scholarly journals Erythropoietin Protects against Murine Cerebral Malaria through Actions on Host Cellular Immunity

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Wei ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Xiaodan Sun ◽  
Xiaotong Zhu ◽  
Yonghui Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cerebral Malaria ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Endothelial Activation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Proinflammatory Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune

ABSTRACTCerebral malaria (CM) is associated with excessive host proinflammatory responses and endothelial activation. The hematopoietic hormone erythropoietin (EPO) possesses neuroprotective functions in animal models of ischemic-hypoxic, traumatic, and inflammatory injuries. In thePlasmodium bergheiANKA model of experimental CM (ECM), recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) has shown evident protection against ECM. To elucidate the mechanism of EPO in this ECM model, we investigated the effect of rhEPO on host cellular immune responses. We demonstrated that improved survival of mice with ECM after rhEPO treatment was associated with reduced endothelial activation and improved integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Our results revealed that rhEPO downregulated the inflammatory responses by directly inhibiting the levels and functions of splenic dendritic cells. Conversely, rhEPO treatment led to significant expansion of regulatory T cells and increased expression of the receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4). The data presented here provide evidence of the direct effect of rhEPO on host cellular immunity during ECM.

scholarly journals Maternal-Fetal Immune Responses in Pregnant Women Infected with SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Garcia-Flores ◽  
Roberto Romero ◽  
Yi Xu ◽  
Kevin Theis ◽  
Marcia Arenas-Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Immune Repertoire ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Pregnant women are a high-risk population for severe/critical COVID-19 and mortality. However, the maternal-fetal immune responses initiated by SARS-CoV-2 infection, and whether this virus is detectable in the placenta, are still under investigation. Herein, we report that SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy primarily induced specific maternal inflammatory responses in the circulation and at the maternal-fetal interface, the latter being governed by T cells and macrophages. SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy was also associated with a cytokine response in the fetal circulation (i.e. umbilical cord blood) without compromising the cellular immune repertoire. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection neither altered fetal cellular immune responses in the placenta nor induced elevated cord blood levels of IgM. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in the placental tissues, nor was the sterility of the placenta compromised by maternal viral infection. This study provides insight into the maternal-fetal immune responses triggered by SARS-CoV-2 and further emphasizes the rarity of placental infection.

scholarly journals Hemocyte-hemocyte adhesion by granulocytes is associated with cellular immunity in the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngwoo Cho ◽  
Saeyoull Cho
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Size And Morphology ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Unique Mechanism

AbstractIn this study, more than 1,000 cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) hemocytes were classified based on their size and morphology. These hemocytes were classified into six types: granulocytes, plasmatocytes, prohemocytes, spherulocytes, coagulocytes, and oenocytoids. Hemocyte cultures was observed in real time to determine which hemocytes were associated with cellular immune responses against potential pathogens. Granulocytes were identified as the professional immune cell that mediates nodulation, encapsulation, and phagocytosis of pathogens. Granulocytes have been shown to actively produce various sticky nets (amoeba-like hairs and extracellular traps) from their plasma membranes that they use to gather other hemocytes and to implement cellular immune responses. The activation of lysosomes in granulocytes started at 4 h, peaked at 12 h, and returned to baseline by 24 h post-infection. At 48 h post-infection, cells could be found within the cytoplasm of granulocytes and reactivated lysosomes surrounding these cells were visible. This result seems to reflect a phenomenon in which necrotic granulocytes are removed by other healthy granulocytes. This unique mechanism of cellular immunity is therefore a way to efficiently and effectively remove pathogens and simultaneously maintain healthy hemocytes.

scholarly journals Changes in cellular immune responses of Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) due to pyriproxyfen treatment

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyyedeh Kimia Mirhaghparast ◽  
Arash Zibaee ◽  
Hassan Hoda ◽  
Jalal Jalali Sendi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chilo Suppressalis ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Phenoloxidase Activity ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune

