scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of B-Lock against Bacterial and Candida spp. Causing Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 4430-4431 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Ghannoum ◽  
N. Isham ◽  
M. R. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Triple Combination ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Lock Solution ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Intravascular Catheters

ABSTRACTThe triple combination trimethoprim, EDTA, and ethanol (B-Lock), is an antimicrobial lock solution for use in indwelling intravascular catheters to prevent and treat catheter-associated infections. B-Lock demonstrated MICs of ≤0.05% (percentage of solution) againstCandidaspp. (n= 125) and 0.003% to 25% against bacterial strains (n= 175). B-Lock was also fungicidal against the majority of theCandidastrains at 6% to 25%. B-Lock demonstrates potential value for the prevention and treatment of catheter-associated infections.

scholarly journals Minocycline-EDTA-Ethanol Antimicrobial Catheter Lock Solution Is Highly Effective In Vitro for Eradication of Candida auris Biofilms

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth A. Reitzel ◽  
Joel Rosenblatt ◽  
Bahgat Z. Gerges ◽  
Nylev Vargas-Cruz ◽  
Issam I. Raad
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Emerging Pathogen ◽  
Candida Auris ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lock Solution ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Catheter Lock

ABSTRACT Candida auris is an emerging pathogen that can cause virulent central-line-associated bloodstream infections. Catheter salvage through the eradication of biofilms is a desirable therapeutic option. We compared taurolidine and minocycline-EDTA-ethanol (MEE) catheter lock solutions in vitro for the eradication of biofilms of 10 C. auris strains. MEE fully eradicated all C. auris biofilms, while taurolidine lock partially eradicated all of the C. auris biofilms. The superiority was significant for all C. auris strains tested (P = 0.002).

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of a Novel Catheter Lock Solution against Bacterial and Fungal Biofilms

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chandra ◽  
L. Long ◽  
N. Isham ◽  
P. K. Mukherjee ◽  
G. DiSciullo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lock Solution ◽  
Catheter Lock ◽  
Adhesion Phase

ABSTRACT Central-line-associated bloodstream infections are increasingly recognized to be associated with intraluminal microbial biofilms, and effective measures for the prevention and treatment of bloodstream infections remain lacking. This report evaluates a new commercially developed antimicrobial catheter lock solution (ACL), containing trimethoprim (5 mg/ml), ethanol (25%), and calcium EDTA (Ca-EDTA) (3%), for activity against bacterial and fungal biofilms, using in vitro and in vivo (rabbit) catheter biofilm models. Biofilms were formed by bacterial (seven different species, including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus [VRE]) or fungal (Candida albicans) species on catheter materials. Biofilm formation was evaluated by quantitative culture (CFU) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Treatment with ACL inhibited the growth of adhesion-phase biofilms in vitro after 60 min (VRE) or 15 min (all others), while mature biofilms were completely inhibited after exposure for 2 or 4 h, compared to control. Similar results were observed for drug-resistant bacteria. Compared to the heparinized saline controls, ACL lock therapy significantly reduced the catheter bacterial (3.49 ± 0.75 versus 0.03 ± 0.06 log CFU/catheter; P = 0.016) and fungal (2.48 ± 1.60 versus 0.55 ± 1.19 log CFU/catheter segment; P = 0.013) burdens in the catheterized rabbit model. SEM also demonstrated eradication of bacterial and fungal biofilms in vivo on catheters exposed to ACL, while vigorous biofilms were observed on untreated control catheters. Our results demonstrated that ACL was efficacious against both adhesion-phase and mature biofilms formed by bacteria and fungi in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of a Novel Catheter Lock Solution

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1674-1679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chirag B. Shah ◽  
Marc W. Mittelman ◽  
J. W. Costerton ◽  
Stephen Parenteau ◽  
Michael Pelak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Hospital Costs ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Citrate Solution ◽  
Intravascular Catheter ◽  
Median Reduction ◽  
Lock Solution ◽  
Catheter Lock

