scholarly journals Effects of Prior Polysaccharide Vaccination on Magnitude, Duration, and Quality of Immune Responses to and Safety Profile of a Meningococcal Serogroup C Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccination in Adults

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1100-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Southern ◽  
Sarah Deane ◽  
Lindsey Ashton ◽  
Ray Borrow ◽  
David Goldblatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Geometric Mean Titer ◽  
Laboratory Staff ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
Conjugate Vaccination ◽  
Time Point

ABSTRACT Extensive use of meningococcal AC polysaccharide (MACP) vaccines has raised concerns about induction of immunologic hyporesponsiveness to C polysaccharide. We investigated the immunogenicity and safety of a meningococcal C-tetanus conjugate (MCC-TT) vaccine in naïve adults and prior MACP vaccinees. Laboratory staff (n = 113) were recruited; 73 were naïve to meningococcal vaccination, and 40 had previously received ≥1 dose of MACP vaccine. Blood was taken prior to MCC-TT vaccination and 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months later. At each time point, proportions of subjects with serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) titers of ≥8 or ≥128 were similar (P > 0.46); >94% of subjects achieved titers of ≥128 at 1 month. However, the geometric mean titer (GMT) of SBA at 1 month was higher in the naïve (1,757; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1,102 to 2,803) than in the previously vaccinated (662; 95% CI, 363 to 1,207) group (P = 0.02), and similarly at 6 months (P < 0.001). Conversely, geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of serogroup C-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) were significantly higher in the previously vaccinated group pre-MCC-TT and at 1 week; the groups were similar at 1 month, and there was some evidence that the GMC for the previously vaccinated group was higher at 6 months. Qualitative differences in antibodies between groups were demonstrated by using the SBA/IgG ratio, though avidity measures were similar for the two groups throughout the study. MCC-TT was well tolerated, with similar safety profiles in the two groups. Pain in the arm and headache were the most frequently reported events following vaccination. The study shows that MCC-TT is safe and immunogenic in naïve and previously MACP-vaccinated adults, though the magnitude and persistence of postvaccination SBA responses in the latter group were lower.

scholarly journals Immunologic Hyporesponsiveness to Serogroup C but Not Serogroup A following Repeated Meningococcal A/C Polysaccharide Vaccination in Saudi Arabia

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani Jokhdar ◽  
Ray Borrow ◽  
Abdulrazaq Sultan ◽  
Mousaed Adi ◽  
Christine Riley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Outcome Study ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Repeated Doses ◽  
Clinical Outcome Study

ABSTRACT In Saudi Arabia, vaccination with the meningococcal A/C polysaccharide (MACP) vaccine is advised every 3 years. A clinical outcome study was performed to test the effect of repeat vaccination with the MACP vaccine on the immune responses among Saudi nationals who live in the Makkah and Jeddah areas. Subjects (n = 230) aged 10 to 29 years were selected: 113 subjects with two or more prior vaccinations with the MACP vaccine, 79 subjects with one prior vaccination with the MACP vaccine, and 38 subjects naïve to vaccination with the MACP vaccine. All subjects received the MACP vaccine in 2002, and serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) titers were measured before and 1 month after vaccination with the MACP vaccine. For serogroup C, geometric mean SBA titers 1 month following vaccination with the MACP vaccine were 708.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 217.5 to 2,308.9) for those naïve to prior vaccination with the MACP vaccine, and they were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than 25.0 (95% CI, 12.4 to 50.2) for those who had received one prior vaccination with the MACP vaccine and 32.4 (95% CI, 18.7 to 56.4) for those who had received two or more doses of the MACP vaccine. For serogroup A, the geometric mean SBA titer 1 month after receipt of the MACP vaccine was 1,649.3 (95% CI, 835.2 to 3,256.9) for those naïve to prior vaccination, and the titers were lower (P = 0.67) than 2,185.7 (95% CI, 1,489.4 to 3,207.7) for those who had received one prior dose of the MACP vaccine and significantly lower (P = 0.042) than 3,540.8 (95% CI, 2,705.2 to 4,634.5) for those who had received two or more doses of the MACP vaccine. For serogroup C, the proportions of nonresponders (SBA titers, <8) were 19% for the naïve cohort, 52% for the cohort with one prior vaccination, and 49% for the cohort with two or more prior vaccinations. Following repeated doses of the MACP vaccine, hyporesponsiveness to serogroup C is evident, with high percentages of MACP vaccinees having SBA titers below the putative protective SBA titer. Serogroup A responses following vaccination with the MACP vaccine were boosted. Introduction of the serogroup C conjugate vaccine would provide long-term protection against serogroup C disease; however, quadrivalent conjugate vaccines are required to provide long-time protection against disease caused by serogroups A, W135, and Y.

