Three-Dimensional Organization of the Bacterial Ribosome and Its Subunits: Transition from Low-Resolution Models to High-Resolution Structures

The Ribosome ◽  
2014 ◽  
pp. 151-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Brimacombe ◽  
Barbara Greuer ◽  
Florian Mueller ◽  
Monika Osswald ◽  
Jutta Rinke-Appel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Bacterial Ribosome

Freeze-etching studies on muscle

1971 ◽  
Vol 261 (837) ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Three Dimensional Structure ◽  
Membrane Particles ◽  
New Information ◽  
Biological Interest ◽  
Freeze Etching

The technique of freeze-etching is illustrated with reference to striated muscle. Besides features of immediate biological interest, the material demonstrates various ways in which the process may be used in general to yield new information. These fall broadly into two classes: ( a ) qualitative: visualizing structures not readily seen by other methods, for example, general three-dimensional structure (low resolution) and membrane particles (high resolution); ( b ) quantitative, for example, the distribution of membrane features over extensive uneven surfaces (low and high resolution).

ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS USING DECOMPOSABLE NONLINEAR GENERATIVE MODELS

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (05) ◽  
pp. 1456009
Author(s):  
CHAN-SU LEE ◽  
DIMITRIS SAMARAS
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Generative Model ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Facial Motion ◽  
Manifold Embedding

Facial expressions convey personal characteristics and subtle emotional states. This paper presents a new framework for modeling subtle facial motions of different people with different types of expressions from high-resolution facial expression tracking data to synthesize new stylized subtle facial expressions. A conceptual facial motion manifold is used for a unified representation of facial motion dynamics from three-dimensional (3D) high-resolution facial motions as well as from two-dimensional (2D) low-resolution facial motions. Variant subtle facial motions in different people with different expressions are modeled by nonlinear mappings from the embedded conceptual manifold to input facial motions using empirical kernel maps. We represent facial expressions by a factorized nonlinear generative model, which decomposes expression style factors and expression type factors from different people with multiple expressions. We also provide a mechanism to control the high-resolution facial motion model from low-resolution facial video sequence tracking and analysis. Using the decomposable generative model with a common motion manifold embedding, we can estimate parameters to control 3D high resolution facial expressions from 2D tracking results, which allows performance-driven control of high-resolution facial expressions.

scholarly journals Super-Resolution Enhancement Method Based on Generative Adversarial Network for Integral Imaging Microscopy

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2164
Author(s):  
Md. Shahinur Alam ◽  
Ki-Chul Kwon ◽  
Munkh-Uchral Erdenebat ◽  
Mohammed Y. Abbass ◽  
Md. Ashraful Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Resolution Enhancement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Input Image ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
Microscopic Object ◽  
Integral Imaging ◽  
Adversarial Network

The integral imaging microscopy system provides a three-dimensional visualization of a microscopic object. However, it has a low-resolution problem due to the fundamental limitation of the F-number (the aperture stops) by using micro lens array (MLA) and a poor illumination environment. In this paper, a generative adversarial network (GAN)-based super-resolution algorithm is proposed to enhance the resolution where the directional view image is directly fed as input. In a GAN network, the generator regresses the high-resolution output from the low-resolution input image, whereas the discriminator distinguishes between the original and generated image. In the generator part, we use consecutive residual blocks with the content loss to retrieve the photo-realistic original image. It can restore the edges and enhance the resolution by ×2, ×4, and even ×8 times without seriously hampering the image quality. The model is tested with a variety of low-resolution microscopic sample images and successfully generates high-resolution directional view images with better illumination. The quantitative analysis shows that the proposed model performs better for microscopic images than the existing algorithms.

scholarly journals Binary defocusing technique based on complementary decoding with unconstrained dual projectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuexing Li ◽  
Wenhui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Fusion Technique ◽  
Space Time Coding ◽  
Depth Extraction ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
3D Scene ◽  
Binary Defocusing

AbstractBinary defocusing technique can effectively break the limitation of hardware speed, which has been widely used in the real-time three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. In addition, fusion technique can reduce captured images count for a 3D scene, which helps to improve real-time performance. Unfortunately, it is difficult for binary defocusing technique and fusion technique working simultaneously. To this end, our research established a novel system framework consisting of dual projectors and a camera, where the position and posture of the dual projectors are not strictly required. And, the dual projectors can adjust defocusing level independently. Based on this, this paper proposed a complementary decoding method with unconstrained dual projectors. The core idea is that low-resolution information is employed for high-resolution phase unwrapping. For this purpose, we developed the low-resolution depth extraction strategy based on periodic space-time coding patterns and the method from the low-resolution order to high-resolution order of fringe. Finally, experimental results demonstrated the performance of our proposed method, and the proposed method only requires three images for a 3D scene, as well as has strong robustness, expansibility, and implementation.

scholarly journals Biophysical Characterisation of Human LincRNA-p21 Sense and Antisense Alu Inverted Repeats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. D’Souza ◽  
Tyler Mrozowich ◽  
Maulik D. Badmalia ◽  
Mitchell Geeraert ◽  
Angela Frederickson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Tertiary Structure ◽  
Analytical Ultracentrifugation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Inverted Repeats ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Low Resolution

