scholarly journals Navigating cognition: Spatial codes for human thinking

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 362 (6415) ◽  
pp. eaat6766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob L. S. Bellmund ◽  
Peter Gärdenfors ◽  
Edvard I. Moser ◽  
Christian F. Doeller
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Dynamic Mapping ◽  
Mapping System ◽  
Representational Format ◽  
Orthogonal Representations ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
And Behavior

The hippocampal formation has long been suggested to underlie both memory formation and spatial navigation. We discuss how neural mechanisms identified in spatial navigation research operate across information domains to support a wide spectrum of cognitive functions. In our framework, place and grid cell population codes provide a representational format to map variable dimensions of cognitive spaces. This highly dynamic mapping system enables rapid reorganization of codes through remapping between orthogonal representations across behavioral contexts, yielding a multitude of stable cognitive spaces at different resolutions and hierarchical levels. Action sequences result in trajectories through cognitive space, which can be simulated via sequential coding in the hippocampus. In this way, the spatial representational format of the hippocampal formation has the capacity to support flexible cognition and behavior.

scholarly journals Road Dynamic Object Mapping System Based on Edge-Fog-Cloud Computing

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 2825
Author(s):  
Sooyeon Shin ◽  
Jungseok Kim ◽  
Changjoo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Safe Driving ◽  
The Road ◽  
Dynamic Mapping ◽  
Mapping System ◽  
Roadside Unit ◽  
On The Road

Dynamic objects appearing on the road without notice can cause serious accidents. However, the detection ranges of roadside unit and CCTV that collect current road information are very limited. Moreover, there are a lack of systems for managing the collected information. In this study, a dynamic mapping system was implemented using a connected car that collected road environments data continuously. Additionally, edge-fog-cloud computing was applied to efficiently process large amounts of road data. For accurate dynamic mapping, the following steps are proposed: first, the classification and 3D position of road objects are estimated through a stereo camera and GPS data processing, and the coordinates of objects are mapped to a preset grid cell. Second, object information is transmitted in real time to a constructed big data processing platform. Subsequently, the collected information is compared with the grid information of an existing map, and the map is updated. As a result, an accurate dynamic map is created and maintained. In addition, this study verifies that maps can be shared in real time with IoT devices in various network environments, and this can support a safe driving milieu.

scholarly journals Modulation of human intracranial theta oscillations during freely moving spatial navigation and memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra M. Aghajan ◽  
Diane Villaroman ◽  
Sonja Hiller ◽  
Tyler J. Wishard ◽  
Uros Topalovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Theta Oscillations ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Freely Moving

SummaryHow the human brain supports accurate navigation of a learned environment has been an active topic of research for nearly a century1–5. In rodents, the theta rhythm within the medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been proposed as a neural basis for fragmenting incoming information and temporally organizing experiences and is thus widely implicated in spatial and episodic memory6. In addition, high-frequency theta (~8Hz) is associated with navigation, and loss of theta results in spatial memory deficits in rats 7. Recently, high-frequency theta oscillations during ambulatory movement have been identified in humans8,9, though their relationship to spatial memory remains unexplored. Here, we were able to record MTL activity during spatial memory and navigation in freely moving humans immersed in a room-scale virtual reality (VR) environment. Naturalistic movements were captured using motion tracking combined with wireless VR in participants implanted with an intracranial electroencephalographic (iEEG) recording system for the treatment of epilepsy. We found that prevalence of theta oscillations across brain sites during both learning and recall of spatial locations during ambulatory navigation is critically linked to memory performance. This finding supports the reinstatement hypothesis of episodic memory—thought to underlie our ability to recreate a prior experience10–12—and suggests that theta prevalence within the MTL may act as a potential representational state for memory reinstatement during spatial navigation. Additionally, we found that theta power is hexadirectionally modulated13–15 as a function of the direction of physical movement, most prominently after learning has occurred. This effect bears a resemblance to the rodent grid cell system16 and suggests an analog in human navigation. Taken together, our results provide the first characterization of neural oscillations in the human MTL during ambulatory spatial memory tasks and provide a platform for future investigations of neural mechanisms underlying freely moving navigation in humans.

