scholarly journals Host and Tissue Specificity of Trichomonas vaginalis Is Not Mediated by Its Known Adhesion Proteins

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 4358-4360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Filippa Addis ◽  
Paola Rappelli ◽  
Pier Luigi Fiori
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Tissue Specificity ◽  
Mycoplasma Hominis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Adhesion Proteins ◽  
Vaginal Epithelial Cells ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Different Cell Types

ABSTRACT Adhesion of Trichomonas vaginalis is believed to be dependent on four adhesion proteins, which are thought to bind to vaginal epithelial cells in a specific manner with a ligand-receptor type of interaction. However, the specific receptors on the host cell have not yet been identified. In this work, the ability of the T. vaginalis adhesins to bind to cells of different histologic derivations and from different species has been studied. HeLa, CHO, and Vero cell lines; erythrocytes from different species; and a prokaryote without a cell wall, Mycoplasma hominis, were employed in order to investigate the cell specificity of the T. vaginalis adhesins. We observed that the T. vaginalisadhesins are able to bind to the different cell types to the same extent, suggesting that the host and tissue specificity of T. vaginalis adhesion should not be due to specificity of the parasite adhesins. Our results suggest that the data published to date on the subject are probably artifactual and that the experiments reported in the literature are not appropriate for identification of protozoan adhesins.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3389
Author(s):  
Ishtiaq Ahmed ◽  
Saif Ur Rehman ◽  
Shiva Shahmohamadnejad ◽  
Muhammad Anjum Zia ◽  
Muhammad Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Autoimmune Disorders ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Different Cell Types

In humans, various sites like cannabinoid receptors (CBR) having a binding affinity with cannabinoids are distributed on the surface of different cell types, where endocannabinoids (ECs) and derivatives of fatty acid can bind. The binding of these substance(s) triggers the activation of specific receptors required for various physiological functions, including pain sensation, memory, and appetite. The ECs and CBR perform multiple functions via the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1); cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), having a key effect in restraining neurotransmitters and the arrangement of cytokines. The role of cannabinoids in the immune system is illustrated because of their immunosuppressive characteristics. These characteristics include inhibition of leucocyte proliferation, T cells apoptosis, and induction of macrophages along with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. The review seeks to discuss the functional relationship between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and anti-tumor characteristics of cannabinoids in various cancers. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for cancer—both in vivo and in vitro clinical trials—has also been highlighted and reported to be effective in mice models in arthritis for the inflammation reduction, neuropathic pain, positive effect in multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes mellitus, and found beneficial for treating in various cancers. In human models, such studies are limited; thereby, further research is indispensable in this field to get a conclusive outcome. Therefore, in autoimmune disorders, therapeutic cannabinoids can serve as promising immunosuppressive and anti-fibrotic agents.

scholarly journals The complement of desmosomal plaque proteins in different cell types.

1985 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 1442-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Cowin ◽  
H P Kapprell ◽  
W W Franke
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cardiac Cells ◽  
Myocardial Tissue ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Different Cell Types

Desmosomal plaque proteins have been identified in immunoblotting and immunolocalization experiments on a wide range of cell types from several species, using a panel of monoclonal murine antibodies to desmoplakins I and II and a guinea pig antiserum to desmosomal band 5 protein. Specifically, we have taken advantage of the fact that certain antibodies react with both desmoplakins I and II, whereas others react only with desmoplakin I, indicating that desmoplakin I contains unique regions not present on the closely related desmoplakin II. While some of these antibodies recognize epitopes conserved between chick and man, others display a narrow species specificity. The results show that proteins whose size, charge, and biochemical behavior are very similar to those of desmoplakin I and band 5 protein of cow snout epidermis are present in all desmosomes examined. These include examples of simple and pseudostratified epithelia and myocardial tissue, in addition to those of stratified epithelia. In contrast, in immunoblotting experiments, we have detected desmoplakin II only among cells of stratified and pseudostratified epithelial tissues. This suggests that the desmosomal plaque structure varies in its complement of polypeptides in a cell-type specific manner. We conclude that the obligatory desmosomal plaque proteins, desmoplakin I and band 5 protein, are expressed in a coordinate fashion but independently from other differentiation programs of expression such as those specific for either epithelial or cardiac cells.

