Promotion of Walking for Transportation: A Report From the Walk to School Day Registry

Background:In the United States, promoting active transportation to school has received increased attention as a means of encouraging physical activity and preventing obesity among youth. However, little systematic evaluation of existing programs such as Walk to School (WTS) has occurred.Methods:WTS coordinators from across the United States were surveyed (via Web, mail, and telephone) about program activities, school and environmental characteristics, and perceived changes in children walking to school. As an exploratory aim, logistic-regression analyses were used to examine program characteristics associated with perceived increases in children walking.Results:From a database of 783 coordinators, 493 usable surveys were returned. Almost all respondents (98.2%) participated in a 1-day WTS event. Other common activities included promotional activities (72.7%), safety trainings (49.6%), walkability audits (48.5%), and designated safe walking routes (46.5%). As part of their WTS efforts, 24.4% made policy changes and 38.4% made changes to the physical environment. Logistic-regression analyses showed that policy changes, physical environment improvements, and number of activities were associated with the largest perceived increased in children walking to school.Conclusions:These findings help address the gap in knowledge about schools’ participation in WTS programs, and strategies are suggested to increase active transportation to school.

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Trends and Outcomes of Malignant Hyperthermia in the United States, 2000 to 2005

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/aln.0b013e318190bb08 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 110 (1) ◽

pp. 89-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

Eric B. Rosero ◽

Adebola O. Adesanya ◽

Carlos H. Timaran ◽

Girish P. Joshi

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Hospital Mortality ◽

Malignant Hyperthermia ◽

Survey Design ◽

The United States ◽

Geographic Region ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Hospital Discharges ◽

Comorbidity Burden

Background Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a potentially fatal pharmacogenetic disorder with an estimated mortality of less than 5%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current incidence of MH and the predictors associated with in-hospital mortality in the United States. Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample, which is the largest all-payer inpatient database in the United States, was used to identify patients discharged with a diagnosis of MH during the years 2000-2005. The weighted exact Cochrane-Armitage test and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess trends in the incidence and risk-adjusted mortality from MH, taking into account the complex survey design. Results From 2000 to 2005, the number of cases of MH increased from 372 to 521 per year. The occurrence of MH increased from 10.2 to 13.3 patients per million hospital discharges (P = 0.001). Mortality rates from MH ranged from 6.5% in 2005 to 16.9% in 2001 (P < 0.0001). The median age of patients with MH was 39 (interquartile range, 23-54 yr). Only 17.8% of the patients were children, who had lower mortality than adults (0.7% vs. 14.1%, P < 0.0001). Logistic regression analyses revealed that risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality was associated with increasing age, female sex, comorbidity burden, source of admission to hospital, and geographic region of the United States. Conclusions The incidence of MH in the United States has increased in recent years. The in-hospital mortality from MH remains elevated and higher than previously reported. The results of this study should enable the identification of areas requiring increased focus in MH-related education.

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Privatized Democracy: The Role of Election Services Vendors in the United States

American Politics Research ◽

10.1177/1532673x20920264 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. 705-708 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nadine Suzanne Gibson

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

The United States ◽

Minority Population ◽

County Level ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Purchasing Decisions ◽

Term Maintenance

Election equipment in the United States is exclusively purchased from private-sector vendors. When a jurisdiction purchases voting equipment, it is actually purchasing the hardware and software along with a variety of services for the initial implementation and long-term maintenance and support of the system. Election services constitute roughly one third of county-level election expenditures. The results of logistic regression analyses estimating the likelihoods of county purchases of different election services from election services vendors suggest a relationship between purchasing decisions and county demographics, namely the size of the minority population. Localities in states with centralized contracting systems were also substantially more likely to purchase all forms of vendor services.

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Patterns of Immigration and Public Assistance Utilization, 1970–1980

International Migration Review ◽

10.1177/019791838802200103 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 51-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Leif Jensen

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Public Assistance ◽

Immigrant Families ◽

The United States ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

To Receive

The recent surge in immigration to the United States has rekindled debate over the economic burden imposed by immigrants. This article explores the utilization of public assistance by immigrants and natives. The analysis goes beyond existing research by utilizing repeated cross-sectional data. Descriptive tables show that despite their higher poverty rates, immigrant families had only minimally higher public assistance recipiency rates compared to natives. Multivariate logistic regression analyses reveal that immigrant families were generally less likely than natives to receive public assistance, other things equal. There were exceptions to this generalization according to year of observation and race/ethnicity.