AbstractHuman Long Intergenic Noncoding RNA-p21 (LincRNA-p21) is a regulatory noncoding RNA that plays an important role in promoting apoptosis. LincRNA-p21 is also critical in down-regulating many p53 target genes through its interaction with a p53 repressive complex. The interaction between LincRNA-p21 and the repressive complex is likely dependent on the RNA tertiary structure. Previous studies have determined the two-dimensional secondary structures of the sense and antisense human LincRNA-p21 AluSx1 IRs using SHAPE. However, there were no insights into its three-dimensional structure. Therefore, we in vitro transcribed the sense and antisense regions of LincRNA-p21 AluSx1 Inverted Repeats (IRs) and performed analytical ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, light scattering, and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies. Based on these studies, we determined low-resolution, three-dimensional structures of sense and antisense LincRNA-p21. By adapting previously known two-dimensional information, we calculated their sense and antisense high-resolution models and determined that they agree with the low-resolution structures determined using SAXS. Thus, our integrated approach provides insights into the structure of LincRNA-p21 Alu IRs. Our study also offers a viable pipeline for combining the secondary structure information with biophysical and computational studies to obtain high-resolution atomistic models for long noncoding RNAs.

scholarly journals Survey Solutions for 3D Acquisition and Representation of Artificial and Natural Caves

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6482
Author(s):  
Daniele Giordan ◽  
Danilo Godone ◽  
Marco Baldo ◽  
Marco Piras ◽  
Nives Grasso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Structure From Motion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Photo Camera ◽  
3D Acquisition ◽  
Definition Of

A three-dimensional survey of natural caves is often a difficult task due to the roughness of the investigated area and the problems of accessibility. Traditional adopted techniques allow a simplified acquisition of the topography of caves characterized by an oversimplification of the geometry. Nowadays, the advent of LiDAR and Structure from Motion applications eased three-dimensional surveys in different environments. In this paper, we present a comparison between other three-dimensional survey systems, namely a Terrestrial Laser Scanner, a SLAM-based portable instrument, and a commercial photo camera, to test their possible deployment in natural caves survey. We presented a comparative test carried out in a tunnel stretch to calibrate the instrumentation on a benchmark site. The choice of the site is motivated by its regular geometry and easy accessibility. According to the result obtained in the calibration site, we presented a methodology, based on the Structure from Motion approach that resulted in the best compromise among accuracy, feasibility, and cost-effectiveness, that could be adopted for the three-dimensional survey of complex natural caves using a sequence of images and the structure from motion algorithm. The methods consider two different approaches to obtain a low resolution complete three-dimensional model of the cave and ultra-detailed models of most peculiar cave morphological elements. The proposed system was tested in the Gazzano Cave (Piemonte region, Northwestern Italy). The obtained result is a three-dimensional model of the cave at low resolution due to the site’s extension and the remarkable amount of data. Additionally, a peculiar speleothem, i.e., a stalagmite, in the cave was surveyed at high resolution to test the proposed high-resolution approach on a single object. The benchmark and the cave trials allowed a better definition of the instrumentation choice for underground surveys regarding accuracy and feasibility.

scholarly journals Textured Mesh Generation Using Multi-View and Multi-Source Supervision and Generative Adversarial Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 4254
Author(s):  
Mingyun Wen ◽  
Jisun Park ◽  
Kyungeun Cho
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Input Image ◽  
Generative Adversarial Networks ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Mesh Reconstruction ◽  
Texture Reconstruction

This study focuses on reconstructing accurate meshes with high-resolution textures from single images. The reconstruction process involves two networks: a mesh-reconstruction network and a texture-reconstruction network. The mesh-reconstruction network estimates a deformation map, which is used to deform a template mesh to the shape of the target object in the input image, and a low-resolution texture. We propose reconstructing a mesh with a high-resolution texture by enhancing the low-resolution texture through use of the super-resolution method. The architecture of the texture-reconstruction network is like that of a generative adversarial network comprising a generator and a discriminator. During the training of the texture-reconstruction network, the discriminator must focus on learning high-quality texture predictions and to ignore the difference between the generated mesh and the actual mesh. To achieve this objective, we used meshes reconstructed using the mesh-reconstruction network and textures generated through inverse rendering to generate pseudo-ground-truth images. We conducted experiments using the 3D-Future dataset, and the results prove that our proposed approach can be used to generate improved three-dimensional (3D) textured meshes compared to existing methods, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Additionally, through our proposed approach, the texture of the output image is significantly improved.

High Resolution Microscopy of Multi-Layered Biological Crystals

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
H.A. Cohen ◽  
T.W. Jeng ◽  
W. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Biological Objects ◽  
Density Maps ◽  
Density Map ◽  
Complex Crystal ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy

This tutorial will discuss the methodology of low dose electron diffraction and imaging of crystalline biological objects, the problems of data interpretation for two-dimensional projected density maps of glucose embedded protein crystals, the factors to be considered in combining tilt data from three-dimensional crystals, and finally, the prospects of achieving a high resolution three-dimensional density map of a biological crystal. This methodology will be illustrated using two proteins under investigation in our laboratory, the T4 DNA helix destabilizing protein gp32*I and the crotoxin complex crystal.

Electron crystallographic determination of the 3-D structure of staurolite at atomic resolution

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 540-541
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Downing ◽  
Hu Meisheng ◽  
Hans-Rudolf Went ◽  
Michael A. O'Keefe
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Resolution ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Scattering Effects ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Effects Of Radiation

With current advances in electron microscope design, high resolution electron microscopy has become routine, and point resolutions of better than 2Å have been obtained in images of many inorganic crystals. Although this resolution is sufficient to resolve interatomic spacings, interpretation generally requires comparison of experimental images with calculations. Since the images are two-dimensional representations of projections of the full three-dimensional structure, information is invariably lost in the overlapping images of atoms at various heights. The technique of electron crystallography, in which information from several views of a crystal is combined, has been developed to obtain three-dimensional information on proteins. The resolution in images of proteins is severely limited by effects of radiation damage. In principle, atomic-resolution, 3D reconstructions should be obtainable from specimens that are resistant to damage. The most serious problem would appear to be in obtaining high-resolution images from areas that are thin enough that dynamical scattering effects can be ignored.

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