scholarly journals Genome Sequence of Streptococcus gallolyticus: Insights into Its Adaptation to the Bovine Rumen and Its Ability To Cause Endocarditis

2010 ◽  
Vol 192 (8) ◽  
pp. 2266-2276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Rusniok ◽  
Elisabeth Couvé ◽  
Violette Da Cunha ◽  
Rachida El Gana ◽  
Nora Zidane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽  
Streptococcus Bovis ◽  
Collagen Binding ◽  
Catalytic Activities ◽  
Streptococcus Gallolyticus ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Large Repertoire

ABSTRACT Streptococcus gallolyticus (formerly known as Streptococcus bovis biotype I) is an increasing cause of endocarditis among streptococci and frequently associated with colon cancer. S. gallolyticus is part of the rumen flora but also a cause of disease in ruminants as well as in birds. Here we report the complete nucleotide sequence of strain UCN34, responsible for endocarditis in a patient also suffering from colon cancer. Analysis of the 2,239 proteins encoded by its 2,350-kb-long genome revealed unique features among streptococci, probably related to its adaptation to the rumen environment and its capacity to cause endocarditis. S. gallolyticus has the capacity to use a broad range of carbohydrates of plant origin, in particular to degrade polysaccharides derived from the plant cell wall. Its genome encodes a large repertoire of transporters and catalytic activities, like tannase, phenolic compounds decarboxylase, and bile salt hydrolase, that should contribute to the detoxification of the gut environment. Furthermore, S. gallolyticus synthesizes all 20 amino acids and more vitamins than any other sequenced Streptococcus species. Many of the genes encoding these specific functions were likely acquired by lateral gene transfer from other bacterial species present in the rumen. The surface properties of strain UCN34 may also contribute to its virulence. A polysaccharide capsule might be implicated in resistance to innate immunity defenses, and glucan mucopolysaccharides, three types of pili, and collagen binding proteins may play a role in adhesion to tissues in the course of endocarditis.

scholarly journals A Collagen-Binding Adhesin, Acb, and Ten Other Putative MSCRAMM and Pilus Family Proteins of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (Streptococcus bovis Group, Biotype I)

2009 ◽  
Vol 191 (21) ◽  
pp. 6643-6653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jouko Sillanpää ◽  
Sreedhar R. Nallapareddy ◽  
Xiang Qin ◽  
Kavindra V. Singh ◽  
Donna M. Muzny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Draft Genome ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Cell Surface Expression ◽  
Streptococcus Bovis ◽  
Modular Architecture ◽  
Collagen Binding ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Streptococcus Gallolyticus ◽  
Genes Encoding

ABSTRACT Members of the Streptococcus bovis group are important causes of endocarditis. However, factors associated with their pathogenicity, such as adhesins, remain uncharacterized. We recently demonstrated that endocarditis-derived Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus isolates frequently adhere to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Here, we generated a draft genome sequence of an ECM protein-adherent S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus strain and found, by genome-wide analyses, 11 predicted LPXTG-type cell wall-anchored proteins with characteristics of MSCRAMMs, including a modular architecture of domains predicted to adopt immunoglobulin (Ig)-like folding. A recombinant segment of one of these, Acb, showed high-affinity binding to immobilized collagen, and cell surface expression of Acb correlated with the presence of acb and collagen adherence of isolates. Three of the 11 proteins have similarities to major pilus subunits and are organized in separate clusters, each including a second Ig-fold-containing MSCRAMM and a class C sortase, suggesting that the sequenced strain encodes three distinct types of pili. Reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated that all three genes of one cluster, acb-sbs7-srtC1, are cotranscribed, consistent with pilus operons of other gram-positive bacteria. Further analysis detected expression of all 11 genes in cells grown to mid to late exponential growth phases. Wide distribution of 9 of the 11 genes was observed among S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus isolates with fewer genes present in other S. bovis group species/subspecies. The high prevalence of genes encoding putative MSCRAMMs and pili, including a collagen-binding MSCRAMM, among S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus isolates may play an important role in the predominance of this subspecies in S. bovis endocarditis.

scholarly journals The Effect of Nomenclature Revision of Streptococcus bovis to Streptococcus gallolyticus on Subsequent Colon Cancer Screening

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharanjeet K Thind ◽  
Dena R Shibib ◽  
Chris A Gentry
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Colon Cancer Screening ◽  
Streptococcus Bovis ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
Streptococcus Gallolyticus ◽  
Overall Mortality

