Effects of Altering Intensity during 1-MHz Ultrasound Treatment on Increasing Triceps Surae Temperature

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip O. Burr ◽  
Timothy J. Demchak ◽  
Mitchell L. Cordova ◽  
Christopher D. Ingersoll ◽  
Marcus B. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Ultrasound Treatment ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Injury Research ◽  
Optimal Heating

Context:It has been suggested that to obtain optimal physiological effects of heating, musculoskeletal temperature (TEMP) should be elevated 3 °C above baseline and maintained for at least 5 min.Objective:To identify a multi-intensity ultrasound protocol that will achieve optimal heating.Design:1 × 2 between-subjects.Setting:Sports-injury research laboratory.Participants:20 healthy volunteers.Interventions:A 2.5-min treatment at 2.4 W/cm2 immediately followed by a 7.5-min treatment at 1.0 W/cm2 (T1) and a 10-min treatment at 1.5 W/cm2 (T2).Outcome Measures:TEMP change during the first 2.5 min of ultrasound treatment (°C), time the TEMP was ≥3 °C above baseline during and after the treatment.Results:T1 increased TEMP during the first 2.5 min of the ultrasound treatment (3.22 ± 1.25 °C) more than T2 did (1.68 ± 0.72 °C). No difference was found for the remaining measures.Conclusions:The multi-intensity protocol (2.4 W/cm2 and 1.0 W/cm2) did not result in optimal heating.

Ground-Reaction Forces during Form Skipping and Running

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam T. Johnson ◽  
Grace M. Golden ◽  
John A. Mercer ◽  
Brent C. Mangus ◽  
Mark A. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
College Athletes ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Male College ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Injury Research

Context:Form skipping has been used to help injured athletes progress to running. Because little research has been done on form-skipping mechanics, its justification as a progression to running exercises is unclear.Objective:To compare ground-reaction forces (GRF) during form skipping and running in healthy subjects at clinically relevant speeds, 1.75 m/s and 3.83 m/s, respectively.Design:Dependentttests (α= .05).Setting:Sports-injury research center.Participants:9 male college athletes (age 20 ± 1.33 years, mass 848.4 ± 43.24 N, height 1.80 ± 0.07 m).Main Outcome Measures:Average (Fzavg) and maximum (Fzmax) vertical GRF and (Fy) braking impulse were compared.Results:FzavgandFzmaxwere greater during running than during form skipping (P< .05). Braking impulses were not different (P> .05).Conclusions:It appears thatFz, but not theFy, GRF might explain why form skipping might be an appropriate progression to running.

Achilles Tendon Adaptation During Transition to a Minimalist Running Style

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Joseph ◽  
Katherine Histen ◽  
Julia Arntsen ◽  
Lauren L’Hereux ◽  
Carmine Defeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Transition Program ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Laboratory Assessment ◽  
Isokinetic Dynamometry ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Tendon Adaptation ◽  
Time Point

Context:Achilles tendons (ATs) adapt to increased loading generated by long-term adoption of a minimalist shoe running style. There may be difference in the chronology and extent of adaptation between the sexes.Objective:To learn the chronology of AT adaptations in female and male runners who transitioned to a minimalist running style through a planned, progressive 12-wk transition program.Design:Prospective cohort study of well-trained, traditionally shod runners who transitioned to minimalist shoe running.Setting:Repeated laboratory assessment at baseline and 3, 12, and 24 wk after initiating transition program.Participants:Fifteen women and 7 men (of 29 enrolled) completed the study.Main Outcome Measures:The authors used diagnostic ultrasound and isokinetic dynamometry to generate a force elongation curve and its derivatives at each time point.Results:Greater adaptations were observed in men than in women, with men generating more force and having greater increases in CSA, stiffness, and Young’s modulus and less elongation after 12 wk of training.Conclusion:Men demonstrated changes in AT properties that were consistent with increased loading of the triceps surae during exercise. The women demonstrated far smaller changes. Further investigation is warranted to understand when adaptations may occur in women and the implications of altered AT mechanical properties for performance and injury risk.

Effects of Transducer Mass on Intramuscular Temperature During Ultrasound Treatments

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-300
Author(s):  
Daniel Krasinski ◽  
Ashley B. Thrasher ◽  
Michael G. Miller ◽  
William R. Holcomb
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Ultrasound Treatment ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Linear Temperature ◽  
Temperature Standards ◽  
Intramuscular Temperature

