Child Physical Activity Associations With Cardiovascular Risk Factors Differ by Race

Purpose:The objective of this study was to characterize the relationship between objectively-measured physical activity (PA) and cardiovascular risk factors in 7-year-old children and test the hypothesis that it differs by race.Methods:Cross-sectional study of 308 7-year-old children drawn from a major US metropolitan community. PA (moderate-to-vigorous, MVPA; light, LPA; and inactivity, IA) was measured by accelerometry (RT3). Cardiovascular risk factors included BMI, blood pressure, and serum lipids, glucose and insulin concentrations. General linear modeling was used to evaluate the independent associations between PA measures and cardiovascular risk factors and interactions by race.Results:In black children, greater time spent in PA was independently associated with lower levels of triglycerides (MVPA and LPA, both p < .01), glucose (MVPA, p < .05), and insulin (MVPA, p < .01); these associations were not evident in white children. Across races, greater inactivity was independently associated with greater low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in overweight participants (p < .01) but not in normal weight participants. No PA measure was associated with BMI, systolic blood pressure, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.Conclusions:In this cohort of 7-year-old children, the relationship between PA and some cardiovascular risk factors differed by race. These findings may have implications for targeting of PA promotion efforts in children.

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Thirty year trends in cardiovascular risk factors prevalence among Siberian adolescents (1989-2019)

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.890 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

D Denisova

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Risk Profile ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Aim of the study was to assess trends of cardiovascular risk factors among Siberian adolescents during the last 30 years including period of Russian reforms (1989-2019). Methods Seven cross-sectional surveys of representative samples of school children aged 14-18 since 1989 (every 5 years) were carried out. Body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured. Self-reported smoking and physical activity rates were obtained. To define overweight the sex- and age-specific IOTF cutoffs for BMI were used. Hypertension (HT) and lipid disorders were revealed according to international criteria. Results Prevalence of high TC significantly decreased from 22 to 4% (p < 0,01) in males and from 32 to 17% (p < 0,05) in females. High LDL-C showed similar trends. Prevalence of low HDL-C was stable with some fluctuations. In the period of Russian reforms (1989-1999) the prevalence of overweight significantly decreased from 12% in boys and from 14% in girls in 1989 to 4% in 1999 (p < 0,01). Since 2003 rapid increasing of overweight was observed. Trends of HT have shown double decreasing during the reform period and stabilization in the post-reform time. So, since 2003 discordant trends in HT and overweight were revealed. Physical activity was stably low in boys (49-55%) and girls (83-73%). Average weekly screen time doubled from 15 (2009) to 30 h/w (2019), p < 0,05. Cigarette smoking rates in boys dramatically decreased from 45% (1989) to 3% (2019), in girls - from 19% to 5% (p < 0,01). Smoking of electronic devices was registered in 2019: 6% among boys and 3% among girls. Conclusions Obtained data indicate on trends to reduction in CVD risk profile among Siberian adolescents during the period of Russian reforms. Discordant trends of HT and overweight were revealed. The study was supported by RFBR grant 19-013-00800. Key messages Long time changes in cardiovascular risk profile among Siberian adolescents were registered. Against the background of a decrease in combustible smoking among adolescents, electronic smoking began to register.

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Breakfast frequency, adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors as markers in adolescents

Cardiology in the Young ◽

10.1017/s1047951115000050 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 244-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Suziane U. Cayres ◽

Ismael F. F. Júnior ◽

Maurício F. Barbosa ◽

Diego G. D. Christofaro ◽

Rômulo A. Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Elementary Education ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Skipping Breakfast