scholarly journals Developing fit-for-purpose self-report instruments for assessing consumer responses to tobacco and nicotine products: the ABOUT™ Toolbox initiative

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Chrea ◽  
Catherine Acquadro ◽  
Esther F. Afolalu ◽  
Erica Spies ◽  
Thomas Salzberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Medical Product ◽  
Consumer Perception ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Background. Determining the public health impact of tobacco harm reduction strategies requires the assessment of consumer perception and behavior associated with tobacco and nicotine products (TNPs) with different exposure and risk profiles. In this context, rigorous methods to develop and validate psychometrically sound self-report instruments to measure consumers’ responses to TNPs are needed. Methods. Consistent with best practice guidelines, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s “Guidance for Industry Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: Use in Medical Product Development to Support Labeling Claims,” scientifically designed, fit-for-purpose, reliable, and valid instruments are now being applied to tobacco regulatory research. Results. This brief report presents the ABOUT™ Toolbox (Assessment of Behavioral OUtcomes related to Tobacco and nicotine products) initiative. This communication: (1) describes the methodological steps followed for the development and validation of the measurement instruments included in the ABOUT™ Toolbox, (2) presents a summary of the high-priority tobacco-related domains that are currently covered in the ABOUT™ Toolbox (i.e., risk perception, dependence, product experience, health and functioning, and use history), and (3) details how the measurement instruments are made accessible to the scientific community. Conclusions. By making the ABOUT™ Toolbox available to the tobacco research and public health community, we envision a rapidly expanding knowledge base, with the goals of (1) supporting consumer perception and behavior research to allow comparisons across a wide spectrum of TNPs, (2) enabling public health and regulatory communities to make better-informed decisions for future regulation of TNPs, and (3) enhancing surveillance activities associated with the impact of TNPs on population health.

Modeling goal-directed spatial navigation in the rat based on physiological data from the hippocampal formation

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 577-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randal A Koene ◽  
Anatoli Gorchetchnikov ◽  
Robert C Cannon ◽  
Michael E Hasselmo
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Physiological Data

scholarly journals Spatial Navigation: Implications for Animal Models, Drug Development and Human Studies

2014 ◽  
pp. S237-S249 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. STUCHLIK ◽  
S. KUBIK ◽  
K. VLCEK ◽  
K. VALES
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Natural Settings ◽  
And Behavior

Spatial navigation and memory is considered to be a part of the declarative memory system and it is widely used as an animal model of human declarative memory. However, spatial tests typically involve only static settings, despite the dynamic nature of the real world. Animals, as well as people constantly need to interact with moving objects, other subjects or even with entire moving environments (flowing water, running stairway). Therefore, we design novel spatial tests in dynamic environments to study brain mechanisms of spatial processing in more natural settings with an interdisciplinary approach including neuropharmacology. We also translate data from neuropharmacological studies and animal models into development of novel therapeutic approaches to neuropsychiatric disorders and more sensitive screening tests for impairments of memory, thought, and behavior.

scholarly journals Animal-oriented Virtual Environments: illusion, dilation, and discovery

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradly Alicea
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Sensorimotor Integration ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Time Dilation ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Dilate Space

As a research tool, virtual environments hold immense promise for brain scientists. Yet to fully realize this potential in non-human systems, theoretical and conceptual perspectives must be developed. When selectively coupled to nervous systems, virtual environments can help us better understand the functional architecture of animals brains during naturalistic behaviors. While this will no doubt allow us to further our understanding of the neural bases of behavior, there is also an opportunity to uncover the diversity inherent in brain activity and behavior. This is due to two properties of virtual environments: the ability to create sensory illusions, and the ability to dilate space and/or time. These issues will be presented in the context of three types of neurobehavioral phenomena: sensorimotor integration, spatial navigation, and interactivity. For each of these behaviors, a combination of illusory and time dilation examples will be reviewed. Once these applications have been reviewed, implications for improving upon virtual models for inducing the mental phenomena of illusion and time dilation will be considered. To conclude, future directions for this research area will be presented, particularly with relevance to gene-environment interactions.