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Is Universal Financial Education Putting the Cart Before the Horse?

Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies ◽

10.22610/jebs.v6i4.495 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 318-332

Author(s):

Kathryn Simms

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Financial Literacy ◽

Financial Education ◽

The United States ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Policy Priority ◽

Intense Debate

This study evaluates the effectiveness of extant financial education in the United States (i.e., employer-provided education, financial education in high school, and financial education in college) via linear regression and logistic regression analyses conducted on data from the 2012 National Financial Capability Study (NFCS). It concludes that although formal financial education is associated with improved financial literacy above and beyond general educational attainment, employer-provided education and financial education in US high schools are frequently associated directly or indirectly with increased odds of an adverse personal financial event (i.e., foreclosure, bankruptcy, or being underwater). Financial education in college is either not significant or is indirectly associated with reduced odds of some these adverse events. Given these findings, it seems that generating and evaluating rigorous empirical evidence about effective methods and curriculums for teaching financial education should be an immediate policy priority rather than requiring universal financial education in haste. However, requiring universal financial education may be a worthy long-term goal, after these more immediate policy needs are achieved. These findings and recommendations contribute to the literature by helping to resolve relatively intense debate among researchers about the effectiveness of financial education via the first study that examines the efficacy of financial literacy in a nationally representative, US database.

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The Influence Of Religion On Remittances Sent To Relatives And Friends Back Home

Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) ◽

10.19030/jber.v7i1.2253 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Claudia Smith Kelly ◽

Blen Solomon

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

The United States ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Religious Service ◽

Font Size ◽

Religious Service Attendance ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Legal Immigrants ◽

Service Attendance

Using The Pilot for the New Immigrant Survey (NIS-P), a nationally representative sample of new legal immigrants to the United States, this paper examines how religiosity influences immigrants’ remitting behavior. Our analysis addresses two related questions. First, do immigrants from different religious affiliations differ in their remitting behavior? Second, does regular religious service attendance influence their remitting behavior? Our results from logistic regression analyses indicate that immigrants from different religious affiliations do differ in their remitting behavior. Catholics are more likely to remit than individuals with no religion. In contrast, Protestants and individuals from other religion are more likely to remit than Catholics. Regular religious service attendance is positively related to remitting behavior, however, this correlation is not statistically significant.

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Auditor Independence in the United States: Cornerstone of the Profession or Thorn in Our Side?

Accounting Horizons ◽

10.2308/acch-52122 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 145-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Bryan K. Church ◽

J. Gregory Jenkins ◽

Jonathan D. Stanley

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Financial Reporting ◽

The United States ◽

Auditor Independence ◽

Audit Committees ◽

Systematic Evaluation ◽

Client Relationships ◽

Reporting Process ◽

Regulatory Approach

SYNOPSIS The objective of this paper is to provide a systematic evaluation of independence as a foundational element of the auditing profession. We maintain that while independence is a theoretically appealing construct, it is fraught with practical problems surrounding its implementation, monitoring, and regulation. We analyze the current oversight of auditor independence and evaluate the need for auditor independence from the perspective of information users and information producers. In the process, we discuss important implications and intractable challenges that affect one or more parties involved in the financial-reporting process. Finally, we carefully evaluate alternatives to the current regulatory approach for managing auditor independence (i.e., proscribing various auditor-client relationships). We conclude that increasing audit committees' responsibilities for monitoring the auditor's independence—along with additional disclosure about threats and safeguards to auditor independence—is worthy of further consideration and debate as a path toward addressing the auditor independence conundrum.

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Altitude and risk of sudden unexpected infant death in the United States

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81613-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Richard Johnston ◽

Xiaohan Yan ◽

Tatiana M. Anderson ◽

Edwin A. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Infant Death ◽

The United States ◽

Sudden Infant ◽

Data Set ◽

Live Births ◽

Sudden Unexpected Infant Death ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Unexpected Infant Death