Context:A potential variable that could affect rate of temperature elevation with ultrasound is the pressure (mass) that is applied to the transducer head during application. Added pressure could compress the tissue, affecting density and the transmission of ultrasound energy. Little research has been completed to determine the effects of the amount of pressure applied during therapeutic ultrasound in vivo.Objective:To determine the effects of different applied transducer mass on intramuscular temperature during an ultrasound treatment within the left triceps surae.Design:Crossover clinical trial.Setting:Human performance research laboratory.Participants:Convenience sample of thirteen healthy, college-age students.Interventions:Three separate MHz, 1.0-W/cm2 ultrasound treatments were administered 1.5 cm within the triceps surae. The independent variables were the linear temperature standards (0.5°C, 1.0°C, 1.5°C, and 2.0°C above baseline) and the 3 different applied pressures measured in grams (200 g, 600 g, and 800 g).Main Outcome Measures:A thermocouple probe was used to measure triceps surae temperature, and time to reach the temperature standards was recorded during the ultrasound treatments. A 4 × 3 repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) was used to analyze the differences for temperature points (0.5°C, 1.0°C, 1.5°C, and 2.0°C) and transducer mass (200 g, 600 g, and 800 g) and with respect to time.Results:The results of the RM-ANOVA showed no temperature-point and transducer-mass interaction (F6,72 = 1.69, P = .137) or main effect for mass (F2,24 = 1.23, P = .309). The time required to raise temperature 2°C was 209.1 ± 68.10 s at 200 g, 181.5 ± 61.50 s at 600 g, and 194.9 ± 75.54 s at 800 g.Conclusions:Under the conditions of this study, the amount of mass applied with the transducer during an ultrasound treatment does not ultimately affect the rate of tissue heating.

The Reliability of the Lateral Step Test

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabelle King ◽  
Mark Hancock ◽  
Joanne Munn
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Lower Limb Strength

Context:Functional strength measures correlate more closely with functional performance than non-functional strength measures.Objectives:To determine the reliability of the lateral step test as a measure of maximal strength.Design:Intertester repeated measures.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:Twenty four healthy, pain free subjects.Intervention:Two protocols (A and B) were evaluated. The protocols were identical except protocol B involved a three second pause. Participants performed a one repetition maximum (1RM) for each protocol on two occasions separated by one week.Main Outcome Measures:Step height (nearest cm) representingResults:Both protocols demonstrated excellent reliability, protocol A: ICC = 0.94 (95% CI, 0.87 to 0.97), SEM = 1.47 cm. Protocol B: ICC= 0.94 (95%CI, 0.85 to 0.97).Percent close agreement within 2 cm was 83.3% for protocol A and 79.1% for protocol B.Conclusion:Both protocols demonstrated excellent inter-tester reliability as measures of functional lower limb strength.

The Effect of Glenohumeral Rotation on Scapular Upward Rotation in Different Positions of Scapular-Plane Elevation

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Sagano ◽  
David Magee ◽  
Masaki Katayose
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Extremity Motion ◽  
Neutral Affect ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Scapular Plane

Context:Glenohumeral and scapular upward rotation are important factors in functional upper extremity motion.Objectives:To determine how different amounts of glenohumeral rotation (internal, external, and neutral) affect scapular upward rotation.Design:Controlled laboratory study. Independent variables were the amounts of internal, external, and neutral glenohumeral rotation. The dependent variable was the amount of scapular upward rotation.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:40 subjects who were right-hand dominant, sedentary, and age 16 to 35 years.Main Outcome Measures:An inclinometer assessed scapular upward rotation with the 3 different positions of glenohumeral rotation in each 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of humeral elevation in the scapular plane.Results:Scapular upward rotation tended to increase with glenohumeral internal and external rotation, compared with neutral rotation in each degree of humeral elevation. This trend was seen on both right and left sides.Conclusions:Scapular upward rotation at different levels of humeral elevation in the scapular plane was affected by the positions of glenohumeral rotation.

The Effects of Local Vibration on Balance, Power, and Self-Reported Pain After Exercise

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Custer ◽  
Kimberly S. Peer ◽  
Lauren Miller
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Local Vibration ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Active Vibration ◽  
Single Blind ◽  
Blind Crossover Study ◽  
Full Body

Context:Muscle fatigue and acute muscle soreness occur after exercise. Application of a local vibration intervention may reduce the consequences of fatigue and soreness.Objective:To examine the effects of a local vibration intervention after a bout of exercise on balance, power, and self-reported pain.Design:Single-blind crossover study.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:19 healthy, moderately active subjects.Interventions:After a 30-min bout of full-body exercise, subjects received either an active or a sham vibration intervention. The active vibration intervention was performed bilaterally over the muscle bellies of the triceps surae, quadriceps, hamstrings, and gluteals. At least 1 wk later, subjects repeated the bout, receiving the other vibration intervention.Main Outcome Measures:Static balance, dynamic balance, power, and self-reported pain were measured at baseline, after the vibration intervention, and 24 h postexercise.Results:After the bout of exercise, subjects had reduced static and dynamic balance and increased self-reported pain regardless of vibration intervention. There were no differences between outcome measures between the active and sham vibration conditions.Conclusions:The local vibration intervention did not affect balance, power, or self-reported pain.

