“Men are Better Than Women!” The Positive Effect of a Negative Stereotype Toward Women on a Self-Paced Cycling Exercise

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Deshayes ◽  
Corentin Clément-Guillotin ◽  
Raphaël Zory
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Negative Stereotype ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Better Than

Previous research on the stereotype threat phenomenon has shown that inducing a negative stereotype toward a group debilitates motor performance despite the increase in motivation. Most of the studies focused on tasks requiring technical skills. However, what happens when the task does not require technical skills but focuses on energy expenditure? To examine this question, 34 male and female participants were assigned to a negative stereotype toward women and a nullified-stereotype condition and performed 20 min of self-paced cycling exercise. The authors hypothesized better performances when participants were assigned to the negative stereotype toward women condition than when assigned to the nullified-stereotype condition. As predicted, men and women increased their performances, accompanied by increases in heart rate. Concerning women, this result provides support for the notion that the effect of inducing a negative stereotype is task dependent, but further research is needed to more deeply investigate the mechanisms involved.

Training with anxiety has a positive effect on expert perceptual–motor performance under pressure

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1631-1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raôul R. D. Oudejans ◽  
J. Rob Pijpers
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Dart Throwing ◽  
Perceptual Motor Performance ◽  
Climbing Wall ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Performance Under Pressure

In two experiments, we examined whether training with anxiety can prevent choking in experts performing perceptual–motor tasks. In Experiment 1, 17 expert basketball players practised free throws over a 5-week period with or without induced anxiety. Only after training with anxiety did performance no longer deteriorate during the anxiety posttest. In Experiment 2, 17 expert dart players practised dart throwing from a position high or low on a climbing wall, thus with or without anxiety. Again, only after training with anxiety was performance maintained during the anxiety posttest, despite higher levels of anxiety, heart rate, and perceived effort. It is concluded that practising under anxiety can prevent choking in expert perceptual–motor performance, as one acclimatizes to the specific processes accompanying anxiety.

Do Male and Female Cyclists’ Cortical Activity Differ Before and During Cycling Exercise?

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Ludyga ◽  
Thomas Gronwald ◽  
Kuno Hottenrott
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Power ◽  
Cortical Activity ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Beta Activity ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Power Curve ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female

Although men and women are suggested to vary in resistance to fatigue, possible sex difference in its central component have rarely been investigated via electroencephalography (EEG). Therefore, we examined differences in cortical activity between male and female cyclists (n = 26) during cycling exercise. Participants performed an incremental test to derive the anaerobic threshold from the lactate power curve. In addition, cyclists’ cortical activity was recorded with EEG before and during cycling exercise. Whereas women showed higher frontal alpha and beta activity at rest, no sex-specific differences of relative EEG spectral power occurred during cycling at higher intensity. Women and men’s brains respond similarly during submaximal cycling, as both sexes show an inverted U-shaped curve of alpha power. Therefore, sex differences observable at rest vanish after the onset of exercise.

scholarly journals Cubes or Pellets in Mental-Rotation Tests: Effects on Gender Differences and on the Performance in a Subsequent Math Test

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Rahe ◽  
Claudia Quaiser-Pohl
Keyword(s):  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Math Anxiety ◽  
Stimulus Material ◽  
Mental Rotation Test ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Math Test ◽  
Better Than

In mental rotation, males consistently outperform females in performance and confidence. Both can affect math anxiety. In the present study, 107 undergraduate students (85 female) solved a mental-rotation test either with cube (C-MRT) or pellet (P-MRT) figures as stimulus material, then reported their confidence in their ability in the test, and solved a math test. Males performed better than females in both test versions: In the C-MRT, with a large effect, and in the P-MRT, with a small effect, and reported higher scores in their confidence. In math test performance, males scored higher than females when they solved the math test after the C-MRT but not after the P-MRT. The interactions of gender and stimulus material were not significant. Correlations between confidence and math test performance were large for males and not significant for females. Stereotype threat and lift effects are discussed as possible reasons for the varying effects of the stimulus material on the MRT performance of male and female participants.

Physiological stress responses and horse rider interactions in horses ridden by male and female riders

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ille ◽  
C. Aurich ◽  
R. Erber ◽  
M. Wulf ◽  
R. Palme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Rr Intervals ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Rr Interval ◽  
Horse Riding ◽  
Equestrian Sports

Traditionally, horse riding has been restricted to men but today equestrian sports are dominated by women. We hypothesised that men and women differ with regard to riding and the response they evoke in their horse. Cortisol and heart rate variability (HRV) were studied in male (n=8) and female riders (n=8) and in horses (n=8) ridden by men and women over a jumping course. Saliva for cortisol analysis was collected, cardiac beat to beat (RR) intervals were recorded and heart rate and HRV variables SDRR (standard deviation of RR interval) and RMSSD (root mean square of successive RR differences) calculated. In another experiment, saddle pressure was compared between male and female riders (n=5 each). Cortisol did not differ between male and female riders and increased in horses (P<0.001) irrespective of the sex of the rider. Heart rate in riders increased from walk to jumping (P<0.001) while HRV decreased (P<0.001) to the same extent in men and women. In horses, heart rate increased (P<0.001) and SDRR and RMSSD decreased during walk and remained low at trot and canter (P<0.001) irrespective of the riders’ sex. In trot (P<0.05) and canter (P<0.01) saddle pressure was slightly lower in female versus male riders. This is due to weight differences and not to a different seat. In conclusion, no fundamental differences existed in the physical effort, stress response and seat between male and female riders and in the response of horses to men and women.

