Effects of Transducer Mass on Intramuscular Temperature During Ultrasound Treatments

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-300
Author(s):  
Daniel Krasinski ◽  
Ashley B. Thrasher ◽  
Michael G. Miller ◽  
William R. Holcomb
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Ultrasound Treatment ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Linear Temperature ◽  
Temperature Standards ◽  
Intramuscular Temperature

Context:A potential variable that could affect rate of temperature elevation with ultrasound is the pressure (mass) that is applied to the transducer head during application. Added pressure could compress the tissue, affecting density and the transmission of ultrasound energy. Little research has been completed to determine the effects of the amount of pressure applied during therapeutic ultrasound in vivo.Objective:To determine the effects of different applied transducer mass on intramuscular temperature during an ultrasound treatment within the left triceps surae.Design:Crossover clinical trial.Setting:Human performance research laboratory.Participants:Convenience sample of thirteen healthy, college-age students.Interventions:Three separate MHz, 1.0-W/cm2 ultrasound treatments were administered 1.5 cm within the triceps surae. The independent variables were the linear temperature standards (0.5°C, 1.0°C, 1.5°C, and 2.0°C above baseline) and the 3 different applied pressures measured in grams (200 g, 600 g, and 800 g).Main Outcome Measures:A thermocouple probe was used to measure triceps surae temperature, and time to reach the temperature standards was recorded during the ultrasound treatments. A 4 × 3 repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) was used to analyze the differences for temperature points (0.5°C, 1.0°C, 1.5°C, and 2.0°C) and transducer mass (200 g, 600 g, and 800 g) and with respect to time.Results:The results of the RM-ANOVA showed no temperature-point and transducer-mass interaction (F6,72 = 1.69, P = .137) or main effect for mass (F2,24 = 1.23, P = .309). The time required to raise temperature 2°C was 209.1 ± 68.10 s at 200 g, 181.5 ± 61.50 s at 600 g, and 194.9 ± 75.54 s at 800 g.Conclusions:Under the conditions of this study, the amount of mass applied with the transducer during an ultrasound treatment does not ultimately affect the rate of tissue heating.

A Comparison of Intramuscular Temperatures during 10-Minute 1.0-MHz Ultrasound Treatments at Different Intensities

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Leonard ◽  
Mark Merrick ◽  
Chris Ingersoll ◽  
Mitchell Cordova
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Thermal Change ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Treatment Order ◽  
Intramuscular Temperature

Context:Research on therapeutic ultrasound has not focused on the duration needed to cause thermal change with various ultrasound intensities.Objective:To analyze triceps surae intramuscular temperature using 4 intensity levels after a 10-min 1-MHz continuous ultrasound treatment at a depth of 4 cm.Design:1 × 4 repeated measures. Independent variable: intensity of 4 levels—0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 W/cm2. Dependent variable: peak intramuscular temperature.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:19 volunteers with no lower leg pathologies.Intervention:Treatment order was balanced via Latin square and performed 24 hr apart.Main Outcome Measures:Peak intramuscular temperatures.Results:The only significant difference detected was that the mean temperature after the 1.0-W/cm2 treatment (37.3 °C) was greater than that at 2.0-W/cm2 intensity (36.1 °C). No treatment reached the desired 4° increase needed for therapeutic efficacy.Conclusions:Treatments at 1.0 W/cm2 increased tissue temperatures more than those at 2.0 W/cm2.

scholarly journals Effects of estrogen on the mechanical behavior of the human Achilles tendon in vivo

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 1035-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam L. Bryant ◽  
Ross A. Clark ◽  
Simon Bartold ◽  
Aron Murphy ◽  
Kim L. Bennell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Endogenous Estrogen ◽  
Tendon Strain