Abstract The effects of pyriproxyfen were determined on the cellular immunity and phenoloxidase activity in the 4th instar larvae of Chilo suppressalis Walker. The bioassay results revealed the effective concentrations of: 10L : 18C, 30L : 72C and 50L : 190C μg · ml−1. The sole effect of 18 and 72 μg · ml−1 concentrations at intervals of 1–3 h caused a higher number of total hemocytes in the treated larvae than the control, but the reverse results were observed after 6–24 h. The number of plasmatocytes was lower than that of the control for intervals of 3–24 h but the number of granulocytes was higher than the control after 1–3 h although no significant differences were observed at the other times. In the treated larvae, the activities of phenoloxidase were higher and lower than those of the control after 1–3 h and 6–24 h, respectively. The combined effects of pyriproxyfen and the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana isolate B3 caused higher numbers of total hemocytes, plasmatocytes, and granulocytes in the treated larvae by use of the three concentrations of pyriproxyfen, at intervals of 6 and 12 h. Although the numbers of nodules in the larvae treated with concentrations of 18 μg · ml−1 were higher than those of other treatments, the overall numbers were lower than those of the control. Finally, the activity of phenoloxidase in the treated larvae was higher than that of the control, at intervals of 6 and 12 h post-treatment. Findings of the current study indicate an intervening role of pyriproxyfen in the cellular immunity of C. suppressalis to entomopathogenic objects.

scholarly journals Cellular Immune Responses to Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG Constructs Expressing Major Antigens of Region of Difference 1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1230-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kholoud Shaban ◽  
Hanady A. Amoudy ◽  
Abu S. Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
T Helper 1 ◽  
Th1 Cell ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Cellular Immune

ABSTRACTBesides being the most widely used vaccine directed against tuberculosis (TB) worldwide,Mycobacterium bovisBCG is also the most controversial vaccine in current use. Its protective efficacy varies widely in different parts of the world. One approach to improving the current BCG vaccine might be to produce recombinant BCG strains that express major antigens encoded by genes that are present in theM. tuberculosis-specific region of difference 1 (RD1), such aspe35,cfp10, andesat6. In this study,pe35,cfp10, andesat6genes were cloned into shuttle plasmid pDE22 to generate the recombinant plasmids PDE22-PE35, PDE22-CFP10, and PDE22-ESAT6, which were electroporated into BCG to generate recombinant BCGs (rBCGs). The cellular immune responses (antigen-induced proliferation and secretion of selected T helper 1 [Th1], Th2, and anti-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., gamma interferon [IFN-γ], interleukin 5 [IL-5], and IL-10, respectively) that are specific to the proteins of cloned genes were studied by using spleen cells from mice immunized with native BCGs and rBCGs and synthetic peptides covering the protein sequence of the cloned genes. The results showed that the spleen cells did not secrete IL-5, whereas IL-10 was secreted in response to peptides of all three proteins from mice immunized with rBCGs only, suggesting expression of the cloned genes andin vivopriming of spleen cells to the expressed proteins. However, in Th1 cell assays that correlate with protective cellular immune responses, i.e., antigen-induced proliferation and IFN-γ secretion, only mice immunized with rBCG-pDE22-PE35 yielded positive responses to the peptides of PE35. These results suggest that rBCG-PDE22-PE35 is the only one of the three vaccines used in this work that is worthy of consideration as a new vaccine candidate against TB.

scholarly journals Cellular Immune Responses against Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Target Tax in Infected Baboons

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 5280-5291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Castro ◽  
Teresa M. Giret ◽  
Diogo M. Magnani ◽  
Helen S. Maxwell ◽  
Oliver Umland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Content Type ◽  
T Lymphotropic Virus ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Tax Protein ◽  
Baboon Model ◽  
Cellular Immune

ABSTRACTThere are currently 5 million to 10 million human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected people, and many of them will develop severe complications resulting from this infection. A vaccine is urgently needed in areas where HTLV-1 is endemic. Many vaccines are best tested in nonhuman primate animal models. As a first step in designing an effective HTLV-1 vaccine, we defined the CD8+and CD4+T cell response against simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1), a virus closely related to HTLV-1, in olive baboons (Papioanubis). Consistent with persistent antigenic exposure, we observed that STLV-1-specific CD8+T cells displayed an effector memory phenotype and usually expressed CD107a, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). To assess the viral targets of the cellular immune response in STLV-1-infected animals, we used intracellular cytokine staining to detect responses against overlapping peptides covering the entire STLV-1 proteome. Our results show that, similarly to humans, the baboon CD8+T cell response narrowly targeted the Tax protein. Our findings suggest that the STLV-1-infected baboon model may recapitulate some of the important aspects of the human response against HTLV-1 and could be an important tool for the development of immune-based therapy and prophylaxis.IMPORTANCEHTLV-1 infection can lead to many different and often fatal conditions. A vaccine deployed in areas of high prevalence might reduce the incidence of HTLV-1-induced disease. Unfortunately, there are very few animal models of HTLV-1 infection useful for testing vaccine approaches. Here we describe cellular immune responses in baboons against a closely related virus, STLV-1. We show for the first time that the immune response against STLV-1 in naturally infected baboons is largely directed against the Tax protein. Similar findings in humans and the sequence similarity between the human and baboon viruses suggest that the STLV-1-infected baboon model might be useful for developing a vaccine against HTLV-1.