scholarly journals Immune Response to Meningococcal Serogroup C Conjugate Vaccine in Asplenic Individuals

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 332-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Balmer ◽  
Michelle Falconer ◽  
Paula McDonald ◽  
Nick Andrews ◽  
Emily Fuller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
Encapsulated Bacteria ◽  
Mean Concentration

ABSTRACT Asplenic individuals are known to be at increased risk of infection with encapsulated bacteria. Recent United Kingdom recommendations stated that this at-risk group should receive one dose of the meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccine. However, the immune response of asplenic individuals to MCC vaccine is unknown. The immune response of asplenics (n = 130) to immunization with the MCC vaccine was investigated. Asplenic individuals had a significantly lower geometric mean titer (GMT) (157.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 94.5 to 263.3) of bactericidal antibody in serum (SBA) than an age-matched control group (n = 48) (1448.2; 95% CI, 751.1 to 2792.0). However, 80% of asplenic individuals achieved the proposed protective SBA titer of ≥8. No differences were observed between the two groups in the serogroup C-specific immunoglobulin G geometric mean concentration. A significant reduction in SBA GMT or the number of responders achieving an SBA titer of ≥8 was observed if the reason for splenectomy was a medical cause or if MCC vaccination occurred <10 years after splenectomy. Individuals (n = 29) who did not achieve an SBA titer of ≥16 were offered a second dose of MCC vaccine. Analysis of the SBA response revealed that 61% (14 of 23) of the individuals who received a second dose achieved a protective titer. In total, 93% of asplenic individuals achieved a titer of ≥8 following MCC vaccination (one or two doses combined). We recommend that, following vaccination of asplenics, either the level of functional antibody should be determined, with a second dose of MCC vaccine offered to nonresponders, or two doses of MCC vaccine should be routinely offered.

scholarly journals Perencanaan Kebutuhan Pranata Laboratorium Pendidikan di Institut Pertanian Bogor

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-51
Author(s):  
Eko Prasetyo ◽  
M. Syamsul Maarif ◽  
Komar Sutriah
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Laboratory Staff ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Laboratory Education ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Ideal Number ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

The objective of the research was to analyze requirement planning, ideal number as well as formulating planning strategy for Laboratory Education Staff (LES) at Bogor Agricultural University. Data was collected by filling the questionnaire and interview with laboratory staff of Bogor Agricultural University, then documentation. Completely randomized design and Antilon (anti-ln/enilai y) was performed to analyze the data, then geometric mean value was analysed by qualitative descriptive, whereas formulation of strategy was performed by SWOT matric. The result shows that time activities allocation by LES were still low as well as less ideal number of LES. In addition, according to SWOT matric analysis, formulation of the strategies to improve work quality of LES were development of staff capability, providing adequate tools and materials, escalating of staff performance and refinement of leadership manner.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Serum Bactericidal Antibody to Serogroup C Neisseria meningitidis in England a Decade after Vaccine Introduction

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1126-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Ishola ◽  
Ray Borrow ◽  
Helen Findlow ◽  
Jamie Findlow ◽  
Caroline Trotter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Conjugate Vaccination

ABSTRACTSerogroup C meningococcal disease incidence and carriage declined rapidly in the United Kingdom after infant serogroup C conjugate vaccination was introduced in 1999, with catch-up vaccination for children under 18 years. Antibody levels and effectiveness waned quickly in children vaccinated at 2, 3, and 4 months of age. Therefore, in 2006, the current revised schedule of doses at 3, 4, and 12 months was introduced. This study assessed age-specific protection in 2009 compared with data from historical prevaccination and early postvaccination studies. Rabbit complement serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) was measured in anonymously banked serum samples collected in England in 2009 (n= 1,174), taking titers of ≥8 as protective. Age-stratified proportions of SBA titers that were ≥8 and geometric mean titers were compared. SBA titers varied markedly by birth cohort and time since vaccination. Overall, 35% of samples (95% confidence interval [CI], 33 to 38%) had titers that were ≥8. Only in cohorts eligible for catch-up vaccination did the majority of individuals have protective antibody levels. Antibody levels were higher in children eligible for vaccination at primary and secondary school ages, compared to those eligible below the age of 5 years. In those eligible for completed vaccination under the current schedule, protective levels were very modest and there was no evidence of superiority to cohorts that were eligible for the previous schedule. This supports a need for older childhood or adolescent booster vaccination in those previously eligible for vaccination during the infant, toddler, or preschool periods, to maintain direct protection and potentially enhance population immunity.

