Expertise Differences in Preparing to Return a Tennis Serve: A Visual Information Processing Approach

1989 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Goulet ◽  
Chantai Bard ◽  
Michelle Fleury
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Visual Occlusion ◽  
Execution Phase ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Search Patterns ◽  
Preparatory Phase ◽  
Tennis Serve ◽  
And Behavior

Two experiments were conducted to analyze the performance of expert and novice tennis players. For testing purposes, 16-mm films were used. Subjects in both studies had to identify the type of serve presented (flat, top-spin, sliced). In Experiment 1, visual search patterns were investigated. During the ritual phase, experts focus on the shoulder/trunk areas whereas novices concentrate their search around the head of the server. During the execution phase, experts concentrate on the racquet whereas novices use more cues. Using the technique of temporal visual occlusion, the speed and accuracy of decisional processes were investigated in a second study. Results showed that expert players select valuable information during the preparatory phase and during the first part of. the execution phase. Novices must see the ritual phase until ball/racquet impact to be as accurate. Results emphasize the importance of combining sampling of eye movement and behavior parameters to sharpen our understanding of the perceptual processes underlying motor sport performance.

Anticipatory judgements associated with vision of an opponent’s end-effector: An approach by motion perturbation and spatial occlusion

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1131-1140
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Ida ◽  
Kazunobu Fukuhara ◽  
Motonobu Ishii ◽  
Tetsuri Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
End Effector ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Occlusion Model ◽  
Tennis Serve ◽  
The Individual

This study was aimed at determining how the visual information of an end-effector (racket) and the intermediate extremity (arm) of a tennis server contribute to the receiver’s anticipatory judgement of ball direction. In all, 15 experienced tennis players and 15 novice counterparts viewed a spatially occluded computer graphics animation of a tennis serve (no-occlusion, racket-occlusion, and body-occlusion) and made anticipatory judgements of ball direction on a visual analogue scale (VAS). The patterns of the serve motions were generated by a simulation technique that computationally perturbs the rotation speed of the selected racket-arm joint (forearm pronation and elbow extension) on a captured serve motion. The results suggested that the anticipatory judgements were monotonically attuned with the perturbation rate of the forearm pronation speed excepting under the conditions of the racket-occlusion model. Although such attunements were not observed in the elbow perturbation conditions, the results of correlation analysis indicated that the residual information in the spatially occluded models had a similar effect to the no-occlusion model within the individual experienced participants. The findings support the notion that end-effector (racket) provides deterministic cues for anticipation, as well as imply that players are able to benefit from the relative motion of an intermediate extremity (elbow extension).

scholarly journals Balance dynamics are related to age and levels of expertise. Application in young and adult tennis players

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249941
Author(s):  
Carla Caballero ◽  
David Barbado ◽  
Héctor Hérnandez-Davó ◽  
José Luis Hernández-Davó ◽  
Francisco J. Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Sport Practice ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Tennis Serve ◽  
Balance Dynamics ◽  
The Relationship

In tennis, coaches consider balance fundamental for the acquisition of skilled motor performance. However, the potential relationship between balance and tennis expertise and performance has not been explored yet. Therefore, this study assessed the relationship between balance and tennis performance using linear and non-linear parameters through 1) the comparison of tennis players of different ages and levels of expertise, and 2) analyzing the relationship between balance and tennis serving speed and accuracy. One hundred and six recreational and expert male tennis players took part in the study (age range 10–35 years old). Temporal dynamics of postural control during a balance task on an unstable surface were analyzed through the mean velocity and the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFAV) of center of pressure (COP). Tennis serve performance was quantified by measuring accuracy and speed. Traditional variables measuring balance performance only showed differences according to age but not to sport performance. COP showed a reduction of auto-correlated variability (reflected by DFAV) with age but mainly in expert players. COP dynamics was the only balance parameter discriminating sport expertise and it was related to age. Balance dynamics exhibited by expert tennis players DFAV results support the idea that, along the years, sport experience induces balance adaptations characterized by a higher ability to perform postural adjustments. These results also reinforce the use of non-linear analysis to reveal subtle balance adaptations produced by sport practice. Finally, the lack of correlations suggests that balance, measured with scattering variables, in a non-specific task is not a main determinant of sport performance in tennis serve.