Abstract Background Lack of awareness of the taxonomic revision from the familiar Streptococcus bovis to the less familiar Streptococcus gallolyticus may be associated with a decrease in recommended colon cancer screening in patients with bacteremia from this organism. This could subsequently lead to a delay in diagnosis or underdiagnosis of colon cancer and other serious underlying gastrointestinal diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether the nomenclature change of S. bovis to S. gallolyticus resulted in decreased colon cancer screening. Methods This study was a retrospective, observational, nationwide analysis of patients who had positive blood cultures for S. bovis/S. gallolyticus from any Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2017. Results There was no difference in the primary end point of intent for colonoscopy between the S. gallolyticus and S. bovis groups (66.5% [117/176] vs 62.1% [624/1005], respectively; P = .26). The overall mortality rate was 33.8% among 1181 patients included in the study, with a significantly lower mortality in patients with evidence of intent for colonoscopy (29.6% vs 42.5%; P ≤ .001), gastroenterology (GI) consultation (29.8% vs 41.4%; P < .001), infectious diseases (ID) consultation (29.4% vs 39.0%; P = .001), or either consultation (31.9% vs 40.7%; P = .013), compared to those that did not. Conclusions There was no difference in colon cancer screening rates between patients with episodes of bacteremia reported as S. bovis and those reported as S. gallolyticus. Overall mortality was lower in patients who had ID consultation, GI consultation, or evidence of colonoscopy.

scholarly journals Colon Cancer with Streptococcus gallolyticus Aortic Valve Endocarditis: A Missing Link?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Chukwunonso Chime ◽  
Harish Patel ◽  
Kishore Kumar ◽  
Ahmed Elwan ◽  
Manoj Bhandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Bacterial Endocarditis ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Missing Link ◽  
Streptococcus Gallolyticus ◽  
Antibiotics Use

Bacterial endocarditis is commonly encountered in clinical practice. Many bacterial species have been implicated; however, Streptococcus gallolyticus species (formerly “bovis”) has driven attention given a historical association with colon cancer. Colonoscopy is recommended in an individual with S. gallolyticus endocarditis or bacteremia to evaluate the possibility of high-grade adenoma or colon cancer. There has been no firm recommendation for prophylactic antibiotics to prevent bacterial endocarditis for patients undergoing endoscopic procedures and postcolonoscopy bacteremia in an individual with an endoscopic procedure indicated for S. gallolyticus bacteremia has not been reported. Studies have been aimed at understanding the association between colon cancer and this bacterial pathogen. There are suggestions that the systemic manifestation of S. gallolyticus, a commensal in the colon premalignant cells, may be further predisposed by patient’s immunocompromised status. We present a case of the 72-year-old man with the newly diagnosed multiple myeloma presented with aortic valve endocarditis and S. gallolyticus bacteremia. Colonoscopy revealed colon cancer and high-grade adenoma; few hours after procedure, he presented with Streptococcus mitis bacteremia. In conclusion, our case realigns association of S. gallolyticus to colon cancer, especially in an individual with altered immunity, and is novel to demonstrate the rare association of two distinct bacteria of Streptococcus species associated with cancer. Preendoscopic antibiotics use, though not standard of care, can be considered in the high-risk individual. Altered immunity can be considered the “missing link” inciting bacteremia in individuals with S. gallolyticus-associated colon cancer.

Substrate use prioritization by a coculture of five species of gut bacteria fed mixtures of arabinoxylan, xyloglucan, β-glucan, and pectin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Liu ◽  
AL Heath ◽  
B Galland ◽  
N Rehrer ◽  
L Drummond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Plant Polysaccharides ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota

© 2020 American Society for Microbiology. Dietary fiber provides growth substrates for bacterial species that belong to the colonic microbiota of humans. The microbiota degrades and ferments substrates, producing characteristic short-chain fatty acid profiles. Dietary fiber contains plant cell wall-associated polysaccharides (hemicelluloses and pectins) that are chemically diverse in composition and structure. Thus, depending on plant sources, dietary fiber daily presents the microbiota with mixtures of plant polysaccharides of various types and complexity. We studied the extent and preferential order in which mixtures of plant polysaccharides (arabinoxylan, xyloglucan, β-glucan, and pectin) were utilized by a coculture of five bacterial species (Bacteroides ovatus, Bifidobacterium longum subspecies longum, Megasphaera elsdenii, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Veillonella parvula). These species are members of the human gut microbiota and have the biochemical capacity, collectively, to degrade and ferment the polysaccharides and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). B. ovatus utilized glycans in the order β-glucan, pectin, xyloglucan, and arabinoxylan, whereas B. longum subsp. longum utilization was in the order arabinoxylan, arabinan, pectin, and β-glucan. Propionate, as a proportion of total SCFAs, was augmented when polysaccharide mixtures contained galactan, resulting in greater succinate production by B. ovatus and conversion of succinate to propionate by V. parvula. Overall, we derived a synthetic ecological community that carries out SCFA production by the common pathways used by bacterial species for this purpose. Systems like this might be used to predict changes to the emergent properties of the gut ecosystem when diet is altered, with the aim of beneficially affecting human physiology. This study addresses the question as to how bacterial species, characteristic of the human gut microbiota, collectively utilize mixtures of plant polysaccharides such as are found in dietary fiber. Five bacterial species with the capacity to degrade polymers and/or produce acidic fermentation products detectable in human feces were used in the experiments. The bacteria showed preferential use of certain polysaccharides over others for growth, and this influenced their fermentation output qualitatively. These kinds of studies are essential in developing concepts of how the gut microbial community shares habitat resources, directly and indirectly, when presented with mixtures of polysaccharides that are found in human diets. The concepts are required in planning dietary interventions that might correct imbalances in the functioning of the human microbiota so as to support measures to reduce metabolic conditions such as obesity.