ABSTRACT Intravascular catheter-associated bloodstream infections significantly increase rates of morbidity and hospital costs. Microbial colonization and development of biofilms, which are known to be recalcitrant to antibiotic therapy, often lead to the loss of otherwise patent vascular access systems. We evaluated a new taurolidine- and citrate-based catheter lock solution (Neutrolin; Biolink Corporation, Norwell, Mass.) for its activity against planktonic microbes, antimicrobial activity in a catheter model, and biofilm eradication activity. In studies of planktonic microbes, after 24 h of contact, 675 mg of taurolidine-citrate solution per liter caused >99% reductions in the initial counts of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Entercoccus faecalis. A solution of 13,500 mg/liter was cidal for Candida albicans. Ports and attached catheters inoculated with 50 to 600 CFU of these bloodstream isolates per ml were locked with heparin or the taurolidine-citrate solution. After 72 h, there was no growth in the taurolidine-citrate-treated devices but the heparin-treated devices exhibited growth in the range of 6 × 102 to 5 × 106 CFU/ml. Biofilms were developed on silicone disks in modified Robbins devices with broth containing 6% serum (initial counts, 106 to 108 CFU/cm2). The axenic biofilms were treated for 24 h with taurolidine-citrate or heparin. Taurolidine-citrate exposure resulted in a median reduction of 4.8 logs, whereas heparin treatment resulted in a median reduction of 1.7 logs (P < 0.01). No significant differences in the effects of the two treatments against P. aeruginosa and C. albicans were observed. These findings suggest that taurolidine-citrate is a promising combination agent for the prevention and treatment of intravascular catheter-related infections.

scholarly journals Quinacrine Inhibits Candida albicans Growth and Filamentation at Neutral pH

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 7501-7509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibhati V. Kulkarny ◽  
Alba Chavez-Dozal ◽  
Hallie S. Rane ◽  
Maximillian Jahng ◽  
Stella M. Bernardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Xtt Assay ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Ph Dependent

ABSTRACTCandida albicansis a common cause of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSI), in part due to its strong propensity to form biofilms. Drug repurposing is an approach that might identify agents that are able to overcome antifungal drug resistance within biofilms. Quinacrine (QNC) is clinically active against the eukaryotic protozoan parasitesPlasmodiumandGiardia. We sought to investigate the antifungal activity of QNC againstC. albicansbiofilms.C. albicansbiofilms were incubated with QNC at serially increasing concentrations (4 to 2,048 μg/ml) and assessed using a 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay in a static microplate model. Combinations of QNC and standard antifungals were assayed using biofilm checkerboard analyses. To define a mechanism of action, QNC was assessed for the inhibition of filamentation, effects on endocytosis, and pH-dependent activity. High-dose QNC was effective for the prevention and treatment ofC. albicansbiofilmsin vitro. QNC with fluconazole had no interaction, while the combination of QNC and either caspofungin or amphotericin B demonstrated synergy. QNC was most active against planktonic growth at alkaline pH. QNC dramatically inhibited filamentation. QNC accumulated within vacuoles as expected and caused defects in endocytosis. A tetracycline-regulatedVMA3mutant lacking vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) function demonstrated increased susceptibility to QNC. These experiments indicate that QNC is active againstC. albicansgrowth in a pH-dependent manner. Although QNC activity is not biofilm specific, QNC is effective in the prevention and treatment of biofilms. QNC antibiofilm activity likely occurs via several independent mechanisms: vacuolar alkalinization, inhibition of endocytosis, and impaired filamentation. Further investigation of QNC for the treatment and prevention of biofilm-relatedCandidaCR-BSI is warranted.

scholarly journals Improved Antibiotic-Impregnated Catheters with Extended-Spectrum Activity against Resistant Bacteria and Fungi

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 935-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issam Raad ◽  
Jamal A. Mohamed ◽  
Ruth A. Reitzel ◽  
Ying Jiang ◽  
Sammy Raad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fungal Organisms ◽  
Colonization Model ◽  
Spectrum Activity ◽  
Generation M ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