Recommendations for the Use of Common Outcome Measures in Traumatic Brain Injury Research

2010 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 1650-1660.e17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth A. Wilde ◽  
Gale G. Whiteneck ◽  
Jennifer Bogner ◽  
Tamara Bushnik ◽  
David X. Cifu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Injury Research

scholarly journals Time-to-event analysis for sports injury research part 2: time-varying outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmus Oestergaard Nielsen ◽  
Michael Lejbach Bertelsen ◽  
Daniel Ramskov ◽  
Merete Møller ◽  
Adam Hulme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sports Injuries ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
Time To Event ◽  
Injury Research ◽  
Stratified Analysis

BackgroundTime-to-event modelling is underutilised in sports injury research. Still, sports injury researchers have been encouraged to consider time-to-event analyses as a powerful alternative to other statistical methods. Therefore, it is important to shed light on statistical approaches suitable for analysing training load related key-questions within the sports injury domain.ContentIn the present article, we illuminate: (i) the possibilities of including time-varying outcomes in time-to-event analyses, (ii) how to deal with a situation where different types of sports injuries are included in the analyses (ie, competing risks), and (iii) how to deal with the situation where multiple subsequent injuries occur in the same athlete.ConclusionTime-to-event analyses can handle time-varying outcomes, competing risk and multiple subsequent injuries. Although powerful, time-to-event has important requirements: researchers are encouraged to carefully consider prior to any data collection that five injuries per exposure state or transition is needed to avoid conducting statistical analyses on time-to-event data leading to biased results. This requirement becomes particularly difficult to accommodate when a stratified analysis is required as the number of variables increases exponentially for each additional strata included. In future sports injury research, we need stratified analyses if the target of our research is to respond to the question: ‘how much change in training load is too much before injury is sustained, among athletes with different characteristics?’ Responding to this question using multiple time-varying exposures (and outcomes) requires millions of injuries. This should not be a barrier for future research, but collaborations across borders to collecting the amount of data needed seems to be an important step forward.

scholarly journals Assessment of Subacromial Space and Its Relationship With Scapular Upward Rotation in College Baseball Players

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen John Thomas ◽  
Charles Buz Swanik ◽  
Thomas W. Kaminski ◽  
Jill S. Higginson ◽  
Kathleen A. Swanik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Subacromial Space ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Injured Population ◽  
College Baseball ◽  
Acromiohumeral Distance ◽  
The Relationship

Context:Subacromial impingement is a common injury in baseball players and has been linked to a reduction in the subacromial space. In addition, it has been suggested that decreases in scapular upward rotation will lead to decreases in the subacromial space and ultimately impingement syndrome.Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between acromiohumeral distance and scapular upward rotation in healthy college baseball players.Design:Posttest-only study design.Setting:Controlled laboratory setting.Participants:24 healthy college baseball players.Intervention:Participants were measured for all dependent variables at preseason.Main Outcome Measures:Acromiohumeral distance at rest and 90° of abduction was measured with a diagnostic ultrasound unit. Scapular upward rotation at rest and 90° of abduction was measured with a digital inclinometer.Results:Dominant-arm acromiohumeral distance at rest and 90° of abduction (P = .694, P = .840) was not significantly different than in the nondominant arm. In addition, there was not a significant correlation between acromiohumeral distance and scapular upward rotation at rest and 90° of abduction for either the dominant or the nondominant arm.Conclusions:These results indicate that the acromiohumeral distance is not adapting in the dominant arm in healthy throwing athletes. In addition, a relationship was not identified between acromiohumeral distance and scapular upward rotation, which was previously suggested. These results may suggest that changes that are typically seen in an injured population may be occurring due to the injury and are not preexisting. In addition, scapular upward rotation may not be the only contributing factor to acromiohumeral distance.

scholarly journals Towards a complex systems approach in sports injury research: simulating running-related injury development with agent-based modelling

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 560-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Hulme ◽  
Jason Thompson ◽  
Rasmus Oestergaard Nielsen ◽  
Gemma J M Read ◽  
Paul M Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Physical Workload ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Agent Based Modelling ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Injury Research

ObjectivesThere have been recent calls for the application of the complex systems approach in sports injury research. However, beyond theoretical description and static models of complexity, little progress has been made towards formalising this approach in way that is practical to sports injury scientists and clinicians. Therefore, our objective was to use a computational modelling method and develop a dynamic simulation in sports injury research.MethodsAgent-based modelling (ABM) was used to model the occurrence of sports injury in a synthetic athlete population. The ABM was developed based on sports injury causal frameworks and was applied in the context of distance running-related injury (RRI). Using the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR), we simulated the dynamic relationship between changes in weekly running distance and RRI through the manipulation of various ‘athlete management tools’.ResultsThe findings confirmed that building weekly running distances over time, even within the reported ACWR ‘sweet spot’, will eventually result in RRI as athletes reach and surpass their individual physical workload limits. Introducing training-related error into the simulation and the modelling of a ‘hard ceiling’ dynamic resulted in a higher RRI incidence proportion across the population at higher absolute workloads.ConclusionsThe presented simulation offers a practical starting point to further apply more sophisticated computational models that can account for the complex nature of sports injury aetiology. Alongside traditional forms of scientific inquiry, the use of ABM and other simulation-based techniques could be considered as a complementary and alternative methodological approach in sports injury research.

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