A report on the prevalence and the whole-genome sequence-based analysis of Shiga-toxin producing
Escherichia coli
isolated from the recto-anal junction of slaughter-age Irish sheep
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a diverse group of pathogenic bacteria capable of causing serious human illness and serogroups O157 and O26 are frequently implicated in human disease. Ruminant hosts are the primary STEC reservoir and small ruminants are important contributors to STEC transmission. This study investigated the prevalence, serotypes and shedding dynamics of STEC, including the super-shedding of serogroups O157 and O26, in Irish sheep. Recto-anal mucosal swab samples (N=840) were collected over 24 months from two ovine slaughtering facilities. Samples were plated on selective agars and were quantitatively and qualitatively assessed via real-time PCR for Shiga-toxin prevalence and serogroup. A subset of STEC isolates (N=199) were selected for whole-genome sequencing and analysed in silico . In total, 704/840 (83.8%) swab samples were Shiga-toxin positive following RT-PCR screening, and 363/704 (51.6%) animals were subsequently culture positive for STEC. Five animals were shedding STEC O157 and three of these were identified as super-shedders. No STEC O26 was isolated. Post-hoc statistical analysis showed that younger animals are more likely to harbour STEC and STEC carriage is most prevalent during the summer months. Following sequencing, 178/199 genomes were confirmed as STEC. Thirty-five different serotypes were identified, fifteen of which were not yet reported in sheep. Serotype O91:H14 was the most frequently reported. Eight Shiga-toxin gene variants were reported, two stx 1 and six stx 2 , and three novel Shiga-toxin subunit combinations were observed. Variant stx 1c was the most prevalent, while many strains also harboured stx 2b . Importance Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborne, zoonotic pathogens of significant public health concern. All STEC harbour stx , a critical virulence determinant, but it is not expressed in most serotypes. Sheep shed the pathogen via faecal excretion and are increasingly recognised as important contributors in the dissemination of STEC. In this study, we have found that there is high prevalence of STEC circulating within sheep and prevalence is related to animal age and seasonality. Further, sheep harbour a variety of non-O157 STEC, whose prevalence and contribution to human disease has been under investigated for many years. A variety of Stx variants were also observed, some of which are of high clinical importance.