Day 1, 1.20 ± 0.45 L; Day 2, 1.52 ± 0.58 L; Day 3, 1.69 ± 0.63 L; Day 4, 1.65 ± 0.58 L; Day 5, 1.74 ± 0.51 L; p < .001) increased. In conclusion, thirst levels were lower following HA even though sweat rate and %BML were higher. Thirst levels decreased while sweat volume and fluid intake increased during HA induction. Thus, HA should be one of the factors to consider when planning hydration strategies.

scholarly journals The human body’s response to the conditions in the sauna

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Borysławski ◽  
Karolina Szaliłow ◽  
Grzegorz Bielec ◽  
Aneta Omelan ◽  
Robert Podstawski
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a 15-minute bathing session in a Finnish sauna on changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), heart rate (HR), and body mass. The effects of grouping variables (age, sex, BMI, frequency of sauna use, history of sauna use) were taken into account in the analysis. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 women (33.6±13.1) and 42 men (33.8±12.5) aged 17 to 79 participated in one 15-minute sauna session (temperature: 90-91°C; relative humidity: 14-16%) in December 2019, in the city of Wrocław, Poland. The participants’ body mass, SBP, DBP and HR were measured before and after sauna. Body height was measured only before sauna. Results: Sauna induced significant changes in the participants’ physiological parameters. Systolic blood pressure decreased (p<0.05) in both sexes, in older participants (p<0.001) regardless of their BMI, and in participants who had rarely used sauna and had used sauna for a minimum of several years. A significant decrease in DBP (p<0.001) and HR values and a significant loss of body fluids (p<0.001) was noted in both sexes regardless of age, BMI, frequency and history of sauna use. Conclusions: A 15-minute sauna session has a beneficial effect on the circulatory system and can be incorporated into cardiovascular therapies. Regular sauna use is an important factor, and optimal results can be achieved by visiting sauna several times a week.

scholarly journals PO-117 To compare the impact of running and walking on physical health

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianfeng Hua
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Test Lung ◽  
Exercise Habits ◽  
Lung Capacity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Walking Exercise ◽  
Capacity Index ◽  
The Difference

Objective Under the natural and comfortable condition of the private human body, explore which of the running and walking is more conducive to the physical health of the human body. Methods Among the sports crowd of the NanMingRiver Rubber Exercise Road in Guiyang City, select 20 people who have walking exercise habits and who can take the running test under the age of 60 as group A and select 20 people who have running exercise habits and who can take the walking test under the age of 60 as group B. Inclusion criteria for the exercise habits is “Exercise at least 3 times a week for more than 30 minutes and for more than one year.” (1) Experimental method: Two groups of subjects with different exercise modes adopted the exercise mode of the corresponding group. Under the condition that other environmental conditions were unchanged, the health benefits of different exercise methods in the same group were compared before and after the experiment. The time of experiment lasts three months. The intensity of walking exercise is the intensity that the athlete feels natural and comfortable. The intensity of running exercise is the intensity that the athlete feels natural and comfortable. Before and after the experiment，the test contents of the two group subjects included height, weight, BMI, grip strength, reaction time, closed-eyes standing on a leg, sitting body flexion, step test, lung capacity, lung capacity index of body mass. (2) Literature and Information method: Through the retrieval and review of relevant literatures on sports and physical health at home and abroad, this paper provides theoretical references and methodological basis for this research. (3) Data analysis method: Paired sample t-test was used to analyze the changes of constitution of the two groups experimental people before and after the exercise modes. Results After a 3-month walking in group A, the step test, lung capacity, and lung capacity index of body mass were higher than before, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). The grip strength, reaction time, closed-eyes standing on a leg decreased compared with prior exercise. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); body mass, body mass index (BMI), and sitting body flexion were higher than before, but the difference was not statistically significant. After three months of walking exercise in group B, the step test, lung capacity, lung capacity index of body mass, and grip strength decreased compared with the previous exercise, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01); body mass , body mass index (BMI), reaction time, the closed-eye standing on one foot was lower than before, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The anterior flexion of the sitting body decreased, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions In comfortable, natural conditions, running is more conducive to physical fitness than walking, and running is a more effective way to exercise.

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