Associative and Dissociative Cognitive Strategies in Exercise and Running: 20 Years Later, What Do We Know?

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin S. Masters ◽  
Benjamin M. Ogles
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Exercise Adherence ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Design Issues ◽  
Multiple Measurement ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Research Recommendations

Association and dissociation (A/D) have been identified as important cognitive strategies in the literature on running and exercise. This paper is a comprehensive review of the 20 years of research in the area. Specific topics addressed include historical context, definition and terminology considerations, measurement and design issues, and findings as they pertain to performance, injury, and pain. Several research recommendations are made including change from using the term dissociation, use of multiple measurement methods, diversity of research designs, and study of topics, such as injury, exercise adherence, and emotionality, as they relate to A/D. Finally, practical findings indicate that association relates to faster performance, dissociation relates to lower perceived exertion and possibly greater endurance, and dissociation is not related to injury but association may be.

The Historical Background: Molecular Theory as of 1900

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-87
Author(s):  
George E. Smith ◽  
Raghav Seth
Keyword(s):  
Physical Chemistry ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Kinetic Theory ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Molecular Theory ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Kinetic Theory Of Gases ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Molecular Kinetic Theory ◽  
Wilhelm Ostwald

The task of this chapter is to explain the sense in which molecular theory—both molecular-kinetic theory and chemical-molecular theory—were still viewed as hypotheses as of 1900 and why the evidence bearing on them during the second half of the nineteenth century was insufficient for them to have achieved standing beyond this. The chapter reviews the strengths and limitations of the evidence in question, taking advantage of two widely read textbooks in physical chemistry published in the 1890s by Wilhelm Ostwald and Walther Nernst and a uniquely comprehensive review of the evidence pertaining to the kinetic theory of gases, by O. E. Meyer, published in 1899. This background defines the historical context within physics and chemistry for the developments covered in the remainder of the monograph.

scholarly journals A dataset of tree heights in mangrove and non-mangrove trees in Malaysia derived from multiple measurement methods

Data in Brief ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 106386
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Sunkanmi Saliu ◽  
Giovanna Wolswijk ◽  
Behara Satyanarayana ◽  
Muhammad Amir Bin Fisol ◽  
Charles Decannière ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Multiple Measurement ◽  
Mangrove Trees

Predicting Long-term Adherence to Aerobic Exercise: A Comparison of Two Models

1991 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne W. Garcia ◽  
Abby C. King
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive Theory ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Exercise Adherence ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Predictors Of Adherence

To enhance our understanding of exercise adherence, predictors of adherence based on social-cognitive theory were compared with those derived from a trait approach. A community-based sample of older, sedentary men and women was administered the Self-Motivation Inventory and a self-efficacy questionnaire. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three exercise regimens or to an assessment-only control condition for the following year. The subjects in the exercise conditions recorded each bout of exercise and rated the experience in terms of perceived exertion, enjoyment, and convenience (PEEC) on monthly logs. Based on social-cognitive theory, it was postulated that self-efficacy and certain aspects of the exercise bout itself, such as PEEC, would influence exercise adherence more than the general trait of self-motivation. Self-efficacy was significantly associated with exercise adherence at both 6 months and 1 year (rs = .42 and .44, respectively); self-motivation was not. Contrary to expectations, the PEEC components measured during the first 6 months did not make a significant contribution to the variance in adherence during the second 6 months.

Can Associative and Dissociative Strategies Affect the Swimming Performance of Recreational Swimmers?

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger T. Couture ◽  
Wendy Jerome ◽  
Jeno Tihanyi
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Test ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Cognitive Strategy ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swim Performance ◽  
Associative Strategy ◽  
Performance Times

This study examined the effects of association and both internal and external dissociation on the performance, perceived fatigue, and rate of exertion of recreational swimmers during two swimming trials. Before the first swim, 69 participants completed a self-report questionnaire. After the first swim, participants were assigned to one of four groups equated with swim performance times: control, associative, internal dissociative, and external dissociative groups. After completing both the first and second swims, participants completed the Rate of Perceived Exertion, Perceived Fatigue Test, and Subjective Appraisal of Cognitive Strategies. Results showed that the group assigned to the associative strategy swam significantly faster (p < .05) than the control group. No changes were found in perceived fatigue and perceived rating of exertion among the groups between the first and second swim. These findings support the position that associative thinking is an important cognitive strategy in timed performances.

