scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology and Characterization of Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Wild Bird Populations in Northern England

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 3007-3015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Hughes ◽  
Malcolm Bennett ◽  
Peter Coffey ◽  
John Elliott ◽  
Trevor R. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Coastal Habitat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bird Populations

ABSTRACT Campylobacter infections have been reported at prevalences ranging from 2 to 50% in a range of wild bird species, although there have been few studies that have investigated the molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. Consequently, whether wild birds are a source of infection in humans or domestic livestock or are mainly recipients of domestic animal strains and whether separate cycles of infection occur remain unknown. To address these questions, serial cross-sectional surveys of wild bird populations in northern England were carried out over a 2-year period. Fecal samples were collected from 2,084 wild bird individuals and screened for the presence of Campylobacter spp. A total of 56 isolates were recovered from 29 birds sampled at 15 of 167 diverse locales. Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter coli were detected by PCR, and the prevalences of different Campylobacter spp. in different avian families ranged from 0% to 33%. Characterization of 36 C. jejuni isolates by multilocus sequence typing revealed that wild birds carry both livestock-associated and unique strains of C. jejuni. However, the apparent absence of unique wild bird strains of C. jejuni in livestock suggests that the direction of infection is predominantly from livestock to wild birds. C. lari was detected mainly in wild birds sampled in an estuarine or coastal habitat. Fifteen C. lari isolates were analyzed by macrorestriction pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, which revealed genetically diverse populations of C. lari in Eurasian oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) and clonal populations in magpies (Pica pica).

scholarly journals Unhatched eggs represent the invisible fraction in two wild bird populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 20190763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Hemmings ◽  
Simon Evans
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Fertilization Failure ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
Evolutionary Inference ◽  
The Invisible

Prenatal mortality is typically overlooked in population studies, which biases evolutionary inference by confounding selection and inheritance. Birds represent an opportunity to include this ‘invisible fraction’ if each egg contains a zygote, but whether hatching failure is caused by fertilization failure versus prenatal mortality is largely unknown. We quantified fertilization failure rates in two bird species that are popular systems for studying evolutionary dynamics and found that overwhelming majorities (99.9%) of laid eggs were fertilized. These systems thus present opportunities to eliminate the invisible fraction from life-history data.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Wild-Bird Fecal Material in Children's Playgrounds

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel P. French ◽  
Anne Midwinter ◽  
Barbara Holland ◽  
Julie Collins-Emerson ◽  
Rebecca Pattison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Fecal Material ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Garden Birds ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Children Under 5

ABSTRACT In many countries relatively high notification rates of campylobacteriosis are observed in children under 5 years of age. Few studies have considered the role that environmental exposure plays in the epidemiology of these cases. Wild birds inhabit parks and playgrounds and are recognized carriers of Campylobacter, and young children are at greater risk of ingesting infective material due to their frequent hand-mouth contact. We investigated wild-bird fecal contamination in playgrounds in parks in a New Zealand city. A total of 192 samples of fresh and dried fecal material were cultured to determine the presence of Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter jejuni isolates were also characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and the profiles obtained were compared with those of human isolates. C. jejuni was isolated from 12.5% of the samples. MLST identified members of clonal complexes ST-45, ST-682, and ST-177; all of these complexes have been recovered from wild birds in Europe. PFGE of ST-45 isolates resulted in profiles indistinguishable from those of isolated obtained from human cases in New Zealand. Members of the ST-177 and ST-682 complexes have been found in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in the United Kingdom, and these birds were common in playgrounds investigated in New Zealand in this study. We suggest that feces from wild birds in playgrounds could contribute to the occurrence of campylobacteriosis in preschool children. Further, the C. jejuni isolates obtained in this study belonged to clonal complexes associated with wild-bird populations in the northern hemisphere and could have been introduced into New Zealand in imported wild garden birds in the 19th century.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of C. jejuni Isolates from Italian Wild Bird Populations

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Marotta ◽  
Anna Janowicz ◽  
Lisa Di Marcantonio ◽  
Claudia Ercole ◽  
Guido Di Donato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Sequence Types