ABSTRACTMinocycline-rifampin-impregnated central venous catheters (M/R CVCs) have been shown to be efficacious in reducing catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) and inhibiting the biofilm adherence of resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, with the exception ofPseudomonas aeruginosaandCandidaspp. To expand the spectrum of antimicrobial activity, a novel second-generation M/R catheter was developed by adding chlorhexidine (CHX-M/R). CVCs and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) were impregnated with CHX-M/R and compared with first-generation M/R catheters, CHX-silver sulfadiazine-treated CVCs (CHX/SS-CVCs), chlorhexidine-treated PICCs, and uncoated catheters. A biofilm catheter colonization model was used to assess the efficacy of catheters against methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA), vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus faecium(VRE),P. aeruginosa,Candida albicans, andCandida glabrata. CHX-M/R-impregnated CVCs were the only antimicrobial catheters that completely inhibited the biofilm colonization of all resistant bacterial and fungal organisms tested at all time intervals, and they were significantly superior to uncoated catheters (allPvalues were ≤0.003). Furthermore, CHX-M/R-coated CVCs had a significantly more effective and prolonged (up to 3 weeks) antimicrobial activity against MRSA andP. aeruginosathan M/R, CHX/SS, and uncoated CVCs (P< 0.0001). Similarly, CHX-M/R-coated PICCs were also superior to M/R-coated and CHX-coated PICCs in preventing biofilms of MRSA, VRE,P. aeruginosa, andCandidaspecies (Pvalue = 0.003 for all). Our study shows that novel CHX-M/R-coated catheters have unique properties in completely inhibiting biofilm colonization of MRSA, VRE,P. aeruginosa, and fungi in a manner superior to that of M/R- and chlorhexidine-treated catheters.

scholarly journals Anti-Salmonella Potential of New Lactobacillus Strains with the Application in the Poultry Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
JUSTYNA D. KOWALSKA ◽  
ADRIANA NOWAK ◽  
KATARZYNA ŚLIŻEWSKA ◽  
MAŁGORZATA STAŃCZYK ◽  
MAGDALENA ŁUKASIAK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Probiotic Properties ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Slab Method ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility

Probiotics are considered an alternative to antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of Salmonella diseases in poultry. However, to use probiotics as proposed above, it is necessary to evaluate their properties in detail and to select the most effective bacterial strains in the application targeted. In this study, probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus sp. strains were investigated and their antimicrobial activity against 125 environmental strains of Salmonella sp. was determined using the agar slab method. Furthermore, their survival in the presence of bile salts and at low pH, antibiotics susceptibility, aggregation and coaggregation ability, adherence to polystyrene and Caco-2 cells, and cytotoxicity were investigated. Each strain tested showed antagonistic activity against at least 96% of the environmental Salmonella sp. strains and thus representing a highly epidemiologically differentiated collection of poultry isolates. In addition, the probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus strains are promising. Therefore, all strains examined showed a high potential for use in poultry against salmonellosis.

scholarly journals Effect of pH on the antimicrobial activity of the macrophage metabolite itaconate

Microbiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 167 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin Duncan ◽  
Andréanne Lupien ◽  
Marcel A. Behr ◽  
Karine Auclair
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
The Media

The production of itaconate by macrophages was only discovered in 2011. An increasing number of studies have since revealed essential biological functions for this small molecule, ranging from antimicrobial to immunomodulator. The antibacterial role of itaconate has however been questioned because the estimated concentration of itaconate in macrophages (low-millimolar) is lower than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of itaconate reported for several bacterial strains (low-to-mid-millimolar). We note that some of these investigations have tended to ignore the high acidity of this small diacid (pKas 3.85 and 5.45), thereby potentially biassing activity measurements. We measured the MIC of itaconate in Escherichia coli (not known to metabolize itaconate) and in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (known to metabolize itaconate) at varying pH values to probe the effect that pH has on itaconate toxicity. Herein, we demonstrate that the antimicrobial effect of itaconate is dependent upon the pH of the media and that itaconate does have antimicrobial activity at biologically relevant pH and concentrations. Under nutrient-poor conditions, the antimicrobial activity of itaconate in both E. coli and S. Typhimurium increased approximately 200-fold when the pH was dropped by one unit, whereas itaconate was not found to be toxic under nutrient rich conditions. Our results also reveal that the activity of itaconate is synergistic with acidity, yet is not a function of increased permeability with protonation. Similar experiments performed with succinate (a pKa-matched diacid) yielded drastically different results, consistent with a target-based mechanism of action for itaconate. Overall, our work shows the importance of controlling the pH when performing experiments with itaconic acid.

