Time Course of Habituation After Repeated Ice-Bath Immersion of the Ankle

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mack D. Rubley ◽  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Mark A. Guadagnoli
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Receptor Sensitivity ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Pain Ratings ◽  
Pain Habituation ◽  
Main Effects

Context:Cryotherapy is initially uncomfortable, but habituation is thought to occur during treatment.Objective:To examine pain habituation to ice-bath immersion over 5 consecutive days.Design:Mean Borg ratings were analyzed by ANOVA.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Intervention:Ankle immersion in a 1 °C ice bath for 20 min.Participants:28 healthy individuals.Main Outcome Measure:Level of discomfort was rated at immersion; during treatment at 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 20 min; and 1 min posttreatment.Results:Analysis revealed significant main effects for day and time and a Day × Time interaction. Day 1 had higher pain ratings than days 4 and 5. From min 1 to 11 there was a progressive decline in pain rating; after that there was no significant decline.Conclusions:Discomfort was greatest during the first 5 min, and perception of discomfort at initial immersion was consistent across 5 days. In addition, after 3 days of treatments habituation occurred. Taken together, this suggests that treatment habituation is not the result of change in receptor sensitivity.

The Effects of Superficial Heating before 1-MHz Ultrasound on Tissue Temperature

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Chris Blank
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Temperature Elevation ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Independent Variable

Context:Ultrasound significantly raises tissue temperature, but the time of temperature elevation is short.Objective:To assess the effectiveness of superficial preheating on temperature elevation and decline when using ultrasound.Design:Within-subjects design to test the independent variable, treatment condition; repeated-measures ANOVAs to analyze the dependent variables, temperature elevation and decline.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Intervention:Temperature at a depth of 3.75 cm was measured during ultrasound after superficial heating and with ultrasound alone.Subjects:10 healthy men.Main Outcome Measure:Temperature was recorded every 30 s during 15 min of ultrasound and for 15 min afterward.Results:Temperature elevation with ultrasound was significantly greater with preheating (4.0 ± 0.21 °C) than with ultrasound alone (3.0 ± 0.22 °C). Temperature decline was not significantly different between preheating and ultrasound alone.Conclusions:Superficial preheating significantly increases temperature elevation but has no effect on temperature decline during a 15-min cooling period.

scholarly journals Development of a Measure of Rehabilitation Adherence for Athletic Training

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan D. Granquist ◽  
Diane L. Gill ◽  
Renee N. Appaneal
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Optimal Outcomes ◽  
Training Facility ◽  
Rehabilitation Adherence ◽  
Good Internal Consistency

Context:Rehabilitation adherence is accepted as a critical component for attaining optimal outcomes. Poor adherence is recognized as a problem in the athletic training setting. Measurement has been inconsistent, and no measure has been developed for athletic training settings.Objective:To identify indicators of sportinjury rehabilitation adherence relevant to athletic training and develop a Rehabilitation Adherence Measure for Athletic Training (RAdMAT) based on these indicators.Design:Mixed methods, 3 steps.Setting:College athletic training facility.Participants:Practicing certified athletic trainers (ATCs; n = 7) generated items, experts (n = 12) reviewed them, and practicing ATCs (n = 164) completed the RAdMAT for their most, average, and least adherent athlete.Main Outcome Measure:RAdMAT.Results:The RAdMAT is 16 items with 3 subscales. Subscales and total have good internal consistency and clearly discriminate among adherence levels.Conclusions:The RAdMAT is based on scholarly literature and clinical practice, making it particularly appropriate for use in athletic training clinical practice or for research purposes.

College Athletes’ Expectations About Injury Rehabilitation With an Athletic Trainer

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Hart ◽  
Damien Clement ◽  
Jordan Hamson-Utley ◽  
Monna Arvinen-Barrow ◽  
Cindra Kamphoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Athletic Trainer ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Injury Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Main Outcome Measure

Context:Injured athletes begin the rehabilitation process with expectations about the nature of the working relationship with an athletic trainer. These expectations can infuence the effectiveness of the assistance provided.Objective:To determine whether male and female athletes differed in terms of expectations about injury rehabilitation services with an athletic trainer.Design:A questionnaire was administered to student athletes that assessed expectations about injury rehabilitation. Setting: Five colleges and universities.Patients or Other Participants:Questionnaire responses were provided by 679 student athletes (443 males and 236 females).Main Outcome Measure:Responses to the Expectations about Athletic Training questionnaire were used to assess factors identifed as Personal Commitment, Facilitative Conditions, Athletic Trainer Expertise, and Realism.Results:A statistically signifcant interaction between gender and prior experience was identifed. Male athletes with no prior experience had lower expectations for a facilitative environment. Female athletes with prior experience were less likely to have realistic expectations.Conclusions:Gender and prior experience infuence athletes’ expectations of injury rehabilitation with an athletic trainer.