AbstractThe effect of altitude on the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been reported previously, but with conflicting findings. We aimed to examine whether the risk of sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) varies with altitude in the United States. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s Cohort Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set for births between 2005 and 2010 were examined. County of birth was used to estimate altitude. Logistic regression and Generalized Additive Model (GAM) were used, adjusting for year, mother’s race, Hispanic origin, marital status, age, education and smoking, father’s age and race, number of prenatal visits, plurality, live birth order, and infant’s sex, birthweight and gestation. There were 25,305,778 live births over the 6-year study period. The total number of deaths from SUID in this period were 23,673 (rate = 0.94/1000 live births). In the logistic regression model there was a small, but statistically significant, increased risk of SUID associated with birth at > 8000 feet compared with < 6000 feet (aOR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.00–3.71). The GAM showed a similar increased risk over 8000 feet, but this was not statistically significant. Only 9245 (0.037%) of mothers gave birth at > 8000 feet during the study period and 10 deaths (0.042%) were attributed to SUID. The number of SUID deaths at this altitude in the United States is very small (10 deaths in 6 years).

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Bicycle Helmet Use Patterns Among Children

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.97.2.166 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 97 (2) ◽

pp. 166-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gregory B. Rodgers

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Geographic Location ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

The United States ◽

National Sample ◽

Medical Attention ◽

Survey Method ◽

Helmet Use ◽

Use Patterns

Objective. To describe and evaluate the helmet use patterns of children younger than 15 years of age in the United States. Methods. A national telephone survey of bicycle riders was conducted by means of the Mitofsky-Waksberg method of random-digit dialing, a survey method intended to give all telephone numbers in the continental United States an equal probability of selection. Based on information collected in the survey, a logistic regression model was used to determine and quantify the factors associated with helmet use. Results. Information was collected on the bicycle and helmet use patterns of a national sample of 399 children younger than 15 years of age who rode bicycles during the year preceding the survey. This sample projects to the approximately 26.4 million children who are estimated to have ridden bicycles in 1991. About 26% of all child riders owned or had the use of bicycle helmets, and about 15% were reported to have used their helmets all or more than half of the time when riding. Information is provided on the reasons the children did or did not wear helmets. The logistic regression analysis shows that helmet use by children is systematically related to their personal characteristics (eg, age and whether they had previously had bicycle-related accidents requiring medical attention), riding patterns (eg, riding surface), and household demographic characteristics (eg, geographic location and whether household members had attended college). Conclusions. Helmet use rates among children remain low. Less than one fifth of the children who rode bicycles wore helmets all or more than half of the time in 1991. However, based on comparisons with earlier studies, the results of the analysis suggest that helmet use rates have been rising.

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People’s Activities Related on Physical Environment of Public Plazas in China and the United States

Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal ◽

10.21834/e-bpj.v3i8.1394 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (8) ◽

pp. 200

Author(s):

Maozhu Mao ◽

Isami Kinoshita

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Public Space ◽

Physical Environment ◽

Publishing House ◽

The United States ◽

Research Data ◽

Fast Development ◽

International Publishing ◽

Neighborhood Scale ◽

Open Access Article

China’s fast development during the last several decades make public plazas in China considerably changed, much more people are using public plazas. This study focused on public plazas in Chongqing China and Boston United States, and analyses the research sites in neighborhood scale and spatial scale. Through field observations based on William H. Whyte’s research, data was collected regarding people’s activities in public plazas, and a discussion of how spatial factors affect people’s activities was down. The result demonstrated that Whyte’s elements are partly applied to China and some different ways using public space in China.eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v3i8.1394

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Adjustment to Stagflation and Neoliberal Reforms in Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States

Comparative Political Studies ◽

10.1177/0010414098031005003 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 602-632 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

NOBUHIRO HIWATARI

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

United Kingdom ◽

The United States ◽

Party Competition ◽

Policy Changes ◽

State Institutions ◽

Japanese Politics ◽

Neoliberal Reforms ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Ruling Party

This article explains why the stagflation and neoliberal reforms that reinforced party polarization in the United Kingdom and the United States instead led to party convergence in Japan. In Japan, industry-centered adjustment and bureaucratic coordination distributed the costs of policy changes across societal groups and facilitated party convergence, whereas the lack of such societal and state institutions in the United Kingdom and the United States led to policy changes with polarizing consequences. Focusing on industry-centered adjustment brings the unions back into Japanese politics and provides an alternative to the pluralism-neocorporatism dichotomy of organizing societal interests. Bureaucratic coordination not only includes the opposition in the framework but also provides a more nuanced view than is assumed in the debate over whether the ruling party of the bureaucracy dominates the Japanese state. When combined, these conceptualizations of market and state go a long way toward explaining the dynamics of party competition.

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