scholarly journals Mucosal Immunization with Virus-Like Particles of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Conjugated with Cholera Toxin Subunit B

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (18) ◽  
pp. 9823-9830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Moo Kang ◽  
Qizhi Yao ◽  
Lizheng Guo ◽  
Richard W. Compans
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Antigen Uptake ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Gag Proteins ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cellular Immune

ABSTRACT To enhance the efficiency of antigen uptake at mucosal surfaces, CTB was conjugated to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) virus-like particles (VLPs). We characterized the immune responses to the Env and Gag proteins after intranasal administration. Intranasal immunization with a mixture of VLPs and CTB as an adjuvant elicited higher levels of SIV gp160-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in sera and IgA in mucosae, including saliva, vaginal-wash samples, lung, and intestine, as well as a higher level of neutralization activities than immunization with VLPs alone. Conjugation of CTB to VLPs also enhanced the SIV VLP-specific antibodies in sera and in mucosae to similar levels. Interestingly, CTB-conjugated VLPs showed higher levels of cytokine (gamma interferon)-producing splenocytes and cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte activities of immune cells than VLPs plus CTB, as well as an increased level of both IgG1 and IgG2a serum antibodies, which indicates enhancement of both Th1- and Th2-type cellular immune responses. These results demonstrate that CTB can be an effective mucosal adjuvant in the context of VLPs to induce enhanced humoral, as well as cellular, immune responses.

scholarly journals Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Yersinia pestis Infection in Long-Term Recovered Plague Patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bei Li ◽  
Chunhong Du ◽  
Lei Zhou ◽  
Yujing Bi ◽  
Xiaoyi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cellular Immune

ABSTRACTPlague is one of the most dangerous diseases and is caused byYersinia pestis. Effective vaccine development requires understanding of immune protective mechanisms against the bacterium in humans. In this study, the humoral and memory cellular immune responses in plague patients (n= 65) recovered fromY. pestisinfection during the past 16 years were investigated using a protein microarray and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISpot). The seroprevalence to the F1 antigen in all recovered patients is 78.5%. In patients infected more than a decade ago, the antibody-positive rate still remains 69.5%. There is no difference in the antibody presence between gender, age, and infected years, but it seems to be associated with the F1 antibody titers during infection (r= 0.821;P< 0.05). Except F1 antibody, the antibodies against LcrV and YopD were detected in most of the patients, suggesting they could be the potential diagnostic markers for detecting the infection of F1-negative strains. Regarding cellular immunity, the cell number producing gamma interferon (IFN-γ), stimulated by F1 and LcrV, respectively,in vitroto the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 7 plague patients and 4 negative controls, showed no significant difference, indicating F1 and LcrV are not dominant T cell antigens against plague for a longer time in humans. Our findings have direct implications for the future design and development of effective vaccines againstY. pestisinfection and the development of new target-based diagnostics.

scholarly journals Manganese salts function as potent adjuvants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Chenguang Wang ◽  
Yukun Guan ◽  
Xiaoming Wei ◽  
Mengyin Sha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Lymphocyte Activation ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Antigen Uptake ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Manganese Salts ◽  
Cellular Immune