scholarly journals Egocentric Asymmetric Coding in Sensory Cortical Border Cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyang Long ◽  
Bin Deng ◽  
Jing Cai ◽  
Zhe Sage Chen ◽  
Sheng-Jia Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frames ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
List Type ◽  
Border Cells ◽  
Spatial Coding ◽  
Egocentric Reference Frame ◽  
Border Cell ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
Representations Of Space

ABSTRACTBoth egocentric and allocentric representations of space are essential to spatial navigation. Although some studies of egocentric coding have been conducted within and around the hippocampal formation, externally anchored egocentric spatial representations have not yet been fully explored. Here we record and identify two subtypes of border cell in the rat primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and secondary visual cortex (V2). Subpopulations of S1 and V2 border cells exhibit rotation-selective asymmetric firing fields in an either clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW) manner. CW- and CCW-border cells increase their firing rates when animals move unidirectionally along environmental border(s). We demonstrate that both CW- and CCW-border cells fire in an egocentric reference frame relative to environmental borders, maintain preferred directional tunings in rotated, stretched, dark as well as novel arenas, and switch their directional firings in the presence of multi-layer concentric enclosures. These findings may provide rotation-selective egocentric reference frames within a larger spatial navigation system, and point to a common computational principle of spatial coding shared by multiple sensory cortical areas.HighlightsEgocentric border cells are present in rat S1 and V2Subtypes of border cells display egocentric asymmetric codingEgocentric and allocentric streams coexist in sensory corticesRotation-selective asymmetric firing is robust with environmental manipulations

scholarly journals Views on environment in biocognitive studies of language (Linguo-philosophical analysis)

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-125
Author(s):  
Elena A. Makarova
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Behavior

A human being, as a biological species with language ability, and the environment are in constant interactions and function as a unity. Interactions determine human thinking and behavior as well as changes in the environment. However, the methodology of researching dynamic processes of cognition has not yet been developed, directions of its practical applications haven’t been clearly defined. The paper deals with the views of biologically oriented scientists on a triad MAN-LANGUAGE-ENVIRONMENT and lexical semantic analysis of the word environment in the Russian language. The received data is analyzed and generalized; its practical application is discussed. The key aspects of the environment related to human being/observer activity are the niche as perceptual medium of the observer, a human as biological-cultural being, language activity and signs determined by experience, a need as a specific state of the observer willing to act. The biocognitive approach to the investigation of environment allows us to identify interrelations among environment, language and a human being in theory and in practice. Having recognized the linguistic status of the concept environment, we will be able to expand the fund of knowledge about a human being and significantly advance in the development of the methodology of language as a biocognitive phenomenon.

The hippocampal formation as a hierarchical generative model supporting generative replay and continual learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivilin Stoianov ◽  
Domenico Maisto ◽  
Giovanni Pezzulo
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Generative Model ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Computational Theory ◽  
The Third ◽  
Spatial Maps ◽  
Continual Learning

AbstractWe advance a novel computational theory of the hippocampal formation as a hierarchical generative model that organizes sequential experiences, such as rodent trajectories during spatial navigation, into coherent spatiotemporal contexts. We propose that to make this possible, the hippocampal generative model is endowed with strong inductive biases to pattern-separate individual items of experience (at the first hierarchical layer), organize them into sequences (at the second layer) and then cluster them into maps (at the third layer). This theory entails a novel characterization of hippocampal reactivations as generative replay: the offline resampling of fictive sequences from the generative model, which supports the continual learning of multiple sequential experiences. Our experiments show that the hierarchical model using generative replay is able to learn and retain efficiently multiple spatial navigation trajectories, organizing them into separate spatial maps. Furthermore, it reproduces flexible and prospective aspects of hippocampal dynamics that have been challenging to explain within existing frameworks. This theory reconciles multiple roles of the hippocampal formation in map-based navigation, episodic memory and imagination.

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