Motivating and Retaining Festival Patronage

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-461
Author(s):  
Michelle (Myongjee) Yoo ◽  
Miranda Kitterlin-Lynch ◽  
Bomin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Customer Relationship ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Customer Relationship Marketing ◽  
Study Results ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

Globally, festivals and host communities face increased competition each year from one another and from the myriad of alternate entertainment options. To remain competitive, festival organizers must fully understand what keeps festival attendees coming back year after year. Festivalscape has been an emerging concept of value in this arena, and previous studies have found that festivalscape has an effect on the attendees' emotion and behavior that influences their overall perceived value of the festival. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between festivalscape and the attendees' motivation, satisfaction, and loyalty. A self-administered questionnaire was developed and a structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the proposed hypotheses. Study results support the hypotheses, indicating the importance of using festivalscape factors for festival organization and management and effective customer relationship marketing. Further, this study provides academic contributions to theoretical foundations by confirming the effects of these factors. This study also provides practical implications for managing festivals effectively and successfully.

The Relationship between Observable Self-Talk and Competitive Junior Tennis Players' Match Performances

1994 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy L. Van Raalte ◽  
Britten W. Brewer ◽  
Patricia M. Rivera ◽  
Albert J. Petitpas
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Competitive Sport ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Junior Tennis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Broad Interest

In sport psychology, there is broad interest in cognitive factors that affect sport performance. The purpose of this research was to examine one such factor, self-talk, in competitive sport performance. Twenty-four junior tennis players were observed during tournament matches. Their observable self-talk, gestures, and match scores were recorded. Players also described their positive, negative, and other thoughts on a postmatch questionnaire. A descriptive analysis of the self-talk and gestures that occurred during competition was generated. It was found that negative self-talk was associated with losing and that players who reported believing in the utility of self-talk won more points than players who did not. These results suggest that self-talk influences competitive sport outcomes. The importance of "believing" in self-talk and the potential motivational and detrimental effects of negative self-talk on performance are discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of Posture-Cuing Shirt on Tennis Serve Kinematics in Division III Tennis Players

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Zappala ◽  
Carolina Orrego ◽  
Emily Boe ◽  
Heather Fechner ◽  
Derek Salminen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Division Iii ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Tennis Serve

scholarly journals The Instrumental Framework to Measuring Environmental Awareness

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
R. A. Vesitara Kencanasari ◽  
Usep Surahman ◽  
Asep Yudi Permana
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Awareness Training ◽  
Study Results ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Awareness Level

Environmental awareness needs to be increased because it plays an important role for the survival of life. To find out the level of public awareness of the environment it is necessary to conduct a workshop or environmental awareness training. The purpose of this study is to identify and generate an instrument indicator to measure the environmental awareness. This article looks at a variety of relevant literature in order to explore the aspects that must be present In the instrument to measuring the environmental awareness level. The literature study results are obtained the aspects that must have to consist of two aspects namely pro-environment and not pro-environment, in which indicators are made from the start of knowledge, attitudes and behavior. The implication of this literature review is to provide information and recommend a set of a framework to academics in making instruments measuring the level of public awareness of the environment.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF FEMALE TABLE TENNIS SPORT PERFORMANCE BY SENZOR MOTORIC REACTION TIME

GYMNASIUM ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol XVII (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrieta Hornigova ◽  
Ladislava Dolezajova ◽  
Jaromir Sedlacek ◽  
Peter Sagat ◽  
Gheorghe Balint
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Table Tennis ◽  
Motor Reaction ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Motor Reaction Time ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Significant Difference

In the sport performance structure of table tennis is sensor motor reaction time one of the most important factors for reaching top-level results, both in males and females groups. In this research we watched 23 female table tennis players from Slovakia; 9 mini cadets (12-13 years), 6 cadets (14-15 years) and 8 juniors (16-18 years). Girls were tested by modified agility test for table tennis players (Vacenovsky & Vencurik, 2013) with machine FITRO Agility check. Thus we gained their sensor motor reaction times. By Mann-Whitney U-test we studied differences between age categories, upper and lower extremities, dominant (forehand) and un-dominant (backhand) side, right and left-handed players. We used significance level p<0.05. In our research we did not confirm expected results that the older groups have shorter sensor motor reaction time. We also expected shorter reaction time of upper extremities comparing lower extremities; this was confirmed, though there was found statistical significant difference only in juniors group. Groups of mini-cadets and cadets have better (shorter) sensor motor reaction time from backhand side, while group of junior is better from forehand side. We also confirmed that left-handed players have slightly shorter reaction time.