scholarly journals Female chess players outperform expectations when playing men

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Specific Mechanism ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Differential Performance ◽  
Threat Effect ◽  
Chess Players

"Stereotype threat" has been offered as a potential explanation of differential performance between men and women in some cognitive domains. Questions remain about the reliability and generality of the phenomenon. Previous studies have found that stereotype threat is activated in female chess players when they are matched against male players. I use data from over 5.5 million games of international tournament chess and find no evidence of a stereotype threat effect. In fact women players outperform expectations when playing men. Further analysis shows no influence of degree of challenge, nor of player age, nor of prevalence of female role models in national chess leagues on differences in performance when women play men versus when they play women. Though this analysis contradicts one specific mechanism of influence of gender stereotypes, the persistent differences between male and female players suggest that systematic factors do exist and remain to be uncovered.

scholarly journals Female Chess Players Outperform Expectations When Playing Men

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Specific Mechanism ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Differential Performance ◽  
Threat Effect ◽  
Chess Players

Stereotype threat has been offered as a potential explanation of differential performance between men and women in some cognitive domains. Questions remain about the reliability and generality of the phenomenon. Previous studies have found that stereotype threat is activated in female chess players when they are matched against male players. I used data from over 5.5 million games of international tournament chess and found no evidence of a stereotype-threat effect. In fact, female players outperform expectations when playing men. Further analysis showed no influence of degree of challenge, player age, nor prevalence of female role models in national chess leagues on differences in performance when women play men versus when they play women. Though this analysis contradicts one specific mechanism of influence of gender stereotypes, the persistent differences between male and female players suggest that systematic factors do exist and remain to be uncovered.

Race Difference in Auditory Sensitivity

1964 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Shepherd ◽  
Robert Goldstein ◽  
Benjamin Rosenblüt
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Auditory Sensitivity ◽  
Race Difference ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Auditory Thresholds ◽  
Békésy Audiometry ◽  
Method Of Adjustment ◽  
Better Than

Two separate studies investigated race and sex differences in normal auditory sensitivity. Study I measured thresholds at 500, 1000, and 2000 cps of 23 white men, 26 white women, 21 negro men, and 24 negro women using the method of limits. In Study II thresholds of 10 white men, 10 white women, 10 negro men, and 10 negro women were measured at 1000 cps using four different stimulus conditions and the method of adjustment by means of Bekesy audiometry. Results indicated that the white men and women in Study I heard significantly better than their negro counterparts at 1000 and 2000 cps. There were no significant differences between the average thresholds measured at 1000 cps of the white and negro men in Study II. White women produced better auditory thresholds with three stimulus conditions and significantly more sensitive thresholds with the slow pulsed stimulus than did the negro women in Study II.

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Reactivity

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Whited ◽  
Kevin T. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Conflict Task ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses

Sex differences in cardiovascular reactivity to stress are well documented, with some studies showing women having greater heart rate responses than men, and men having greater blood pressure responses than women, while other studies show conflicting evidence. Few studies have attended to the gender relevance of tasks employed in these studies. This study investigated cardiovascular reactivity to two interpersonal stressors consistent with different gender roles to determine whether response differences exist between men and women. A total of 26 men and 31 women were assigned to either a traditional male-oriented task that involved interpersonal conflict (Conflict Task) or a traditional female-oriented task that involved comforting another person (Comfort Task). Results demonstrated that women exhibited greater heart rate reactions than men independent of the task type, and that men did not display a higher reactivity than women on any measure. These findings indicate that sex of participant was more important than gender relevance of the task in eliciting sex differences in cardiovascular responding.

DESAIN PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA BERBASIS PEMAHAMAN NILAI SIKAP GOTONG ROYONG

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-10
Author(s):  
Alpansyah Alpansyah ◽  
Abdul Talib Hasim
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Reader Response ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
Better Than

The aims of this study were: (1) to identify an increase in students' understanding of the value of mutual cooperation through the use of reader response rules in Indonesian Language Learning (KRPDPBI); (2) identifying the use of the reader response principle in Indonesian Language learning (KRPDPBI) there are differences between male and female students. The design of this study used a quasi-experimental study with two different methods. The results showed that (1) the achievement of the score of understanding the value of mutual cooperation for students taught by KRPDPBI was better than for students taught by regular learning according to the curriculum; (2) the achievement of the understanding of the value of male students' mutual cooperation is no better than that of female students.

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