scholarly journals Salmonella Infection Enhances Erythropoietin Production by the Kidney and Liver, Which Correlates with Elevated Bacterial Burdens

2016 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 2833-2841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin-Xi Li ◽  
Joseph M. Benoun ◽  
Kipp Weiskopf ◽  
K. Christopher Garcia ◽  
Stephen J. McSorley
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Erythropoietin Production ◽  
Extramedullary Erythropoiesis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Erythroid Development ◽  
Epor Expression

Salmonellainfection profoundly affects host erythroid development, but the mechanisms responsible for this effect remain poorly understood. We monitored the impact ofSalmonellainfection on erythroid development and found that systemic infection induced anemia, splenomegaly, elevated erythropoietin (EPO) levels, and extramedullary erythropoiesis in a process independent ofSalmonellapathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) or flagellin. The circulating EPO level was also constitutively higher in mice lacking the expression of signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα). The expression level of EPO mRNA was elevated in the kidney and liver but not increased in the spleens of infected mice despite the presence of extramedullary erythropoiesis in this tissue. In contrast to data from a previous report, mice lacking EPO receptor (EPOR) expression on nonerythroid cells (EPOR rescued) had bacterial loads similar to those of wild-type mice followingSalmonellainfection. Indeed, treatment to reduce splenic erythroblasts and mature red blood cells correlated with elevated bacterial burdens, implying that extramedullary erythropoiesis benefits the host. Together, these findings emphasize the profound effect ofSalmonellainfection on erythroid development and suggest that the modulation of erythroid development has both positive and negative consequences for host immunity.

scholarly journals Fear vs humor appeals: a comparative study of children's responses to anti-smoking advertisements

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Nicolini ◽  
Fabio Cassia
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Youth Smoking ◽  
Lifestyle Habits ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis study aims to examine the different effects that the fear and humor appeals in anti-smoking advertisements for children have on their affective reactions to the advertisements, on their beliefs about smoking and on their behavioral intentions to smoke.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents the findings of a qualitative research study conducted in Italy with children aged from 8 to 11 years.FindingsThe results indicated that the humor appeal is a useful method for conveying a social theme in a pleasant way and creating a likable character that becomes an example for children to imitate; however, it is necessary to employ the fear appeal to make children reflect carefully about the negative consequences of smoking.Research limitations/implicationsThis study examined only children's behavioral intentions derived from anti-smoking advertisements, but future research should also examine their real behaviors after a period following repeated viewing of public service announcements about smoking prevention or other social issues.Practical implicationsUnderstanding how different types of appeals can influence children represents an important result for the prevention of youth smoking and the promotion of healthy lifestyle habits during childhood.Social implicationsUnderstanding how different types of appeals can influence children represents an important result for the prevention of youth smoking and the promotion of healthy lifestyle habits during childhood.Originality/valueFew studies have examined the impact of social advertisements on children, and particularly little is known about the effectiveness of fear appeals on this group.

The impact of online reviews on product returns

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Li ◽  
Baolong Ma ◽  
Hongrui Chu
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Product Returns ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Expectations ◽  
Product Return ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe value of online reviews has been well documented by academics and practitioners. However, to maximise the benefits of consumer reviews, online sellers must avoid the negative consequences associated with customer feedback, such as reputation loss, or product returns after purchase. In developing a better understanding of the relationships between online reviews and their potential for negative impacts, this research aims to explore product returns. Through a quantitative model, this research demonstrates why online reviews can result in product return behaviours.Design/methodology/approachThe hypotheses were tested via two studies. In Study 1, the authors examine the direct effects of review valence and review volume on product returns by analysing secondary data on 4,995 stores on China's Taobao.com. Study 2 further extends and validates the findings of Study 1 with a survey sample of 795 participants across several online shopping platforms. This analysis examines the mechanics and conditions that influence the relationships between online reviews and product returns through partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM).FindingsThe results show that both review valence (i.e. average star ratings) and the number of reviews can increase the probability of product returns due to the high expectations that result from positive online reviews. Further, the effect of review valence on product returns is stronger for first-time purchasers at a store. In terms of mitigation, the analysis shows that bilateral communications between sellers and buyers can temper the unrealistic expectations set by positive reviews, leading to fewer product returns.Originality/valueThis research adds to the literature on online reviews by exploring the negative consequences of online reviews and the role they play in online purchasing decisions. The findings also provide direct evidence as to why online reviews can result in more product returns, adding clarity to extant research which contains conflicting conclusions as to how online reviews affect product return behaviours.