Poultry is considered a major reservoir of human campylobacteriosis. It also been reported that not only poultry, but also wild birds, are capable of carrying C. jejuni, thus demonstrating to be a risk of spreading the bacteria in the environment. To gain insight into the population structure and investigate the antimicrobial resistance genotypes and phenotypes, we analyzed a collection of 135 C. jejuni from 15 species of wild birds in Italy. MLST revealed the presence of 41 sequence types (STs) and 13 clonal complexes (CCs). ST-179 complex and the generalist ST-45 complex were the most prevalent. Core genome MLST revealed that C. jejuni from ST-45 complex clustered according to the bird species, unlike the ST-179 complex which featured 3 different species in the same cluster. Overall we found a moderate prevalence of resistance to tetracycline (12.5%), ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (10%). The novel ST isolated from one pigeon showed resistance to all the antibiotics tested. The ST-179 complex (33.3%) was identified with significantly higher nalidixic acid resistance relative to other tested STs. Nine AMR genes (tet(O), cmeA, cmeB, cmeC, cmeR, aad, blaOXA-61, blaOXA-184 and erm(B)) and 23S rRNA and gyrA-associated point mutations were also described, indicating a concordance level between genotypic and phenotypic resistance of 23.3%, 23.4% and of 37.5% for streptomycin, tetracycline and quinolones/fluoroquinolones, respectively. We recommend that particular attention should be given to wild birds as key sentinel animals for the ecosystem contamination surveillance.

scholarly journals Avian influenza surveillance in wild birds using sentinel ducks

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Bayarmagnai Davganyam ◽  
Nyamsuren Otgontogtokh ◽  
Baljidmaa Batmunkh ◽  
Davaasuren Nergui ◽  
Ariunaa Tserendorj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Sentinel Surveillance ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Bird Habitat ◽  
Insulated Isothermal Pcr ◽  
H5n1 Hpai

We conducted active surveillance for avian influenza virus using sentinel ducks in central region of Mongolia (Khunt lake Saikhan soum, Bulgan province) that major wild bird habitat and outbreak site of H5N1 HPAI in wild birds in Mongolia from 2005 to 2011. Total of 39/104 (37,5%) samples were positive by insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR) and 42/104 (40,38%) swab samples were positive by real time PCR (qPCR). In addition, AIV antibody detected in 35/104 (33,65%) serum samples tested by AIV NP ELISA kit. These results indicated that sentinel surveillance using domestic birds could be an effective method for avian pathogens including influenza in Mongolia. Enhanced sentinel surveillance in wild bird populations in Mongolia is therefore crucial for the understanding of global AIV transmission and epidemiology. Шувууны томуугийн тандах судалгаанд туршуул шувуу (Sentinel bird) байршуулах арга ашигласан дүнгээс Бид шувууны томуугийн тандах судалгаанд туршуул шувуу байршуулах арга зүйг ашиглах боломжийг судлах зорилгоор урьдчилсан туршилтыг 2019 оны 7-10 сард Булган аймгийн Сайхан сумын Хунт нууранд хийж гүйцэтгэв. Хунт нуур нь олон тооны нүүдлийн усны шувууд зусах болон дайрч өнгөрдөг ач холбогдолтой цэг бөгөөд 2005-2011 онд өндөр хоруу чанартай шувууны томуугийн (HPAI) A/H5N1 дэд хэвшлийн вирус илэрч байсан. Шувуунаас авсан арчдасны зарим дээжийг insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR)-р шинжлэхэд 39/104 (37,5%), дээж эерэг, бүх дээжийг PCR (qPCR)-р шинжлэхэд 42/104 (40,38%) нь дээж эерэг дүн үзүүлсэн. Харин ийлдсэнд шувууны томуугийн эсрэг бием илрүүлэх ELISA-ийн шинжилгээгээр  35/104 (33,65%) дээжинд  эсрэг бием илэрсэн. Иймд энэ арга зүйг Монгол орны нөхцөлд тохируулан сайжруулж шувууны томуугийн үүсгэгчийг илрүүлэхэд ашиглах нь уг өвчний эпидемиологийн байдлыг танин мэдэхэд чухал ач холбогдолтой  юм. Түлхүүр үг: нугас, вирус, дархлаа, эпидемиологи, тархалт, ПГУ (Полимеразан  гинжин урвал)

scholarly journals The effect of insularity on avian growth rates and implications for insular body size evolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1894) ◽  
pp. 20181967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik M. Sandvig ◽  
Tim Coulson ◽  
Sonya M. Clegg
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Food Limitation ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Island Syndrome

Island populations often differ in consistent ways from their mainland counterparts with respect to their ecology, behaviour, morphology, demography and life-history characteristics; a set of changes referred to as the ‘island syndrome’. To understand the ecological and evolutionary drivers of the island syndrome requires characterization of suites of interacting traits. While patterns in some types of traits, e.g. body size, are well characterized across a range of taxa, key gaps remain. Growth rate is one such trait, being an important determinant of both increases and decreases in body size, and can vary with changes in predation pressure and food limitation; two factors that are known to differ between mainland and island environments. Using a phylogenetic meta-analytic approach, we characterize differences in growth rates among mainland and island altricial bird populations, controlling for environmental factors. We found a trend towards slower growth on islands in small-bodied (less than 1 kg) bird species. This is consistent with the idea that the pattern of body size increases in small-bodied island colonists is associated with the evolution of slower growth combined with shifts in age and size at maturity in relaxed predation regimes.