scholarly journals Constitutive Expression of the Vi Polysaccharide Capsular Antigen in Attenuated Salmonella entericaSerovar Typhi Oral Vaccine Strain CVD 909

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 4647-4652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Yuan Wang ◽  
Fernando R. Noriega ◽  
James E. Galen ◽  
Eileen Barry ◽  
Myron M. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Geometric Mean Titer ◽  
Oral Vaccines ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Humoral Responses

ABSTRACT Live oral Ty21a and parenteral Vi polysaccharide vaccines provide significant protection against typhoid fever, albeit by distinct immune mechanisms. Vi stimulates serum immunoglobulin G Vi antibodies, whereas Ty21a, which does not express Vi, elicits humoral and cell-mediated immune responses other than Vi antibodies. Protection may be enhanced if serum Vi antibody as well as cell-mediated and humoral responses can be stimulated. Disappointingly, several new attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi oral vaccines (e.g., CVD 908-htrA and Ty800) that elicit serum O and H antibody and cell-mediated responses following a single dose do not stimulate serum Vi antibody. Vi expression is regulated in response to environmental signals such as osmolarity by controlling the transcription oftviA in the viaB locus. To investigate if Vi antibodies can be stimulated if Vi expression is rendered constitutive, we replaced P tviA in serovar Typhi vaccine CVD 908-htrA with the constitutive promoter P tac , resulting in CVD 909. CVD 909 expresses Vi even under high-osmolarity conditions and is less invasive for Henle 407 cells. In mice immunized with a single intranasal dose, CVD 909 was more immunogenic than CVD 908-htrA in eliciting serum Vi antibodies (geometric mean titer of 160 versus 49, P = 0.0007), whereas O antibody responses were virtually identical (geometric mean titer of 87 versus 80). In mice challenged intraperitoneally with wild-type serovar Typhi 4 weeks after a single intranasal immunization, the mortality of those immunized with CVD 909 (3 of 8) was significantly lower than that of control mice (10 of 10,P = 0.043) or mice given CVD 908-htrA (9 of 10, P = 0.0065).

scholarly journals Maintenance of Immune Response throughout Childhood following Serogroup C Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccination in Early Childhood

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 2038-2042 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Khatami ◽  
A. Peters ◽  
H. Robinson ◽  
N. Williams ◽  
A. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Colonization ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
Antibody Decline ◽  
Conjugate Vaccination ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Rabbit Complement

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the kinetics of antibody decline through childhood in a longitudinal study of a single cohort following serogroup C meningococcal (MenC) vaccine immunization in early childhood and to calculate the proportion of 11 to 13 year olds with protective levels of bactericidal antibody 10 years after immunization. United Kingdom children aged 11 to 13 years in 2010 who had previously taken part in a longitudinal study at the Oxford Vaccine Group had blood samples drawn between 2001 and 2010. Sera from each time point were analyzed for the MenC serum bactericidal antibody titer using a baby rabbit complement (rSBA) assay. The median age at MenC immunization was 21 months (range, 1 year 3 months to 3 years 9 months). The MenC rSBA geometric mean titer (GMT) at age 3.5 to 5 years was 8.0 (95% confidence interval, 6.5 to 9.9;n= 287). By age 11.5 to 13.5 years, the rSBA GMT had declined to 3.3 (2.5 to 4.4;n= 98). The percentage of children with rSBA titers of ≥1:8 (the threshold for protection) also declined from 38% (35% to 41%) to 15% (12% to 19%). We concluded that MenC rSBA titers wane rapidly following vaccination in early childhood and continue to decline into the second decade of life. Since nasopharyngeal colonization in adolescents probably provides the major reservoir for MenC in the population, declining immunity in this cohort is of concern. Sustaining high levels of antibody through booster vaccination in this cohort is likely necessary to avoid a resurgence of disease in the decade ahead.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Leishmania antigens preparation and storage for use in enzyme immunoassays

1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Julieta Celeste ◽  
Maria Carolina Soares Guimarães ◽  
José Maria Pacheco de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Geometric Mean Titer ◽  
Lower Serum ◽  
Enzyme Immunoassays ◽  
Time Zero ◽  
And Storage