Financial-tax reporting conformity, tax avoidance and corporate social responsibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-659
Author(s):  
Abdullah Alsaadi
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Aggressive Tax Avoidance ◽  
Tax Reporting ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This study aims to investigate the effect of financial-tax reporting conformity jurisdictions on the association between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and aggressive tax avoidance. Design/methodology/approach Using a sample comprising firms domiciled in Europe for the period 2008–2016, this study uses regression analysis to test the impact of financial-tax reporting conformity jurisdictions on the association between CSR and aggressive tax avoidance. Findings The empirical results show that there is a positive association between CSR and tax avoidance, and firms headquartered in low financial-tax reporting conformity jurisdictions are more likely to engage in CSR to hedge against the potential negative consequences of aggressive tax-avoidance practices as compared to firms domiciled in countries with high level of financial-tax reporting conformity. Practical implications This study confirms Sikka’s (2010, 2013) view of “organised hypocrisy” act committed by firms to cover their socially irresponsible activities of aggressive tax avoidance by engaging in CSR. Results have implication for various regulatory bodies and investors in that the type of financial-tax conformity does impact the link between CSR and tax avoidance, and based on that, CSR firms may engage in CSR to overcome any negative reactions that could be caused as a result of tax avoidance. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the impact of financial-tax reporting conformity jurisdictions on the association between CSR and aggressive tax avoidance. This study also contributes to the literature in that, it uses an alternative data set which offers a more objective assessment of CSR measure and covers multiple countries.

The effect of green CSR skepticism on positive attitude, reactance, and behavioral intention

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jookyung Kwon ◽  
Jiseon Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Mixed Method Research ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Csr Strategies ◽  
Attitudinal Factors ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) skepticism on dual types of attitudinal factors (i.e. positive attitude and reactance) and examine the impact of attitudinal factors on customers' behavioral intention.Design/methodology/approachThis study applies mixed-method research to examine the link between CSR skepticism, positive attitude, reactance and behavioral intention based on attitude-behavior-context theory.FindingsAs predicted, CSR skepticism weakens a favorable attitude toward CSR, whereas it increases the level of reactance. Also, CSR skepticism negatively influences behavioral intention, while positive attitude and reactance positively influence behavioral intention.Originality/valueUnderstanding customers' skepticism toward CSR has become increasingly important because of its negative consequences. Despite existing studies on CSR skepticism, few have focused on why and how CSR skepticism leads to negative behavioral outcomes. Thus, this research contributes to existing tourism literature by examining the role of CSR skepticism on their attitude and behavior. Findings will help researchers and practitioners understand how CSR skepticism impacts customers' behavioral intention and develops CSR strategies to enhance the behavioral intention to patronize.

scholarly journals Aerobactin, but Not Yersiniabactin, Salmochelin, or Enterobactin, Enables the Growth/Survival of Hypervirulent (Hypermucoviscous) Klebsiella pneumoniaeEx VivoandIn Vivo

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 3325-3333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Russo ◽  
Ruth Olson ◽  
Ulrike MacDonald ◽  
Janet Beanan ◽  
Bruce A. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Relative Activity ◽  
Ascites Fluid ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Content Type

The siderophore aerobactin is the dominant siderophore produced by hypervirulentKlebsiella pneumoniae(hvKP) and was previously shown to be a major virulence factor in systemic infection. However, strains of hvKP commonly produce the additional siderophores yersiniabactin, salmochelin, and enterobactin. The roles of these siderophores in hvKP infection have not been optimally defined. To that end, site-specific gene disruptions were created in hvKP1 (wild type), resulting in the generation of hvKP1ΔiucA(aerobactin deficient), hvKP1ΔiroB(salmochelin deficient), hvKP1ΔentB(enterobactin and salmochelin deficient), hvKP1Δirp2(yersiniabactin deficient), and hvKP1ΔentBΔirp2(enterobactin, salmochelin, and yersiniabactin deficient). The growth/survival of these constructs was compared to that of their wild-type parent hvKP1ex vivoin human ascites fluid, human serum, and human urine andin vivoin mouse systemic infection and pulmonary challenge models. Interestingly, in contrast to aerobactin, the inability to produce enterobactin, salmochelin, or yersiniabactin individually or in combination did not decrease theex vivogrowth/survival in human ascites or serum or decrease virulence in thein vivoinfection models. Surprisingly, none of the siderophores increased growth in human urine. In human ascites fluid supplemented with exogenous siderophores, siderophores increased the growth of hvKP1ΔiucA, with the relative activity being enterobactin > aerobactin > yersiniabactin > salmochelin, suggesting that the contribution of aerobactin to virulence is dependent on both innate biologic activity and quantity produced. Taken together, these data confirm and extend a role for aerobactin as a critical virulence factor for hvKP. Since it appears that aerobactin production is a defining trait of hvKP strains, this factor is a potential antivirulence target.