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the relationship between skipping breakfast and haemodynamic, metabolic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out with information from an ongoing cohort study in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil. The sample comprised of 120 adolescents (11.7±0.8 years old) who met the following inclusion criteria: age between 11 and 14 years; enrolled in the school unit of elementary education; absence of any known disease; and no drug consumption. The parents or legal guardians of the patients signed a formal informed consent. Skipping breakfast was self-reported through face-to-face interviews. Blood pressure, intima-media thickness, trunk fatness, total and fractional cholesterol levels – high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol – triacylglycerol levels, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were measured.ResultsIn this study, 47.5% (95% CI: 38.5–56.4%) of the adolescents reported skipping breakfast at least 1 day/week. Adolescents who skipped breakfast had higher values of trunk fatness and systolic blood pressure. Breakfast frequency was negatively related to systolic blood pressure (β −1.99 [−3.67; −0.31]) and z score dyslipidaemia (β −0.46 [−0.90; −0.01]), but this relationship was mediated by trunk fatness.ConclusionSkipping breakfast is related to cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents, and this relationship was mainly mediated by trunk fatness.

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Haematocrit: Relationships with Blood Lipids, Blood Pressure and other Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1648811 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 72 (01) ◽

pp. 058-064 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Goya Wannamethee ◽

A Gerald Shaper

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Alcohol Intake ◽

Blood Lipids ◽

The Other ◽

The Relationship

SummaryThe relationship between haematocrit and cardiovascular risk factors, particularly blood pressure and blood lipids, has been examined in detail in a large prospective study of 7735 middle-aged men drawn from general practices in 24 British towns. The analyses are restricted to the 5494 men free of any evidence of ischaemic heart disease at screening.Smoking, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake and lung function (FEV1) were factors strongly associated with haematocrit levels independent of each other. Age showed a significant but small independent association with haematocrit. Non-manual workers had slightly higher haematocrit levels than manual workers; this difference increased considerably and became significant after adjustment for the other risk factors. Diabetics showed significantly lower levels of haematocrit than non-diabetics. In the univariate analysis, haematocrit was significantly associated with total serum protein (r = 0*18), cholesterol (r = 0.16), triglyceride (r = 0.15), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.17) and heart rate (r = 0.14); all at p <0.0001. A weaker but significant association was seen with systolic blood pressure (r = 0.09, p <0.001). These relationships remained significant even after adjustment for age, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, lung function, presence of diabetes, social class and for each of the other biological variables; the relationship with systolic blood pressure was considerably weakened. No association was seen with blood glucose and HDL-cholesterol. This study has shown significant associations between several lifestyle characteristics and the haematocrit and supports the findings of a significant relationship between the haematocrit and blood lipids and blood pressure. It emphasises the role of the haematocrit in assessing the risk of ischaemic heart disease and stroke in individuals, and the need to take haematocrit levels into account in determining the importance of other cardiovascular risk factors.

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Level aktifitas fisik dan faktor risiko penyakit kardiovaskuler pada karyawan kantor di universitas

Jurnal Keolahragaan ◽

10.21831/jk.v8i2.32541 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Febriani Fajar Ekawati ◽