The influence of time and temperature on the storage of an alkaline antigen of L.major-like and L.(V.) braziliensis promastigotes added or not of a proteases inhibitor (PMSF) was evaluted by means of an IgG-ELISA. Antibodies in assays using L. major-like antigen stored at -20oC for 6 monsths had a statistically lower geometric mean titer (GMT) and different 95% confidence interval limits (CL) than antigens stored otherwise, as assessed by the "t" statistic. The PMSF L. major-like antigen after storage for 6 months at a temperature of 4oC had the same GMT and 95% CL displayed at time zero as well as when storage for 4 and 6 months at -20oC. Significant diferences were not found when L.(V.) braziliensis antigens were stored at times and temperatures mentioned; the PMSF antigen stored for 2 months at -70oC resulted in a lower serum GMT and 95% CL than any other, as assessed by the "t" statistic. Antigen performance did not show any statistical difference associated to the addition of PMSF within the same species; the largest difference between antigens was that between PMSF-L. (V.) braziliensis and L. major-like without PMSF.

Late Boosting of the RV144 Regimen Improves the Magnitude and Quality of Immune Responses

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Punnee Pitisuttithum ◽  
Sorachai Nitayapha ◽  
Suwat Chariyalertsak ◽  
Jaranit Kaewkungwal ◽  
Peter Dawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses

scholarly journals Vaccination strategy and anti - SARS-CoV-2 S titers in healthcare workers of the INT – IRCCS “Fondazione Pascale” Cancer Center (Naples, Italy)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesta Cavalcanti ◽  
Maria Antonietta Isgrò ◽  
Domenica Rea ◽  
Lucia Di Capua ◽  
Giusy Trillò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the resulting disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have spread to millions of people globally, requiring the development of billions of different vaccine doses. The SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccine (named BNT162b2/Pfizer), authorized by the FDA, has shown high efficacy in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection after administration of two doses in individuals 16 years of age and older. In the present study, we retrospectively evaluated the differences in the SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune response after vaccine administration in the two different cohorts of workers at the INT - IRCCS “Fondazione Pascale” Cancer Center (Naples, Italy): previously infected to SARS-CoV-2 subjects and not infected to SARS-CoV-2 subjects. Methods We determined specific anti-RBD (receptor-binding domain) titers against trimeric spike glycoprotein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 by Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S immunoassay in serum samples of 35 healthcare workers with a previous documented history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and 158 healthcare workers without, after 1 and 2 doses of vaccine, respectively. Moreover, geometric mean titers and relative fold changes (FC) were calculated. Results Both previously infected and not infected to SARS-CoV-2 subjects developed significant immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 after the administration of 1 and 2 doses of vaccine, respectively. Anti-S antibody responses to the first dose of vaccine were significantly higher in previously SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects in comparison to titers of not infected subjects after the first as well as the second dose of vaccine. Fold changes for subjects previously infected to SARS-CoV-2 was very modest, given the high basal antibody titer, as well as the upper limit of 2500.0 BAU/mL imposed by the Roche methods. Conversely, for naïve subjects, mean fold change following the first dose was low ($$ \overline{x} $$ x ¯ =1.6), reaching 3.8 FC in 72 subjects (45.6%) following the second dose. Conclusions The results showed that, as early as the first dose, SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals developed a remarkable and statistically significant immune response in comparison to those who did not contract the virus previously, suggesting the possibility of administering only one dose in previously SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects. FC for previously infected subjects should not be taken into account for the generally high pre-vaccination values. Conversely, FC for not infected subjects, after the second dose, were = 3.8 in > 45.0% of vaccinees, and ≤ 3.1 in 19.0%, the latter showing a potential susceptibility to further SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Quantitative Trait Loci: A Meta-analysis

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 463-473
Author(s):  
Bruno Goffinet ◽  
Sophie Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Trait Loci ◽  
Akaike Criterion ◽  
Using Data

Abstract This article presents a method to combine QTL results from different independent analyses. This method provides a modified Akaike criterion that can be used to decide how many QTL are actually represented by the QTL detected in different experiments. This criterion is computed to choose between models with one, two, three, etc., QTL. Simulations are carried out to investigate the quality of the model obtained with this method in various situations. It appears that the method allows the length of the confidence interval of QTL location to be consistently reduced when there are only very few “actual” QTL locations. An application of the method is given using data from the maize database available online at http://www.agron.missouri.edu/.

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