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of normal fluctuating [non-monophasic oral contraceptive pill (MOCP) users] and low, consistent (MOCP users) endogenous plasma estrogen levels on the strain behavior of the Achilles tendon in vivo. Twenty women (age 28.0 ± 4.2 yr, height 1.67 ± 0.07 m, mass 61.6 ± 6.8 kg) who had been using the MOCP for at least 12 mo together with 20 matched women who were non-MOCP users (age 31.9 ± 7.3 yr, height 1.63 ± 0.05 m, mass 62.5 ± 5.9 kg) participated in this study. Non-MOCP users were tested at the time of lowest (menstruation) and highest (≈ovulation) estrogen, whereas MOCP users, who exhibited constant and attenuated endogenous estrogen levels, were tested at day 1 and day 14 of their cycle. At each test session, maximal isometric plantarflexion efforts were performed on a calf-raise apparatus while synchronous real-time ultrasonography of the triceps surae aponeurosis was recorded. Achilles tendon strain (%) was calculated by dividing tendon displacement during plantarflexion by resting tendon length. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant ( P < 0.05) main effect of subject group with significantly lower Achilles strain (25.5%) in the MOCP users compared with the non-MOCP users. In conclusion, acute fluctuations in plasma estrogen across the menstrual cycle in non-MOCP users did not alter the strain behavior of the Achilles tendon. Conversely, long-term exposure to attenuated estrogen in MOCP users resulted in a decrease in Achilles tendon strain, which is thought to be attributed to the effects of endogenous estrogen on collagen synthesis. These findings have a number of important functional and clinical implications.

Effects of Altering Intensity during 1-MHz Ultrasound Treatment on Increasing Triceps Surae Temperature

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip O. Burr ◽  
Timothy J. Demchak ◽  
Mitchell L. Cordova ◽  
Christopher D. Ingersoll ◽  
Marcus B. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Ultrasound Treatment ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Injury Research ◽  
Optimal Heating

Context:It has been suggested that to obtain optimal physiological effects of heating, musculoskeletal temperature (TEMP) should be elevated 3 °C above baseline and maintained for at least 5 min.Objective:To identify a multi-intensity ultrasound protocol that will achieve optimal heating.Design:1 × 2 between-subjects.Setting:Sports-injury research laboratory.Participants:20 healthy volunteers.Interventions:A 2.5-min treatment at 2.4 W/cm2 immediately followed by a 7.5-min treatment at 1.0 W/cm2 (T1) and a 10-min treatment at 1.5 W/cm2 (T2).Outcome Measures:TEMP change during the first 2.5 min of ultrasound treatment (°C), time the TEMP was ≥3 °C above baseline during and after the treatment.Results:T1 increased TEMP during the first 2.5 min of the ultrasound treatment (3.22 ± 1.25 °C) more than T2 did (1.68 ± 0.72 °C). No difference was found for the remaining measures.Conclusions:The multi-intensity protocol (2.4 W/cm2 and 1.0 W/cm2) did not result in optimal heating.

No Difference in Gluteus Medius Activation in Women With Mild Patellofemoral Pain

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran O’Sullivan ◽  
Ellen Herbert ◽  
David Sainsbury ◽  
Karen McCreesh ◽  
Amanda Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Patellofemoral Pain ◽  
Stair Climbing ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Healthy Participants

Context:The gluteus medius (Gmed) is proposed to consist of 3 functional subdivisions (anterior, middle, and posterior). Gmed weakness and dysfunction have been implicated in numerous lower extremity disorders, including patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). PFPS is a knee condition that frequently occurs in females and is associated with activities such as squatting and stair climbing. There is a lack of evidence for the role of the subdivisions of the Gmed in females with and without PFPS.Objective:To compare muscle activation in the 3 Gmed subdivisions during 4 weight-bearing exercises in women with and without PFPS.Design:Single-session, repeated-measures observational study.Setting:University research laboratory.Participants:Convenience sample of 12 women with PFPS and 12 age- and gender-matched asymptomatic controls.Intervention:Participants performed 4 weight-bearing exercises (wall press, pelvic drop, step-up-and-over, and unilateral squat) 3 times while surface electromyography (sEMG) activity of the Gmed segments was recorded.Main Outcome Measures:sEMG muscle activity for each functional subdivision of the Gmed during each weight-bearing exercise was analyzed using a mixed between–within-subjects ANOVA (post hoc Bonferroni).Results:No statistically significant differences in muscle activation were found between the PFPS and healthy participants (P = .97). Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences between the exercises (P = .19) or muscle fibers (P = .36) independent of group analyzed. However, the activation of the subdivisions varied according to the exercise performed (P = .003).Conclusions:Similar levels of muscle activation were recorded in the Gmed subdivisions of the PFPS and healthy participants during the different exercises. This is the first study to examine all 3 Gmed subdivisions in PFPS. Future studies using larger sample sizes should also investigate onset and duration of muscle activation in all Gmed subdivisions in both healthy individuals and those with PFPS.