Tri Winarti Rahayu ◽

Hendrig Joko Prasetyo

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Activity Level ◽

Noncommunicable Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

University Employees

Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian utama di dunia. Kurangnya aktivitas fisik dapat meningkatkan risiko penyakit ini. Meskipun telah banyak penelitian yang menyelidiki tentang hubungan aktivitas fisik dan faktor risiko penyakit kardiovaskuler, hanya terdapat beberapa penelitian di Indonesia yang menelaah tentang peran aktivitas fisik dalam perkembangan penyakit kardiovaskuler. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tentang tingkat aktivitas fisik dan menyelidiki hubungannya dengan faktor risiko penyakit kardiovaskuler pada karyawan kantor di lingkungan Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS). Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian potong lintang, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 44 orang. Data level aktivitas fisik diperoleh dari International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Sedangkan faktor-faktor risiko penyakit kardiovaskuler (gula darah, kolesterol, tekanan darah, lingkar pinggang, dan IMT) diukur dengan menggunakan alat ukur yang sesuai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa level aktivitas fisik karyawan berkategori Rendah sebesar 6.82%, Sedang sebesar 72.73%, dan Tinggi sebesar 20.45%. Berdasarkan uji Pearson Correlation, tekanan darah baik sistolik dan diastolik mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan level aktivitas fisik. Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara level aktivitas fisik dengan faktor risiko lainnya dalam penelitian ini. Secara umum penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa level aktivitas fisik karyawan di lingkungan UNS adalah berkategori sedang, dan tekanan darah mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan aktivitas fisik. Physical activity level and cardiovascular risk factors among university employees AbstractNoncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) are one of the leading deaths in the world. Insufficiency of physical activity (PA) escalate the risk of NCDs. Although the reports of the studies investigating the relationship between PA and cardiovascular risk factors are abundance, only a few studies in Indonesia examined the role of PA in the development of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to describe the level of PA and investigate the relationships between PA and cardiovascular risk factors among UNS employees. This was a cross sectional study with a sample of 44 university employees. PA level was assessed using IPAQ. Meanwhile cardiovascular risk factors such as plasma glucose, cholesterol, blood pressure, waist circumference, and BMI were measured using an appropriate tool for each measure. The results revealed that participants with low level of PA (6.82%), moderate category (72.73%), and high category (20.45%). Pearson Correlation analysis showed blood pressure both systolic and diastolic had a significant association with PA level. There was no a significant association between PA level and others cardiovascular risk factors in this research. Generally, this study exhibited the level of PA among UNS employees in the moderate category, and blood pressure had a significant association with PA.

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Age at period cessation and trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors across mid and later life

Heart ◽

10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315754 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 106 (7) ◽

pp. 499-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Linda Marie O'Keeffe ◽

Diana Kuh ◽

Abigail Fraser ◽

Laura D Howe ◽

Debbie Lawlor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Later Life ◽

Glycated Haemoglobin ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

The Impact

ObjectiveTo examine the association between age at period cessation and trajectories of anthropometry, blood pressure, lipids and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) from midlife to age 69 years.MethodsWe used data from the UK Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development to examine the association between age at period cessation and trajectories of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) from 36 to 69 years and trajectories of triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and HbA1c from 53 to 69 years.ResultsWe found no evidence that age at period cessation was associated with trajectories of log triglyceride, LDL-C and HDL-C from 53 to 69 years and trajectories of SBP or DBP from 36 to 69 years, regardless of whether period cessation occurred naturally or due to hysterectomy. While we found some evidence of associations of age at period cessation with log BMI, log WC and log HbA1c, patterns were not consistent and differences were small at age 69 years, with confidence intervals that spanned the null value.ConclusionHow and when women experience period cessation is unlikely to adversely affect conventional cardiovascular risk factors across mid and later life. Women and clinicians concerned about the impact of type and timing of period cessation on conventional cardiovascular intermediates from midlife should be reassured that the impact over the long term is small.

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The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Polish Soldiers: The Results from the MIL-SCORE Program

Cardiology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2020/3973526 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Grzegorz Gielerak ◽

Paweł Krzesiński ◽

Katarzyna Piotrowicz ◽

Piotr Murawski ◽

Andrzej Skrobowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Pressure Control ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Risk Scores ◽