scholarly journals Prior Caspofungin Exposure in Patients with Hematological Malignancies Is a Risk Factor for Subsequent Fungemia Due to Decreased Susceptibility in Candida spp.: a Case-Control Study in Paris, France

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 5358-5361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elodie Blanchard ◽  
Olivier Lortholary ◽  
Karine Boukris-Sitbon ◽  
Marie Desnos-Ollivier ◽  
Françoise Dromer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

ABSTRACTInfections due to caspofungin-resistantCandidaisolates in patients exposed to caspofungin therapy are increasing. We report here a nested case-control study which aimed at identifying factors associated with bloodstream infections caused byCandidaspp. having reduced susceptibility to caspofungin (CRSC) in adults suffering from hematological malignancies. In univariate and multivariate analyses, infections with CRSC were associated with caspofungin exposure in the previous 30 days (odds ratio [OR] = 5.25; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.68–16.35) and with an age of ≤65 years (OR = 3.27; 95% CI, 1.26–8.50).

scholarly journals Prevention and Treatment of Virulent Bacterial Biofilms with an Enzymatic Nitric Oxide-Releasing Dressing

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 6095-6103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Sulemankhil ◽  
Jorge Gabriel Ganopolsky ◽  
Christopher Anthony Dieni ◽  
Andrei Florin Dan ◽  
Mitchell Lawrence Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Complete Cell ◽  
Nitric Oxide Releasing

ABSTRACTThe use of percutaneous medical devices often results in nosocomial infections. Attachment of microorganisms to the surfaces of these medical devices triggers biofilm formation, which presents significant complications to the health of a patient and may lead to septicemia, thromboembolism, or endocarditis if not correctly treated. Although several antimicrobials are commonly used for prevention of biofilm formation, they have limited efficacy against formed biofilms. In this study, we report the use of an enzymatic, gaseous nitric oxide (gNO)-releasing dressing for the prevention and treatment ofAcinetobacter baumannii, methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus, andPseudomonas aeruginosabiofilms. Results show that the bactericidal activity against biofilms of the test strains was dependent on time and rate of gNO release from the dressing. Following 6 h of treatment, gNO-releasing dressings significantly inhibited the growth of test strains relative to vehicle control dressings, demonstrating eradication of bacterial concentrations of up to 105CFU/cm2. Complete cell death was observed for both prevention of biofilm formation and treatment of 24-h-grown biofilms after 6 h of treatment with the gNO-releasing dressings. Further, gNO-releasing dressings were more efficient against formed biofilms than other antimicrobial agents currently used. These results demonstrate that the gNO-releasing dressing can produce sufficient levels of gNO over a therapeutically relevant duration for maximal bactericidal effects against virulent bacterial strains known to cause nosocomial infections.

scholarly journals Nitroglycerin-Citrate-Ethanol Catheter Lock Solution Is Highly Effective for In Vitro Eradication of Candida auris Biofilm

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nylev Vargas-Cruz ◽  
Ruth A. Reitzel ◽  
Joel Rosenblatt ◽  
Anne-Marie Chaftari ◽  
Rita Wilson Dib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Liposomal Amphotericin ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Candida Auris ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lock Solution ◽  
Amphotericin B Deoxycholate ◽  
Catheter Lock

ABSTRACT Candida auris poses emerging risks for causing severe central line-associated bloodstream infections. We tested in vitro the ability of antifungal lock solutions to rapidly eradicate C. auris biofilms. Liposomal amphotericin B, amphotericin B deoxycholate, fluconazole, voriconazole, micafungin, caspofungin, and anidulafungin failed to completely eradicate all 10 tested C. auris biofilms. Conversely, nitroglycerin-citrate-ethanol (NiCE) catheter lock solution completely eradicated all replicates for all of C. auris biofilms tested.

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