Effect of a SERF Strap on Pain and Knee-Valgus Angle During Unilateral Squat and Step Landing in Patellofemoral Patients

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Herrington
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Joint Pain ◽  
Patellofemoral Joint ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Knee Valgus ◽  
Valgus Angle ◽  
Smallest Detectable Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Context:A valgus position of the knee on functional loading tasks has been reported to be associated with patellofemoral-joint pain. Training programs to reduce knee valgus have been shown to be effective but take time. It would appear logical to use a brace or strap to help control this knee motion to reduce symptoms.Objective:To assess the impact of the SERF strap on knee valgus and patellofemoral-joint pain.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:University human performance laboratory.Participants:12 women with patellofemoral pain (mean age 24 ± 3.2 y).Intervention:Application of SERF strap.Main Outcome Measures:Knee-valgus angle on single-leg squat and step landing and visual analog scale pain score.Results:The application of the SERF brace significantly reduced the pain (P < .04) and knee valgus (P < .034) during both tasks.Conclusion:The SERF brace brings about a significant reduction in pain during functional tasks. Although the brace brought about a significant reduction in knee valgus, this failed to exceed the smallest-detectable-difference value, so the difference is likely to be related to measurement error. The mechanism as to why this the reduction in pain occurs therefore remains unclear, as this study in line with many others failed to demonstrate meaningful changes in kinematics that could provide an obvious explanation.

Forearm Position’s Alteration of Radial-Head Impingement on Wrist-Extensor Tendons

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom A. Ranger ◽  
Wendy M. Braybon ◽  
Craig R. Purdam ◽  
Jill L. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Radial Head ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Head Position ◽  
Extensor Tendons ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Wrist Extensor ◽  
Lateral Epicondylalgia ◽  
Extensor Carpi Radialis

Context:Lateral epicondylalgia, pain at the lateral elbow, is commonly associated with extensor carpi radialis brevis tendinopathy. The radial head, which abuts the extensor tendons and is elliptical in shape, may affect the extensor tendons during pronation of the forearm. Cadaverous studies have shown that the radial head may act as a cam in pronation, to offer a mechanical advantage to the common extensor tendon and to mitigate load on the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon.Objective:To determine the effect of radial-head position on the wrist-extensor tendons in vivo.Design:Repeated-measures design.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:22 participants (12 male, 2 left-handed).Main Outcome Measures:Distance (mm) from subcutaneous fascia to radial head measured by ultrasound.Results:The radial head in supination was significantly deeper than either pronation or midprone, indicating a smaller cam effect in supination.Conclusion:The authors recommend that the effect of radial-head position and its relationship to the area of tendon pathology be considered clinically in the rehabilitation of patients suffering from lateral epicondylalgia.

scholarly journals Force Generation on the Hallux Is More Affected by the Ankle Joint Angle than the Lesser Toes: An In Vivo Human Study

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Junya Saeki ◽  
Soichiro Iwanuma ◽  
Suguru Torii
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Joint Angle ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
Functional Difference ◽  
Multiple Comparison Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Metatarsophalangeal Joints

The structure of the first toe is independent of that of the other toes, while the functional difference remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the force generation characteristics between the plantar-flexion of the first and second–fifth metatarsophalangeal joints (MTPJs) by comparing the maximal voluntary plantar-flexion torques (MVC torque) at different MTPJs and ankle positions. The MVC torques of the first and second–fifth MTPJs were measured at 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° dorsiflexed positions of the MTPJs, and at 20° plantar-flexed, neutral, and 20° dorsiflexed positions of the ankle. Two-way repeated measures analyses of variance with Holm’s multiple comparison test (MTPJ position × ankle position) were performed. When the MTPJ was dorsiflexed at 0°, 15°, and 30°, the MVC torque of the first MTPJ when the ankle was dorsiflexed at 20° was higher than that when the ankle was plantar-flexed at 20°. However, the ankle position had no significant effect on the MVC torque of the second–fifth MTPJ. Thus, the MVC torque of the first MTPJ was more affected by the ankle position than the second–fifth MTPJs.

Effects of Calisthenics and Pilates Exercises on Coordination and Proprioception in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derya Ozer Kaya ◽  
Irem Duzgun ◽  
Gul Baltaci ◽  
Selma Karacan ◽  
Filiz Colakoglu
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Kinetic Chain ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Closed Kinetic Chain