TEMPLATE-BASED ISOCONTOURING

2006 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 187-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAGANNATHAN LAKSHMIPATHY ◽  
WIESLAW L. NOWINSKI ◽  
ERIC A. WERNERT
Keyword(s):  
Linear Time ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Lookup Table ◽  
Graphics Hardware ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Triangle Strips ◽  
Different Cell Types

Different isocontour extraction methods use different cell types (tetrahedral, hexahedral, etc.) depending on the nature of the acquisition grids (structured, unstructured, etc.). The existing isocontouring methods have the following pre-steps for the actual extraction process: (a) identification of cell types, (b) identification of topologically independent instances for each cell type, (c) determination of surface primitives contained in the topologically independent instances and (d) generation of a lookup table such that the name of the entry is an instance of a cell and the entry is the triangle set for that instance. The extraction process outputs the triangles from the lookup table. In this paper we present a novel generic method that enables us to list topologically independent surface primitives called "templates" within any n-polytope cell namely tetrahedra, hexahedra etc. We have also modified the traditional lookup table such that name is the cell instance and the entry is face index representations of all template instances contained in that cell. To show an example, we have applied this approach on a hexahedron and listed the templates and subsequently we have showed how to construct a lookup table. Most modern graphics hardware render triangles faster if they are rendered collectively as triangle strips as opposed to individual triangles. With our modified lookup table approach we can identify triangles in the neighboring cell in a linear time and hence we are able to connect two triangle strips into a longer triangle strip on the fly during the extraction process. We have compared our approach with some existing methods. The following are some of the important features of the method: (1) Simplicity, (2) procedural triangulation and (3) face-index representation.

scholarly journals Complex regulation and functional versatility of mammalian alpha- and beta-tubulin isotypes during the differentiation of testis and muscle cells.

1988 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 2023-2033 ◽  
Author(s):  
S A Lewis ◽  
N J Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Beta Tubulin ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Alpha Tubulin ◽  
Tubulin Isotypes ◽  
Tubulin Isotype ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Complex Regulation ◽  
Carboxy Terminal ◽  
Different Cell Types

In the accompanying paper (Gu, W., S. A. Lewis, and N. J. Cowan. 1988. J. Cell Biol. 106: 2011-2022), we report the generation of three antisera, each of which uniquely recognizes a different mammalian alpha-tubulin isotype, plus a fourth antibody that distinguishes between microtubules containing the tyrosinated and nontyrosinated form of the only known mammalian alpha-tubulin gene product that lacks an encoded carboxy-terminal tyrosine residue. These sera, together with five sera we raised that distinguish among the known mammalian beta-tubulin isotypes, have been used to study patterns of tubulin isotype-specific expression in muscle and testis, two tissues in which characteristic developmental changes are accompanied by dramatic rearrangements in microtubule structures. As in the case of cells in culture, there is no evidence to suggest that there is subcellular sorting of different tubulin isotypes among different kinds of microtubule, even in a cell type (the developing spermatid) that simultaneously contains such functionally distinct structures as the manchette and the flagellum. On the other hand, the patterns of expression of the various tubulin isotypes show marked and distinctive differences in different cell types and, in at least one case, evidence is presented for regulation at the translational or posttranslational level. The significance of these observations is discussed in terms of the existence of the mammalian alpha- and beta-tubulin multigene families.

scholarly journals Intervertebral disc decellularisation: progress and challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 196-219
Author(s):  
MF Fiordalisi ◽  
◽  
AJ Silva ◽  
M Barbosa ◽  
RM Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Antigen Removal ◽  
Ivd Degeneration ◽  
Different Cell Types