Subcutaneous Tissue Thickness Alters the Effect of NMES

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Miller ◽  
Christopher C. Cheatham ◽  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Rosealin Ganschow ◽  
Timothy J. Michael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Fixed Design ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Relationship

Context:No direct research has been conducted on the relationship between subcutaneous tissue thickness and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES).Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of subcutaneous tissue thickness on NMES amplitude and NMES force production of the quadriceps.Design:Simple fixed design, testing the independent variable of subcutaneous thickness (skinfold) groups with the dependent variables of NMES amplitude and force production.Setting:Athletic Training Laboratory.Participants:29 healthy women.Intervention:NMES to produce at least 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) of the quadriceps.Main Outcome Measure:Maximal NMES amplitude and percentage of MVIC using NMES.Results:A significant skinfold category difference F2,28 = 3.92, P = .032 on NMES amplitude was found. Post hoc revealed the thinnest skinfold category tolerated less amplitude compared to the thickest category. A significant correlation was found between NMES amplitude skinfold category R = .557, P = .002.Conclusion:Higher NMES amplitudes are needed for the thickest skinfold category compared to the thinnest skinfold category.

The Effect of Rest Intervals on Knee-Extension Torque Production with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Mack D. Rubley ◽  
Michael G. Miller ◽  
Tedd J. Girouard
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Rest Interval ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Rest Intervals

Context:Previous studies using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) have suggested that 30-second rest intervals are too short for sufficient recovery.Objective:To compare the effect of rest interval on knee-extension torque production.Design:Counterbalanced mixed design to test independent variable, rest interval; ANOVA to analyze dependent variable, percentage decline.Setting:Athletic training research laboratory.Participants:24 healthy men and women.Intervention:Participants performed knee extension under 2 contraction conditions, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and NMES with either 30- or 120-second rest between repetitions.Main Outcome Measure:Peak torque produced during each repetition of a 5-repetition set.Results:The main effect for rest interval was significant (F1,23= 30.30,P= .001), as was the main effect for condition (F1,23= 11.18,P= .003).Conclusions:A 120-second rest between repetitions is recommended when using NMES in early rehabilitation because force decline across repetitions with 30-second rest during NMES is greater than with MVIC.

Effect of the Simultaneous Application of NMES and HVPC on Knee Extension Torque

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Holcomb ◽  
Mack D. Rubley ◽  
Tedd J. Girouard
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Stimulation Protocol ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Isometric Knee Extension

Context:Electrical stimulation using simultaneous application of two current types for multiple effects is a current treatment option, but the effect of this treatment is not currently known.Objectives:To compare isometric knee extension torque when using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in combination with High Voltage Pulsed Current (HVPC) versus NMES alone during three contraction conditions of quadriceps.Design:Counterbalanced, within-subjects design to test independent variables, stimulation protocol, and contraction condition; ANOVA to analyze dependent variable, peak torque.Setting:Athletic Training Research Laboratory. Participants: 14 healthy subjects (7 male and 7 female, age = 21.9 ± 2.0 yr, height = 173.4 ± 10.1cm, weight = 76.1 ± 16.7 kg).Intervention:Participants performed three contraction conditions during two stimulation protocols.Main Outcome Measure:Peak isometric knee extension torque.Results:The main effect for Stimulation Protocol was not significant: F1,26 = .01, P = .94.Conclusion:Simultaneous application of HVPC with NMES does not facilitate the neuromuscular response but may provide an efficient treatment when managing atrophy, strength loss, pain, and edema associated with reconstructive surgery.

The Immediate Effects of Lidocaine Iontophoresis on Trigger-Point Pain

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd A. Evans ◽  
Jennifer R. Kunkle ◽  
Krista M. Zinz ◽  
Jessica L. Walter ◽  
Craig R. Denegar
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Trigger Point ◽  
Trigger Points ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Pressure Threshold ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Normal Current

Objective:To assess the efficacy of lidocaine iontophoresis on myofascial trigger-point pain.Setting:University athletic training facility.Design:Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures.Subjects:Twenty-three subjects with sensitive trigger points over the trapezius.Intervention:Placebo iontophoresis treatment without current or lidocaine, control treatment using distilled water and normal current dose, medicated treatment using 1% lidocaine and normal current dose.Main Outcome Measure:Trigger-point pressure threshold assessed with an algometer.Results:ANOVA revealed a significant difference among treatments (F2,40= 7.38,P< .01). Post hoc comparisons revealed a significant difference in pressure threshold between the lidocaine treatment and the control (P= .01) and placebo (P= .001) treatments. Effect sizes of .28 and .39, respectively, were found for these comparisons.Conclusions:Although the data revealed significant differences between treatments, the small effect sizes and magnitude of the pressure-sensitivity deviation scores suggest that iontophoresis with 1% lidocaine is ineffective in treating trigger points.