scholarly journals Wild Bird Surveillance for Avian Paramyxoviruses in the Azov-Black Sea Region of Ukraine (2006 to 2011) Reveals Epidemiological Connections with Europe and Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (17) ◽  
pp. 5427-5438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denys Muzyka ◽  
Mary Pantin-Jackwood ◽  
Borys Stegniy ◽  
Oleksandr Rula ◽  
Vitaliy Bolotin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Bird ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTDespite the existence of 10 avian paramyxovirus (APMV) serotypes, very little is known about the distribution, host species, and ecological factors affecting virus transmission. To better understand the relationship among these factors, we conducted APMV wild bird surveillance in regions of Ukraine suspected of being intercontinental (north to south and east to west) flyways. Surveillance for APMV was conducted in 6,735 wild birds representing 86 species and 8 different orders during 2006 to 2011 through different seasons. Twenty viruses were isolated and subsequently identified as APMV-1 (n= 9), APMV-4 (n= 4), APMV-6 (n= 3), and APMV-7 (n= 4). The highest isolation rate occurred during the autumn migration (0.61%), with viruses isolated from mallards, teals, dunlins, and a wigeon. The rate of isolation was lower during winter (December to March) (0.32%), with viruses isolated from ruddy shelducks, mallards, white-fronted geese, and a starling. During spring migration, nesting, and postnesting (April to August) no APMV strains were isolated out of 1,984 samples tested. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of four APMV-1 and two APMV-4 viruses showed that one APMV-1 virus belonging to class 1 was epidemiologically linked to viruses from China, three class II APMV-1 viruses were epidemiologically connected with viruses from Nigeria and Luxembourg, and one APMV-4 virus was related to goose viruses from Egypt. In summary, we have identified the wild bird species most likely to be infected with APMV, and our data support possible intercontinental transmission of APMVs by wild birds.

scholarly journals Risk assessment of Avian Influenza and Newcastle disease viruses exposure from peridomestic wild birds in a conservation breeding site in the United Arab Emirates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Hirschinger ◽  
Timothée Vergne ◽  
Tifenn Corre ◽  
Yves Hingrat ◽  
Jean-Luc Guerin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Conservation Breeding

Worldwide, wild birds are frequently suspected to be involved in the occurrence of outbreaks in captive-bred birds although proofs are lacking and most of the dedicated studies are insufficiently conclusive to confirm or characterize the roles of wild birds in such outbreaks. The aim of this study was to assess and compare, for the most prevalent peridomestic wild birds, the different exposure routes for Avian Influenza and Newcastle disease viruses in conservation breeding sites of Houbara bustards in the United Arab Emirates. To do so, we considered all of the potential pathways by which captive bustards could be exposed to Avian Influenza and Newcastle disease viruses by wild birds, and ran a comparative study of the likelihood of exposure via each of the pathways considered. We merged data from an ecological study dedicated to local wild bird communities with an analysis of the contacts between wild birds and captive bustards and with a prevalence survey of AIV and NDV in wild bird populations. We also extracted data from an extensive review of the scientific literature and by the elicitation of expert opinion. Overall, this analysis highlighted that captive bustards had a high risk of being exposed to pathogens by wild birds. This risk was higher for Newcastle disease virus than Avian influenza virus, and House sparrows represented the riskiest species for the transmission of both viruses through indirect exposure from consumption of water contaminated from the faeces of an infectious bird that got inside the aviary. Thus, this analysis reveals that wild peridomestic birds may play a role in the transmission of avian pathogens to captive bred birds. These results also reaffirm the need to implement sanitary measures to limit contacts between wild and captive birds and highlight priority targets for a thoughtful and efficient sanitary management strategy.

scholarly journals Live Wild Bird Trade and Sellers’ Biosecurity Risks in Kaduna State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Assam Assam ◽  
Helen Abah ◽  
Paul A. Abdu ◽  
Augustine Ezealor
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Biosecurity Practices