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and the consequent low-back pain (LBP) affect over 80 % of people in western societies, constituting a tremendous socio-economic burden worldwide and largely impairing patients’ life quality. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-based scaffolds, derived from decellularised tissues, are being increasingly explored in regenerative medicine for tissue repair. Decellularisation plays an essential role for host cells and antigen removal, while maintaining native microenvironmental signals, including ECM structure, composition and mechanical properties, which are essential for driving tissue regeneration. With the lack of clinical solutions for IVD repair/regeneration, implantation of decellularised IVD tissues has been explored to halt and/or revert the degenerative cascade and the associated LBP symptoms. Over the last few years, several researchers have focused on the optimisation of IVD decellularisation methods, combining physical, chemical and enzymatic treatments, in order to successfully develop a cell-free matrix. Recellularisation of IVD-based scaffolds with different cell types has been attempted and numerous methods have been explored to address proper IVD regeneration. Herein, the advances in IVD decellularisation methods, sterilisation procedures, repopulation and biocompatibility tests are reviewed. Additionally, the importance of the donor profile for therapeutic success is also addressed. Finally, the perspectives and major hurdles for clinical use of the decellularised ECM-based biomaterials for IVD are discussed. The studies reviewed support the notion that tissue-engineering-based strategies resorting to decellularised IVD may represent a major advancement in the treatment of disc degeneration and consequent LBP.

Endocytosis and trafficking of human lactoferrin in macrophage-like human THP-1 cells1This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lactoferrin and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Florian ◽  
Alina Macovei ◽  
Livia Sima ◽  
Norica Nichita ◽  
Inger Mattsby-Baltzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Review Process ◽  
Peer Review Process ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Endocytic Pathway ◽  
Bafilomycin A1 ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Early Endosomes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Dependent Pathway

Different cell types have been reported to internalize lactoferrin (Lf) by specific or nonspecific receptors. Our studies focused on the endocytic pathway of human Lf in macrophage-like THP-1 cells. Lactoferrin was found to be internalized by THP-1 cells differentiated with phorbol myristate acetate. Incubation of cells with chlorpromazine and dansylcadaverine, inhibitors of clathrin-dependent endocytosis, led to a 50% inhibition of Lf internalization compared with untreated cells. Bafilomycin A1 and NH4Cl treatment also resulted in 40%–60% inhibition, respectively, suggesting that the internalization of Lf may partly be mediated by acidic endosome-like organelles. Endocytic uptake of Lf was also cholesterol-dependent, as shown by methyl-β-cyclodextrin or nystatin treatment of the cells prior to internalization. Partial colocalization of Lf and EEA-1, a marker specific for early endosomes, could be observed. Colocalization of Lf with a specific endoplasmic reticulum marker was also detected. Our results suggest that Lf is internalized mainly by the clathrin-dependent pathway in THP-1 cells and targets the ER. The physiological consequences of this intracellular trafficking will be the subject of future investigations.

Biophotons, hallucinogens, and fluorescence

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1202-1202
Author(s):  
F. Grass
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Noise ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Inner Diameter ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Light Guidance ◽  
Baby Hamster Kidney Cells

Several experiments show that there is a cell to cell communicaton by light in different cell types. The most convincing experiment shows that baby hamster kidney cells can communicate their spatial orientation through a glass film, this can only happen by photon signals. If so, it can be assumed that the cells with the highest differentiation, the neurons also use this mechanism. The nervous system would have excellent conditions for a cell to cell communication by light. Neurons are large, metabolically very active (lightproducing) cells with wide arborisation, contain little pigment and are protected from ambient light by bone and connective tissue. Signal to noise ratio should be high for photon signals. It has been shown that light can be propagated along the axis tracts. Also the hollow microtubules (neurofibrillae) could act as light guiding structures. According to Jibu et al. their inner diameter of 15 nm is ideal for light guidance free of thermal noise and loss. Other findings that may be of importance in this context, are the strong flurescence properties of the major hallucinogens: LSD, bufetonine, dimethyl-tryptamine, psilocybine, psilocin, iboguanin, harmine, cannabidinol and mescaline. Furthermore it has been shown that hallucinogenic properties of these substances have a direct correlation to their fluorescence properties and their readyness to donate electrons. As hypothesis we propose that the fluorescence interacts physically with the proposed Biophoton mediated cell to cell communication thus producing hallucinations. This would be an easy and plausible explanation for the strong hallucinogenic properties of these fluorescent substances.