The Impact of Concussion Education on the Knowledge and Perceived Expertise of Novice Health Care Professionals

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-38
Author(s):  
Tamerah N. Hunt ◽  
Laura Harris ◽  
David Way
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Student Group ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Athletic Training Student ◽  
College Sophomore ◽  
The Impact

Context: Concussion legislation mandates that health care providers have experience in concussion management. Unfortunately, standards for current continuing and clinician education are ill defined. Objective: (1) Determine if a didactic-based educational intervention would increase knowledge and perceived expertise and (2) examine the correlations between the variables of knowledge, experience, and perceived expertise. Design: Prospective cohort study, level II. Patients or Other Participants: Novice health care providers were divided into 2 groups: college sophomore athletic training students (n = 16) and college sophomore medical dietetics students (n = 19). Setting: Classroom setting. Intervention(s): Both groups were administered a knowledge questionnaire before the intervention (Time 1) and again 30 weeks later (Time 3). The athletic training student group completed a didactic intervention and completed the questionnaire at the end of the quarter ∼15 weeks later (Time 2). Main Outcome Measure(s): The main outcome measure was a 34-item questionnaire designed to examine knowledge, experience, and perceived expertise using true-false items, scenarios, Likert-scaled items, and open-ended questions derived from existing evidence and current literature. The scores from the knowledge, perceived expertise, and experience items served as dependent variables. Results: No statistically significant interaction between groups existed on knowledge scores after the didactic intervention (P = .10). Statistically significant interactions existed between group and time for both perceived expertise (F1,33 = 86.38, P ≤ .001) and experience (F1,33 = 14.2, P ≤ .001) with the athletic training student group demonstrating significant increases in scores over time. There was a statistically significant correlation between the number of concussions evaluated and perceived expertise (r2 = 0.630, P ≤ .001). Conclusions: Educators need to implement the best educational techniques to maximize knowledge attainment and perceived expertise. While it appears that clinical experience may supersede didactic education, a combination of both will encourage higher-level thinking and implementation.

A Comparison of Knee-Extension Torque Production with Biphasic versus Russian Current

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Shahin Golestani ◽  
Shante Hill
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Main Outcome Measure

Context:Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can be used to prevent the atrophy and strength loss associated with immobilization.Objective:To compare the effects of biphasic current and the modulated “Russian” current on muscular torque production during different contraction conditions.Design, Setting, and Participants:In a within-subjects design, 10 healthy subjects in an athletic training laboratory received NMES.Interventions:Isometric knee-extension torque was recorded with the Biodex™ under 4 conditions: maximum voluntary contraction (MVC; control), MVC superimposed with low-intensity stimulation (sham), MVC superimposed with high-intensity stimulation, and high-intensity stimulation only.Main Outcome Measure:Data normalized for body weight were analyzed using a 2 (current type) X 4 (condition) repeated-measures analysis of variance.Results:The main effect for current type was not significant, F1,9 = .03, P = .87.

scholarly journals Arch-Taping Techniques for Altering Navicular Height and Plantar Pressures During Activity

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Newell ◽  
Janet Simon ◽  
Carrie L. Docherty
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Navicular Drop ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Training Research

Context Arch tapings have been used to support the arch by increasing navicular height. Few researchers have studied navicular height and plantar pressures after physical activity. Objective To determine if taping techniques effectively support the arch during exercise. Design Crossover study. Setting Athletic training research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Twenty-five individuals (13 men, 12 women; age = 20.0 ± 1.0 years, height = 172.3 ± 6.6 cm, mass = 70.1 ± 10.2 kg) with a navicular drop of more than 8 mm (12.9 ± 3.3 mm) volunteered. Intervention(s) All individuals participated in 3 days of testing, with 1 day for each tape condition: no tape, low dye, and navicular sling. On each testing day, navicular height and plantar pressures were measured at 5 intervals: baseline; posttape; and after 5, 10, and 15 minutes of running. The order of tape condition was counterbalanced. Main Outcome Measure(s) The dependent variables were navicular height in millimeters and plantar pressures in kilopascals. Plantar pressures were divided into 5 regions: medial forefoot, lateral forefoot, lateral midfoot, lateral rearfoot, and medial rearfoot. Separate repeated-measures analyses of variance were conducted for each dependent variable. Results Navicular height was higher immediately after application of the navicular-sling condition (P = .004) but was reduced after 5 minutes of treadmill running (P = .12). We observed no differences from baseline to posttape for navicular height for the low-dye (P = .30) and no-tape conditions (P = .25). Both the low-dye and navicular-sling conditions increased plantar pressures in the lateral midfoot region compared with the no-tape condition. The low-dye condition created decreased pressure in the medial and lateral forefoot regions compared with the no-tape condition. All changes were identified immediately after application and were maintained during running. No changes were noted in plantar pressures for the no-tape condition (P &gt; .05). Conclusions Both taping techniques effectively changed plantar pressures in the lateral midfoot, and these changes were sustained throughout the 15 minutes of exercise.

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