Aims: The first highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak in Africa occurred in Kaduna State, Nigeria and despite possible introduction of H5N1 virus into Nigeria through wild birds; few studies have been undertaken on the risk of live wild bird trade and sellers” biosecurity practices on introduction, spread and maintenance of diseases in the country. This study assessed wild bird trade and sellers” biosecurity risk towards disease surveillance and control in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Place and Duration of Study: Live wild bird markets in Kaduna State, Nigeria between March, and May 2012. Methodology: Live wildbird markets(LWBMs) biosecurity and sellers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on HPAI was assessed using biosecurity checklist and structured questionnaire, respectively. Wild bird trade was studied through a market survey in LWBMs. Results: All sellers were male and their main source of income was the wild bird trade. Some sellers (22.7%) would report sick birds only when attempted treatment fails. Sellers kept poultry at home (78.9%) with 100% allowing poultry–wild birds contact. Over 31.6% sellers do not wash hands with soap after handling birds. About 86.4% sellers heard of AI with 84.2% hearing from radio. No sellers knew any HPAI clinical sign though 21.1% knew HPAI affects human beings and none believes HPAI affects human beings. Sellers would report HPAI outbreak to reduce losses (38.9%). None of the LWBMs was fenced with birds tied and allowed to move in 25% of LWBMs. Cages were wood/metal while fenced pens constructed from wood/wire mesh with un-cemented floor. No LWBM sourced birds from one reliable source neither were birds separated by species. In 50% of LWBMs, cages were stacked without paper or other materials lined within cages. No LWBM either stored feed in rodent proof containers or had a rodent control program. Other livestock were sold in 75% of LWBMs. Free flying birds interact with wild birds in 75% of LWBMs while free range poultry – wild bird interaction occurred in 25% of LWBMs. No seller wore protective clothing in any LWBM. All markets practice regular cleaning of cages and pens though none disinfects cages regularly. All LWBMs dispose dead birds properly by burning or burying though 25% dispose wild bird manure improperly. Over 75.9% of biosecurity features in LWBMs were risky with 76.2% being risky biosecurity practices and 80% (17/21) due to poor LWBM infrastructures. Food (31.8%), traditional medicine (45.5%) and pets (77.3%) were reported wild birds uses. There was high demand for birds of prey during election years. White stork (11.42%) and geese (9.94%) were the main birds on sale. Threatened and rear wild bird species were being traded in the LWBMs. Over 45% of birds were sourced from 9 foreign countries with majority coming from Chad. Bird prices range was ₦300 ($1.9) to ₦125,000 ($781). Mammals and reptiles were also sold in LWBMs with prices from ₦500 ($3.1) to ₦ 1.2million ($7500). Wild birds on sale in the four LWBMs were valued at ₦6,575,300 ($41,100) comprising of 71.4% of total value of animals (₦9,207,300) on sale. Conclusion: Sellers’ biosecurity practices was poor with high biosecurity risk due to low-risk perception. Biosecurity in LWBMs in Kaduna State was poor with high risk to introduction, spread and maintenance of HPAI. Wild bird trade in Kaduna State is linked to the global trade and could be a source for disease introduction into Nigeria. There is need for sellers to be trained on HPAI and other emerging infectious diseases and routine surveillance of EIDs in LWBMs. The wild bird trade should be legalized and regulated.

scholarly journals Towards an understanding of the avian virome

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah François ◽  
Oliver G Pybus
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Viral Communities

The last two decades have seen the rise of viromics, the study of viral communities through the detection and characterization of virus genome sequences. Here we systematically review and summarize the scope and limitations of our current understanding of avian viromes, in both domesticated and wild-bird populations. We compare this viromic work to the broader literature on avian prokaryotic microbiomes, and highlight the growing importance of structured sampling and experimental design for testing explanatory hypotheses. We provide a number of recommendations for sample collection and preliminary data analysis to guide the development of avian viromics. Avian viromes have the potential to inform disease surveillance in poultry and improve our understanding of the risk of zoonotic viruses to human health.

A ROLE OF WILD BIRD POPULATION IN THE TRANSMISSION OF PARASITIC FLATWORMS (PLATYHELMINTHES: CESTOIDEA AND TREMATODEA) IN VIETNAM’S FOREST

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
Boyko Georgiev B. ◽  
Jean Mariaux ◽  
Gergana Vasileva P ◽  
Huy Nguyen Quoc ◽  
Manh Vu Quang
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Mountainous Region ◽  
Bird Population ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Avian Populations

The study aimed to evaluate the role of transmitting flatworms (Cestoidea and Trematodea) of wild bird populations in three national parks of Vietnam: Xuan Son in the Northwest mountainous region, Tam Dao in the Northeast mountainous region, and Cat Ba in the Hong River Delta region. Twenty-two wild avian species of 10 families were found to contain parasitic flatworms. According to the number of avian species containing parasitic flatworms, bird families are ranking: Timaliidae recorded with 7 species > Leiothrichidae and Nectariniidae both with 3 species > Pycononotidae and Muscicapidae both with 2 species > Vireonidae, Sylvidae, Picidae, Cisticolidae and Cettiidae with 1 species. According to sex, avian populations containing parasitic flatworms decrease in the order: females accounting for 43.94% of the total individuals > males for 39.40% > juveniles for 16.66%. Three bird species containing flatworms A. pallidus, M. gularis and C. bayumas were found in two of the studied national parks, among them, only the first species was found common to all three studied national parks. They are vectors of high significance from a parasitological point of view.

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