Cytokine release from innate immune cells: association with diverse membrane trafficking pathways

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige Lacy ◽  
Jennifer L. Stow
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Different Cell Types

AbstractCytokines released from innate immune cells play key roles in the regulation of the immune response. These intercellular messengers are the source of soluble regulatory signals that initiate and constrain inflammatory responses to pathogens and injury. Although numerous studies describe detailed signaling pathways induced by cytokines and their specific receptors, there is little information on the mechanisms that control the release of cytokines from different cell types. Indeed, the pathways, molecules, and mechanisms of cytokine release remain a “black box” in immunology. Here, we review research findings and new approaches that have begun to generate information on cytokine trafficking and release by innate immune cells in response to inflammatory or infectious stimuli. Surprisingly complex machinery, multiple organelles, and specialized membrane domains exist in these cells to ensure the selective, temporal, and often polarized release of cytokines in innate immunity.

scholarly journals Clonal culturing of human embryonic stem cells on laminin-521/E-cadherin matrix in defined and xeno-free environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Rodin ◽  
Liselotte Antonsson ◽  
Colin Niaudet ◽  
Oscar E. Simonson ◽  
Elina Salmela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Hes Cells ◽  
Free Environment ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
E Cadherin

Abstract Lack of robust methods for establishment and expansion of pluripotent human embryonic stem (hES) cells still hampers development of cell therapy. Laminins (LN) are a family of highly cell-type specific basement membrane proteins important for cell adhesion, differentiation, migration and phenotype stability. Here we produce and isolate a human recombinant LN-521 isoform and develop a cell culture matrix containing LN-521 and E-cadherin, which both localize to stem cell niches in vivo. This matrix allows clonal derivation, clonal survival and long-term self-renewal of hES cells under completely chemically defined and xeno-free conditions without ROCK inhibitors. Neither LN-521 nor E-cadherin alone enable clonal survival of hES cells. The LN-521/E-cadherin matrix allows hES cell line derivation from blastocyst inner cell mass and single blastomere cells without a need to destroy the embryo. This method can facilitate the generation of hES cell lines for development of different cell types for regenerative medicine purposes.

scholarly journals Complex transcriptional regulation and independent evolution of fungal-like traits in a relative of animals

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex de Mendoza ◽  
Hiroshi Suga ◽  
Jon Permanyer ◽  
Manuel Irimia ◽  
Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Transcriptional Dynamics ◽  
Genome Regulation ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Gene Modules ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Different Cell Types

Cell-type specification through differential genome regulation is a hallmark of complex multicellularity. However, it remains unclear how this process evolved during the transition from unicellular to multicellular organisms. To address this question, we investigated transcriptional dynamics in the ichthyosporean Creolimax fragrantissima, a relative of animals that undergoes coenocytic development. We find that Creolimax utilizes dynamic regulation of alternative splicing, long inter-genic non-coding RNAs and co-regulated gene modules associated with animal multicellularity in a cell-type specific manner. Moreover, our study suggests that the different cell types of the three closest animal relatives (ichthyosporeans, filastereans and choanoflagellates) are the product of lineage-specific innovations. Additionally, a proteomic survey of the secretome reveals adaptations to a fungal-like lifestyle. In summary, the diversity of cell types among protistan relatives of animals and their complex genome regulation demonstrates that the last unicellular ancestor of animals was already capable of elaborate specification of cell types.

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