Objective:To assess and compare the effects of 6 mo of Pilates and calisthenics on multijoint coordination and proprioception of the lower limbs at the 3rd and 6th mo of training.Design:Randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded, repeated-measures.Setting:University research laboratory.Participants and Intervention:Healthy, sedentary, female participants age 25–50 y were recruited and randomly divided into 3 groups: a calisthenic exercise group (n = 34, mean age ± SD 40 ± 8 y, body-mass index [BMI] 31.04 ± 4.83 kg/m2), a Pilates exercise group (n = 32, mean age ± SD 37 ± 8 y, BMI 31.04 ± 4.83 kg/m2), and a control group (n = 41, mean age ± SD 41 ± 7 y, BMI 27.09 ± 4.77 kg/m2). The calisthenics and Pilates groups underwent related training programs for 6 mo, while the controls had no specific training.Main Outcome Measures:Coordination and proprioception of the lower extremities with concentric and eccentric performances in the closed kinetic chain assessed with the monitored rehab functional squat system at baseline and at the 3rd and 6th mo of training.Results:For the within-group comparison, coordinative concentric and eccentric deviation values were significantly decreased for both dominant and nondominant lower limbs at pretraining and at the 3rd and 6th mo posttraining in the calisthenics group (P < .05). In contrast, there was no improvement in the Pilates group throughout the training. However, for comparisons between groups, the baseline values of coordinative concentric and eccentric deviations were different in the calisthenics group than in Pilates and the controls (P < .05). There were no differences in the proprioception values of either visible or nonvisible movement in any group throughout the training (P > .05).Conclusions:It seems that calisthenic exercises are more likely to improve coordination of the lower extremity after 3 and 6 mo of training than Pilates exercises. Calisthenic exercises may be useful for individuals who require improved coordination.

Dilutional Acidosis following Hetastarch or Albumin in Healthy Volunteers

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 1184-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan H. Waters ◽  
Clifford A. Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Impact

Background The intent of this study was to evaluate the impact of the commonly used colloids-hetastarch and albumin-on in vivo acid-base balance. From this evaluation, a better understanding of the mechanism of dilutional acidosis was expected. Methods In a prospective, randomized fashion, 11 healthy volunteers were administered 15 ml/kg hetastarch solution, 6%, or 15 ml/kg albumin, 5%, intravenously over 30 min. Four weeks later, the study subjects were administered the other colloid. Arterial blood gas and electrolyte parameters were measured at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 210, and 300 min after colloid administration. Pre- and postlaboratory values were compared within groups using a paired t test and a Wilcoxon signed rank test and between groups using repeated-measures analysis of variance and a Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results Thirty min after infusion, subjects who were administered hetastarch showed statistically significant changes (P &lt; 0.05) in base excess (from 2.5 +/- 0.9 mEq/l to 0.7 +/- 1.1 mEq/l), HCO3- concentration (from 27 +/- 1.0 mEq/l to 25 +/- 1.3 mEq/l), Cl- concentration (from 108 +/- 2 mEq/l to 112 +/- 2 mEq/l), albumin concentration (from 4.4 +/- 0.2 g/dl to 3.5 +/- 0.5 g/dl), and arterial carbon dioxide tension (Paco2; from 40.8 +/- 2.3 mmHg to 39. 2 +/- 3.2 mmHg), whereas only the albumin concentration (from 4.4 +/- 0.2 g/dl to 4.8 +/- 0.6 g/dl) changed significantly in the albumin-treated group. Conclusions Decreases in base excess were observed for 210 min after hetastarch administration but not after albumin. The mechanism for this difference is discussed.

Reliability and Stability of Various Hearing-Aid Outcome Measures in a Group of Elderly Hearing-Aid Wearers

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 923-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry E. Humes ◽  
Dan Halling ◽  
Maureen Coughlin
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Nonsense Syllable ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Hearing Handicap

Twenty elderly persons with hearing impairment were fit with binaural in-the-ear hearing aids and followed for a 6-month period post-fit. Several hearing-aid outcome measures were obtained at 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 180 days post-fit. Outcome measures included (a) objective measures of benefit obtained with nonsense-syllable materials in quiet (CUNY Nonsense Syllable Test, NST) and sentences in multitalker babble (Hearing in Noise Test, HINT); (b) two subjective measures of benefit, one derived from pre-fit/post-fit comparisons on a general scale of hearing handicap (Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly, HHIE) and the other based on a subjective scale of post-fit hearing-aid benefit (Hearing Aid Performance Inventory, HAPI); (c) a questionnaire on hearing-aid satisfaction; (d) an objective measure of hearing-aid use; and (e) a subjective measure of hearing-aid use. Reliability and stability of each measure were examined through repeated-measures analyses of variance, a series of test-retest correlations, and, where possible, scatterplots of the scores against their corresponding 95% critical differences. Many of the measures were found to be both reliable and stable indicators of hearing-aid outcome.

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