Cross Sectional

The MIL-SCORE (Equalization of Accessibility to Cardiology Prophylaxis and Care for Professional Soldiers) program was designed to assess the prevalence and management of cardiovascular risk factors in a population of Polish soldiers. We aimed to describe the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the MIL-SCORE population with respect to age. This observational cross-sectional study enrolled 6440 soldiers (97% male) who underwent a medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests to assess cardiovascular risk. Almost half of the recruited soldiers were past or current smokers (46%). A sedentary lifestyle was reported in almost one-third of those over 40 years of age. The prevalence of hypertension in a subgroup over 50 years of age was almost 45%. However, the percentage of unsatisfactory blood pressure control was higher among soldiers below 40 years of age. The prevalence of overweight and obese soldiers increased with age and reached 58% and 27%, respectively, in those over 50 years of age. Total cholesterol was increased in over one-half of subjects, and the prevalence of abnormal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was even higher (60%). Triglycerides were increased in 36% of soldiers, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hyperglycemia were reported in 13% and 16% of soldiers, respectively. In the >50 years of age subgroup, high and very high cardiovascular risk scores were observed in almost one-third of soldiers. The relative risk assessed in younger subgroups was moderate or high. The results from the MIL-SCORE program suggest that Polish soldiers have multiple cardiovascular risk factors and mirror trends seen in the general population. Preventive programs aimed at early cardiovascular risk assessment and modification are strongly needed in this population.

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Dietary diversity score and cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adults

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2005887 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 728-736 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

Leila Azadbakht ◽

Parvin Mirmiran ◽

Ahmad Esmaillzadeh ◽

Fereidoun Azizi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

AbstractAimTo evaluate the relationship between dietary diversity score (DDS) and cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adults.MethodsIn this population-based cross-sectional study, a representative sample of 581 subjects (295 males and 286 females) aged over 18 years, residents of Tehran, participated. Hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose concentration ≥ 126 mg dl−1or 2-h post challenge glucose concentration ≥ 200 mg dl−1. Hypertension was defined on the basis of the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Dietary diversity was defined according to the Diet Quality Index revised.ResultsMean (±standard deviation) DDS was 6.15 ± 1.02. The probability of having diabetes (odds ratio (OR) among quartiles: 1.45, 1.26, 1.11 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.04) and hypertriglyceridaemia (OR = 1.41, 1.23, 1.05 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.04) decreased with increasing quartile of the diversity score for whole grains. The probability of having obesity (OR among quartiles: 1.39, 1.06, 1.03 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.03), hypercholesterolaemia (OR = 1.46, 1.28, 1.11 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.03), hypertension (OR = 1.32, 1.17, 1.13 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.03) and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (OR = 1.25, 1.12, 1.07 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.04) decreased with increasing quartile of the diversity score for vegetables. The probability of having hypercholesterolaemia, high LDL-C, hypertension and diabetes decreased with quartile of the DDS. But the probability of being obese increased with quartile of the DDS (Pfor trend = 0.03).ConclusionDDS was inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors in this cross-sectional study. Increased diversity scores of diets, to increase the variety score for vegetables, may be emphasised in programmes attempting to bring about changes in lifestyle.

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High Occupational Physical Activity and cardiovascular risk factors in employees of Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas S.A. Company: a cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-35037/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Montse Gómez-Recasens ◽

Silvana Alfaro-Barrio ◽

Lucia Tarro ◽

Elisabet Llauradó ◽

Rosa Solà

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

High Intensity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Occupational Physical Activity ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract BackgroundThe impact of occupational physical activity (OPA) intensity, considering adults work many hours a day, on health is unknown. The present study aims to evaluate the association between the high intensity of OPA and cardiovascular risk factors of employees.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in the “Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas S.A. Company” (FCC S.A. Delegation) in 2017, Spain. The intensity of OPA of each employee was classified by work categories in low (≤ 3 METs) or high (> 3 METs). Health and lifestyle data of employees were collected on medical consultation in the workplace.ResultsAssociations were analyzed between the high intensity of OPA and cardiovascular risk factors of employees. 751 employees, 55.5% (n = 417) with high intensity of OPA. An 82.2% (n = 245) of employees with low intensity of OPA presented overweight/obesity compared with 69.0% (n = 171) with high intensity of OPA employees (p < 0.001). In men, high intensity of OPA is negatively associated with Body Mass Index (BMI) (B: -0.042, p = 0.003), waist circumference (B: -0.027, p < 0.001) waist-hip ratio (B: -5.484, p < 0.001), cholesterol (B: -0.007, p = 0.001) and triglycerides (B= -0.003, p = 0.025). In women, high intensity of OPA was positively associated with blood pressure (BP) (systolic BP: B = 0.036, p = 0.005 and diastolic BP: B = 0.040, p = 0.021).ConclusionsIn conclusion, the high intensity of OPA is associated with less cardiovascular risk factors in men, whereas women are associated with high levels of blood pressure, suggesting an influence of gender and work categories.