scholarly journals An Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain and Galacto-Oligosaccharides Accelerate Clearance of Salmonella Infections in Poultry through Modifications to the Gut Microbiome

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril ◽  
Natasha Butz ◽  
Maria Belen Cadenas ◽  
Matthew Koci ◽  
Anne Ballou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Salmonella is estimated to cause one million foodborne illnesses in the United States every year. Salmonella -contaminated poultry products are one of the major sources of salmonellosis. Given the critical role of the gut microbiota in Salmonella transmission, a manipulation of the chicken intestinal microenvironment could prevent animal colonization by the pathogen. In Salmonella , the global regulator gene fnr ( f umarate n itrate r eduction) regulates anaerobic metabolism and is essential for adapting to the gut environment. This study tested the hypothesis that an attenuated Fnr mutant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (attST) or prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) could improve resistance to wild-type Salmonella via modifications to the structure of the chicken gut microbiome. Intestinal samples from a total of 273 animals were collected weekly for 9 weeks to evaluate the impact of attST or prebiotic supplementation on microbial species of the cecum, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. We next analyzed changes to the gut microbiome induced by challenging the animals with a wild-type Salmonella serovar 4,[5],12:r:− (Nal r ) strain and determined the clearance rate of the virulent strain in the treated and control groups. Both GOS and the attenuated Salmonella strain modified the gut microbiome but elicited alterations of different taxonomic groups. The attST produced significant increases of Alistipes and undefined Lactobacillus , while GOS increased Christensenellaceae and Lactobacillus reuteri . The microbiome structural changes induced by both treatments resulted in a faster clearance after a Salmonella challenge. IMPORTANCE With an average annual incidence of 13.1 cases/100,000 individuals, salmonellosis has been deemed a nationally notifiable condition in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Earlier studies demonstrated that Salmonella is transmitted by a subset of animals (supershedders). The supershedder phenotype can be induced by antibiotics, ascertaining an essential role for the gut microbiota in Salmonella transmission. Consequently, modulation of the gut microbiota and modification of the intestinal microenvironment could assist in preventing animal colonization by the pathogen. Our study demonstrated that a manipulation of the chicken gut microbiota by the administration of an attenuated Salmonella strain or prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) can promote resistance to Salmonella colonization via increases of beneficial microorganisms that translate into a less hospitable gut microenvironment.

Differential effect of imipenem treatment on injury caused by cecal ligation and puncture in wild-type and NK cell-deficient β2-microgloblin knockout mice

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. G277-G284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor T. Enoh ◽  
Cheng Y. Lin ◽  
Tushar K. Varma ◽  
Edward R. Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Cecal Ligation ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Cecal Ligation And Puncture ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
The Impact

Our previous studies showed that β2-microglobulin knockout mice treated with anti-asialoGM1 (β2MKO/αAsGM1 mice) are resistant to injury caused by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). However, CLP-induced injury is complex. Potential mechanisms of injury include systemic infection, cecal ischemia, and translocation of bacterial toxins such as endotoxin and superantigens. Currently, it is unclear which of these mechanisms of injury contributes to mortality in wild-type mice and whether β2MKO/αAsGM1 mice are resistant to any particular mechanisms of injury. In the present study, we hypothesized that systemic infection is the major cause of injury after CLP in wild-type mice and that β2MKO/αAsGM1 mice are resistant to infection-induced injury. To test this hypothesis, wild-type and β2MKO/αAsGM1 mice were treated with the broad-spectrum antibiotic imipenem immediately after CLP to decrease the impact of systemic infection in our model. Treatment of wild-type and β2MKO/αAsGM1 mice with imipenem decreased bacterial counts by at least two orders of magnitude. However, all wild-type mice, whether treated with saline or imipenem, died by 42 h after CLP and had significant hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, and high plasma concentrations of the cytokines interleukin-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine. β2MKO/αAsGM1 mice showed 40% long-term survival, which was increased to 90% by imipenem treatment. β2MKO/αAsGM1 mice had less hypothermia, decreased metabolic acidosis, and lower cytokine concentrations at 18 h after CLP compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that infection is not the major cause of mortality for wild-type mice in our model of CLP. Other mechanisms of injury such as cecal ischemia or translocation of microbial toxins may be more important. β2MKO/αAsGM1 mice appear resistant to these early, non-infection-related causes of CLP-induced injury but showed delayed mortality associated with bacterial dissemination, which was ablated by treatment with imipenem.