AbstractAluminum-containing adjuvants have been used for nearly 100 years to enhance immune responses in billions of doses of vaccines. To date, only a few adjuvants have been approved for use in humans, among which aluminum-containing adjuvants are the only ones widely used. However, the medical need for potent and safe adjuvants is currently continuously increasing, especially those triggering cellular immune responses for cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation, which are urgently needed for the development of efficient virus and cancer vaccines. Manganese is an essential micronutrient required for diverse biological activities, but its functions in immunity remain undefined. We previously reported that Mn2+ is important in the host defense against cytosolic dsDNA by facilitating cGAS-STING activation and that Mn2+ alone directly activates cGAS independent of dsDNA, leading to an unconventional catalytic synthesis of 2′3′-cGAMP. Herein, we found that Mn2+ strongly promoted immune responses by facilitating antigen uptake, presentation, and germinal center formation via both cGAS-STING and NLRP3 activation. Accordingly, a colloidal manganese salt (Mn jelly, MnJ) was formulated to act not only as an immune potentiator but also as a delivery system to stimulate humoral and cellular immune responses, inducing antibody production and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell proliferation and activation by either intramuscular or intranasal immunization. When administered intranasally, MnJ also worked as a mucosal adjuvant, inducing high levels of secretory IgA. MnJ showed good adjuvant effects for all tested antigens, including T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antigens, such as bacterial capsular polysaccharides, thus indicating that it is a promising adjuvant candidate.

Definition of cellular immune responses to brain antigens in human head trauma

1979 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. J. Apuzzo ◽  
Khalid M. A. Sheikh ◽  
James S. Heiden ◽  
Martin H. Weiss ◽  
Theodore Kurze
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Brain Antigen ◽  
Cellular Immune

✓ Cellular immune responses to brain antigens in patients with head injury were studied by applying the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay. The investigation was conducted in three phases. 1) In the initial phase, evaluation of a series of 22 test and 25 control cases obtained at random during a 2- to 6-week time frame following a traumatic event indicated significant non-adherence of leukocytes (NAL) in 77% of the test group and 20% of the control group in the presence of brain antigen. 2) In a second phase, a larger test population was divided into four groups of different posttraumatic intervals. This study measured NAL in the presence of normal heart or normal brain antigen. Assays revealed an initial significant NAL in the presence of both antigens; however, after the first week following injury the majority of cases manifested significant NAL only with brain antigen. These values of NAL persisted over a 6- to 8-week period. 3) As a final phase of investigation, analysis of a sequential series of assays in 12 patients over a 90-day period indicated significant NAL in the presence of brain antigen within the first week of injury, this was followed by a drop in NAL in most of the cases. Studies at 7 to 60 days posttrauma demonstrated significant NAL with brain antigen alone, with a subsequent drop by 90 days. These observations are interpreted to represent sensitization of leukocyte subgroups to brain proteins that are immunologically recognized following the traumatic event.

scholarly journals Production of a Particulate Hepatitis C Vaccine Candidate by an Engineered Lactococcus lactis Strain

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (24) ◽  
pp. 8516-8522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie A. Parlane ◽  
Katrin Grage ◽  
Jason W. Lee ◽  
Bryce M. Buddle ◽  
Michel Denis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lactococcus Lactis ◽  
Vaccination Site ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Cellular Immune

ABSTRACTVaccine delivery systems based on display of antigens on bioengineered bacterial polyester inclusions can stimulate cellular immune responses. The food-grade Gram-positive bacteriumLactococcus lactiswas engineered to produce spherical polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) inclusions which abundantly displayed the hepatitis C virus core (HCc) antigen. In mice, the immune response induced by this antigen delivery system was compared to that induced by vaccination with HCc antigen displayed on PHB beads produced inEscherichia coli, to PHB beads without antigen produced inL. lactisorE. coli, or directly to the recombinant HCc protein. Vaccination site lesions were minimal in all mice vaccinated with HCc PHB beads or recombinant protein, all mixed in the oil-in-water adjuvant Emulsigen, while vaccination with the recombinant protein in complete Freund's adjuvant produced a marked inflammatory reaction at the vaccination site. Vaccination with the PHB beads produced inL. lactisand displaying HCc antigen produced antigen-specific cellular immune responses with significant release of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) from splenocyte cultures and no significant antigen-specific serum antibody, while the PHB beads displaying HCc but produced inE. colireleased IFN-γ and IL-17A as well as the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 and low levels of IgG2c antibody. In contrast, recombinant HCc antigen in Emulsigen produced a diverse cytokine response and a strong IgG1 antibody response. Overall it was shown thatL. lactiscan be used to produce immunogenic PHB beads displaying viral antigens, making the beads suitable for vaccination against viral infections.

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