Full effort compared to partial effort performance of the tennis serve in collegiate tennis players

2020 ◽  
pp. 174795412097864
Author(s):  
Robert C Manske ◽  
Mark Stovak ◽  
Peter Loo ◽  
Michael Breunig ◽  
Todd Ellenbecker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Elbow Injury ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Maximum Effort ◽  
Tennis Serve ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Maximal Effort

Interval tennis rehabilitation programs (ITRPs) are advocated during later stages of shoulder and elbow rehabilitation. ITRPs utilize gradual increases in hitting or serving effort, based on perceived effort. Over-estimation of effort may increase stress. This investigation purpose was to determine actual tennis serve velocity when asked to hit serves at perceived effort of 50%, 75%. Thirty-nine healthy college tennis players performed a warm-up of groundstrokes and serves. Five maximal effort serves (100% velocity) functioned as the 100% maximal effort serve. Then, five serves were hit at each of two randomly determined velocities. The average of five trials for maximum effort (100% velocity) was calculated. Based on this number, 75% and 50% of maximum velocity was determined. Using one-sample t-tests, the subjects’ perceived efforts were compared against computed percentages. Differences were found between perceived effort and calculated percent. Overall, actual velocity served was greater than percieved. Because velocity at 100% effort was significantly different for males and females, a separate analyses was done by gender. Both males’ and females’ perceived velocities were significantly greater (p < .05) than the athletes’ computed velocities at 75% and 50%, respectively. Perceived serve effort does not equate to actual ball velocity. A need exists to use other measures to determine effort or intensity during ITRPs. Serving at higher velocity levels early after musculoskeletal shoulder or elbow injury may increase the risk of re-injury or lack of progression. This study provides clinicians with guidance for the progression of tennis players during an interval program.

An Attribution Training Program and Achievement in Sport

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Orbach ◽  
Robert Singer ◽  
Sarah Price
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Future Success ◽  
Failure Feedback ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Attribution Training ◽  
And Performance

This study aimed to investigate the influence of an attribution training program for learners who attribute their sport performance to dysfunctional attributions. Participants were 35 college beginner tennis players who were oriented to attribute their performance in a tennis skill task to controllable, unstable factors; uncontrollable, stable factors; or no specific factors. Participants received fictitious failure feedback over 10 trial blocks administered during four sessions. Dependent variables included attributions, expectations, emotions, persistence, and performance. MANOVA analyses revealed that it is possible to modify attributions in regard to a tennis performance task. More importantly, the new attributions were consistent up to 3 weeks postintervention and were generalized to a different tennis task. In addition, participants who changed their attributions to more functional ones had higher expectations for future success and experienced positive emotions.

Contributions of Upper Limb Segment Rotations during the Power Serve in Tennis

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce C. Elliott ◽  
Robert N. Marshall ◽  
Guillermo J. Noffal
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Linear Velocity ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Instantaneous Position ◽  
Tennis Serve ◽  
Negative Role

In the high-velocity tennis serve, the contributions that the upper limb segments' anatomical rotations make to racket head speed at impact depend on both their angular velocity and the instantaneous position of the racket with respect to the segments' axes of rotation. Eleven high-performance tennis players were filmed at a nominal rate of 200 Hz by three Photosonics cameras while hitting a high-velocity serve. The three-dimensional (3-D) displacement histories of 11 selected landmarks were then calculated using the direct linear transformation approach, and 3-D individual segment rotations for the upper limb were calculated using vector equations (Sprigings, Marshall, Elliott, & Jennings, 1994). The major contributors to the mean linear velocity of the center of the racket head of 31.0 m · s-1 at impact were internal rotation of the upper arm (54.2%), flexion of the hand (31.0%), horizontal flexion and abduction of the upper arm (12.9%), and racket shoulder linear velocity (9.7%). Forearm extension at the elbow joint played a negative role (-14.4%) and reduced the forward velocity of the center of the racket at impact.

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