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The Association Between High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level and Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients Referring to the Heart Clinic of Birjand, Iran, During 2016 - 2017

Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.5812/zjrms.100621 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Bita Bijari ◽

Toba Kazemi ◽

Adib Movahedi ◽

Mahmoud Zardast ◽

Reyhane Hoshyar

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

High Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Cholesterol Level ◽

High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol

Background: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as an invaluable predictor is used to determine the risk of heart diseases and evaluate the effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapies. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between HDL cholesterol level and some cardiovascular risk factors in the patients referring to the Heart Clinic of Birjand, Iran, during 2016 - 2017. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 410 patients referring to the Heart Clinic of Birjand, Iran, during 2016 - 2017 were selected. Then using a questionnaire, complete demographic and biochemical data were collected and statistically analyzed for assessing the effects of some lifestyle factors such as the diet and physical activity on the serum level of HDL. Finally, all the results were analyzed by SPSS software (version 15). Results: In our study, the majority of dyslipidemic people had low levels of HDL (58.8%). Most of the participants were in a poor health condition according to BMI and physical activity, in a moderate health status in terms of smoking and cholesterol and fasting blood glucose (FBS) levels, and finally in the ideal health group in terms of the diet and blood pressure. The HDL level was significantly associated with physical activity, FBS, BMI, and blood pressure (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Considering the association between persistent cardiovascular risk factors and HDL cholesterol level, encouraging people to adopt a healthy lifestyle can help prevent cardiac diseases.

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Relationship of Circulating Endothelial Cells With Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.120.018092 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Erica G. Soltero ◽

Anna N. Solovey ◽

Robert P. Hebbel ◽

Elise F. Palzer ◽

Justin R. Ryder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Endothelial Cells ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Severe Obesity ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Circulating Endothelial Cells

Background Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) reflect early changes in endothelial health; however, the degree to which CEC number and activation is related to adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in youth is not well described. Methods and Results Youth in this study (N=271; aged 8–20 years) were classified into normal weight (body mass index [BMI] percentage <85th; n=114), obesity (BMI percentage ≥95th to <120% of the 95th; n=63), and severe obesity (BMI percentage ≥120% of the 95th; n=94) catagories. CEC enumeration was determined using immunohistochemical examination of buffy coat smears and activated CEC (percentage of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 expression) was assessed using immunofluorescent staining. Cardiovascular risk factors included measures of body composition, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, lipid profile, C‐reactive protein, leptin, adiponectin, oxidized low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, carotid artery intima–media thickness, and pulse wave velocity. Linear regression models examined associations between CEC number and activation with BMI and cardiovascular risk factors. CEC number did not differ among BMI classes ( P >0.05). Youth with severe obesity had a higher degree of CEC activation compared with normal weight youth (8.3%; 95% CI, 1.1–15.6 [ P =0.024]). Higher CEC number was associated with greater body fat percentage (0.02 per percentage; 95% CI, 0.00–0.03 [ P =0.020]) and systolic blood pressure percentile (0.01 per percentage; 95% CI, 0.00–0.01 [ P =0.035]). Higher degree of CEC activation was associated with greater visceral adipose tissue (5.7% per kg; 95% CI, 0.4–10.9 [ P =0.034]) and non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.11% per mg/dL; 95% CI, 0.01–0.21 [ P =0.039]). Conclusions Methods of CEC quantification are associated with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors and may potentially reflect accelerated atherosclerosis as early as childhood.

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