The effect of supply chain disruptions on shareholder wealth in small and mid-cap companies

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aswin Alora ◽  
Mukesh Kumar Barua
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Insider Trading ◽  
Shareholder Wealth ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Small Companies ◽  
Supply Chain Disruption ◽  
Supply Chain Disruptions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Global Consensus ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Supply chain disruptions can have severe negative consequences on companies. However, studies measuring the financial impacts of supply chain disruptions are largely confined to developed nations and large companies. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of supply chain disruption on small companies in the context of an emerging nation. Further, an attempt has been made to classify supply chain disruptions and measure its impact by its type. Design/methodology/approach In this research, the event study on 335 supply chain disruption events for a 10 year period starting from 2009 to 2019 has been used. Findings The results state that the Indian small and medium companies lost −4.49% of shareholder wealth in disruption. The findings also indicate that the financial and environmental disruptions can have severe effect on shareholder wealth as compared to other category. Research limitations/implications The study is confined to a developing country. Considering multiple countries can provide comparative results and therefore a global consensus could be achieved. Practical implications The outcomes of the results help managers to plan and prioritize supply chain disruptions, regulatory authorities can plug any possible insider trading practices for small companies in the event of supply chain disruptions. Investors can plan and take prudent investing decisions based on the nature of the disruptions. Originality/value To the best of the knowledge, this is the first study measuring the supply chain disruption effects on smaller companies in an emerging nation. The study is also novel in incorporating financial disruptions and measuring source wise impact on shareholder wealth.

scholarly journals The Sociomicrobiology of Antivirulence Drug Resistance: a Proof of Concept

mBio ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Mellbye ◽  
Martin Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Virulence Factor Production ◽  
Proof Of Principle

ABSTRACTAntivirulence drugs disarm rather than kill pathogens and are thought to alleviate the problem of resistance, although there is no evidence to support this notion. Quorum sensing (QS) often controls cooperative virulence factor production and is therefore an attractive antivirulence target, for which inhibitors (QSI) have been developed. We designed a proof-of-principle experiment to investigate the impact of bacterial social interactions on the evolution of QSI resistance. We coculturedPseudomonas aeruginosaQS-deficient mutants with small proportions of the QS-proficient wild type, which in the absence of QSI mimic QSI-sensitive and -resistant variants, respectively. We employed two different QS-dependent nutrients that are degraded by extracellular (public) and cell-associated (private) enzymes. QS mutants (QSI-sensitive mimics) behaved as social cheaters that delayed population growth and prevented enrichment of wild-type cooperators (QSI-resistant mimics) only when nutrient acquisition was public, suggesting that QSI resistance would not spread. This highlights the potential for antivirulence strategies that target cooperative behaviors and provides a conceptual framework for future studies.

scholarly journals Cytoplasmic Copper Detoxification in Salmonella Can Contribute to SodC Metalation but Is Dispensable during Systemic Infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 199 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke A. Fenlon ◽  
James M. Slauch
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Copper Binding ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a leading cause of foodborne disease worldwide. Severe infections result from the ability of S. Typhimurium to survive within host immune cells, despite being exposed to various host antimicrobial factors. SodCI, a copper-zinc-cofactored superoxide dismutase, is required to defend against phagocytic superoxide. SodCII, an additional periplasmic superoxide dismutase, although produced during infection, does not function in the host. Previous studies suggested that CueP, a periplasmic copper binding protein, facilitates acquisition of copper by SodCII. CopA and GolT, both inner membrane ATPases that pump copper from the cytoplasm to the periplasm, are a source of copper for CueP. Using in vitro SOD assays, we found that SodCI can also utilize CueP to acquire copper. However, both SodCI and SodCII have a significant fraction of activity independent of CueP and cytoplasmic copper export. We utilized a series of mouse competition assays to address the in vivo role of CueP-mediated SodC activation. A copA golT cueP triple mutant was equally as competitive as the wild type, suggesting that sufficient SodCI is active to defend against phagocytic superoxide independent of CueP and cytoplasmic copper export. We also confirmed that a strain containing a modified SodCII, which is capable of complementing a sodCI deletion, was fully virulent in a copA golT cueP background competed against the wild type. These competitions also address the potential impact of cytoplasmic copper toxicity within the phagosome. Our data suggest that Salmonella does not encounter inhibitory concentrations of copper during systemic infection. IMPORTANCE Salmonella is a leading cause of gastrointestinal disease worldwide. In severe cases, Salmonella can cause life-threatening systemic infections, particularly in very young children, the elderly, or people who are immunocompromised. To cause disease, Salmonella must survive the hostile environment inside host immune cells, a location in which most bacteria are killed. Our work examines how one particular metal, copper, is acquired by Salmonella to activate a protein important for survival within immune cells. At high levels, copper itself can inhibit Salmonella. Using a strain of Salmonella that cannot detoxify intracellular copper, we also addressed the in vivo role of copper as an antimicrobial agent.

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