scholarly journals The effect of running versus cycling high-intensity intermittent exercise on local tissue oxygenation and perceived enjoyment in 18–30-year-old sedentary men

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Kriel ◽  
Christopher D. Askew ◽  
Colin Solomon
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Exercise Adherence ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
The Right

BackgroundHigh-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been proposed as a time-efficient exercise format to improve exercise adherence, thereby targeting the chronic disease burden associated with sedentary behaviour. Exercise mode (cycling, running), if self-selected, will likely affect the physiological and enjoyment responses to HIIT in sedentary individuals. Differences in physiological and enjoyment responses, associated with the mode of exercise, could potentially influence the uptake and continued adherence to HIIT. It was hypothesised that in young sedentary men, local and systemic oxygen utilisation and enjoyment would be higher during a session of running HIIT, compared to a session of cycling HIIT.MethodsA total of 12 sedentary men (mean ± SD; age 24 ± 3 years) completed three exercise sessions: a maximal incremental exercise test on a treadmill (MAX) followed by two experiment conditions, (1) free-paced cycling HIIT on a bicycle ergometer (HIITCYC) and (2) constant-paced running HIIT on a treadmill ergometer (HIITRUN). Deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb) in the gastrocnemius (GN), the left vastus lateralis (LVL) and the right vastus lateralis (RVL) muscles, oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and physical activity enjoyment (PACES) were measured during HIITCYC and HIITRUN.ResultsThere was a higher HHb in the LVL (p= 0.001) and RVL (p= 0.002) sites and a higher VO2(p= 0.017) and HR (p< 0.001) during HIITCYC, compared to HIITRUN. RPE was higher (p< 0.001) and PACES lower (p= 0.032) during HIITCYC compared to HIITRUN.DiscussionIn sedentary individuals, free-paced cycling HIIT produces higher levels of physiological stress when compared to constant-paced running HIIT. Participants perceived running HIIT to be more enjoyable than cycling HIIT. These findings have implications for selection of mode of HIIT for physical stress, exercise enjoyment and compliance.

scholarly journals Impact of Exercise-induced Dehydration on Perceived Exertion During Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A Deshayes ◽  
Timothee Pancrate ◽  
Eric DB Goulet
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Exercise Adherence ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
The Impact

Understanding the impact of stressors on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is relevant from a performance and exercise adherence/participation standpoint. Athletes and recreationally active individuals dehydrate during exercise. No attempt has been made to systematically determine the impact of exercise-induced dehydration (EID) on RPE. The present meta-analysis aimed to determine the effect of EID on RPE during endurance exercise and examine the moderating effect of potential confounders using a meta-analytical approach. Data analyses were performed on raw RPE values using random-effects models weighted mean effect summaries and meta-regressions with robust standard errors, and with a practical meaningful effect set at 1 point difference between euhydration (EUH) and EID. Only controlled crossover studies measuring RPE with a Borg scale in healthy adults performing ≥ 30 min of continuous endurance exercise while dehydrating or drinking to maintain EUH were included. Sixteen studies were included, representing 147 individuals. Mean body mass loss with EUH was 0.5 ± 0.4%, compared to 2.3 ± 0.5% with EID (range 1.7 to 3.1%). Within an EID of 0.5 to 3% body mass, a maximum difference in RPE of 0.81 points (95% CI: 0.36-1.27) was observed between conditions. A meta-regression revealed that RPE increases by 0.21 points for each 1% increase in EID (95% CI: 0.12-0.31). Humidity, ambient temperature and aerobic capacity did not alter the relationship between EID and RPE. Therefore, the effect of EID on RPE is unlikely to be practically meaningful until a body mass loss of at least 3%.

Research Design Issues in the Evaluation of Programs for the Gifted: A Case Study

1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilynn J. Kulieke
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Summer Program ◽  
Design Issues ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Gifted Learners ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Northwestern University ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Program Effects

A rationale for the use of better research designs in the evaluation of programs for the gifted learner is outlined. Some definitions of research designs are presented along with the results of an evaluation of a summer program for gifted learners at Northwestern University. The differential role that research design plays in the evaluation of student proficiency, course products, and attitudes is examined through the use of a case study approach. The case study demonstrates how using a research design can provide information that permits an evaluator to make more interpretable inferences about program effects.

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