scholarly journals β-Galactosidases from a Sequence-Based Metagenome: Cloning, Expression, Purification and Characterization

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
María Florencia Eberhardt ◽  
José Matías Irazoqui ◽  
Ariel Fernando Amadio
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Catalytic Domains ◽  
Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Cazy Database ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Value Added Products

Stabilization ponds are a common treatment technology for wastewater generated by dairy industries. Large proportions of cheese whey are thrown into these ponds, creating an environmental problem because of the large volume produced and the high biological and chemical oxygen demands. Due to its composition, mainly lactose and proteins, it can be considered as a raw material for value-added products, through physicochemical or enzymatic treatments. β-Galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.23) are lactose modifying enzymes that can transform lactose in free monomers, glucose and galactose, or galactooligosacharides. Here, the identification of novel genes encoding β-galactosidases, identified via whole-genome shotgun sequencing of the metagenome of dairy industries stabilization ponds is reported. The genes were selected based on the conservation of catalytic domains, comparing against the CAZy database, and focusing on families with β-galactosidases activity (GH1, GH2 and GH42). A total of 394 candidate genes were found, all belonging to bacterial species. From these candidates, 12 were selected to be cloned and expressed. A total of six enzymes were expressed, and five cleaved efficiently ortho-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside and lactose. The activity levels of one of these novel β-galactosidase was higher than other enzymes reported from functional metagenomics screening and higher than the only enzyme reported from sequence-based metagenomics. A group of novel mesophilic β-galactosidases from diary stabilization ponds’ metagenomes was successfully identified, cloned and expressed. These novel enzymes provide alternatives for the production of value-added products from dairy industries’ by-products.

scholarly journals Genetic Basis of Antibiotic Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus gallolyticus (Streptococcus bovis)

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1646-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Leclercq ◽  
Corinne Huet ◽  
Mélanie Picherot ◽  
Patrick Trieu-Cuot ◽  
Claire Poyart
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Macrolide Resistance ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Streptococcus Bovis ◽  
Streptococcus Gallolyticus ◽  
The One

ABSTRACT Among 128 Streptococcus gallolyticus (Streptococcus bovis) isolates, 77.7% were resistant to tetracyclines and contained tet(M) and/or tet(L) and/or tet(O). A total of 59.4% had macrolide resistance and contained erm(B) and, rarely, mef(A). Among the one-third of isolates highly resistant to kanamycin and streptomycin, most harbored aphA3 and aad-6 genes.

scholarly journals Butyrivibrio hungateiMB2003 Competes Effectively for Soluble Sugars Released byButyrivibrio proteoclasticusB316Tduring Growth on Xylan or Pectin

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Palevich ◽  
William J. Kelly ◽  
Siva Ganesh ◽  
Jasna Rakonjac ◽  
Graeme T. Attwood
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Plant Fiber ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Plant Polysaccharide ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Carbohydrate Degradation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Enzymatic Machinery

ABSTRACTRumen bacterial species belonging to the genusButyrivibrioare important degraders of plant polysaccharides, particularly hemicelluloses (arabinoxylans) and pectin. Currently, four species are recognized; they have very similar substrate utilization profiles, but little is known about how these microorganisms are able to coexist in the rumen. To investigate this question,Butyrivibrio hungateiMB2003 andButyrivibrio proteoclasticusB316Twere grown alone or in coculture on xylan or pectin, and their growth, release of sugars, fermentation end products, and transcriptomes were examined. In monocultures, B316Twas able to grow well on xylan and pectin, while MB2003 was unable to utilize either of these insoluble substrates to support significant growth. Cocultures of B316Tgrown with MB2003 revealed that MB2003 showed growth almost equivalent to that of B316Twhen either xylan or pectin was supplied as the substrate. The effect of coculture on the transcriptomes of B316Tand MB2003 was assessed; B316Ttranscription was largely unaffected by the presence of MB2003, but MB2003 expressed a wide range of genes encoding proteins for carbohydrate degradation, central metabolism, oligosaccharide transport, and substrate assimilation, in order to compete with B316Tfor the released sugars. These results suggest that B316Thas a role as an initiator of primary solubilization of xylan and pectin, while MB2003 competes effectively for the released soluble sugars to enable its growth and maintenance in the rumen.IMPORTANCEFeeding a future global population of 9 billion people and climate change are the primary challenges facing agriculture today. Ruminant livestock are important food-producing animals, and maximizing their productivity requires an understanding of their digestive systems and the roles played by rumen microbes in plant polysaccharide degradation.Butyrivibriospecies are a phylogenetically diverse group of bacteria and are commonly found in the rumen, where they are a substantial source of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes for the depolymerization of lignocellulosic material. Our findings suggest that closely related species ofButyrivibriohave developed unique strategies for the degradation of plant fiber and the subsequent assimilation of carbohydrates in order to coexist in the competitive rumen environment. The identification of genes expressed during these competitive interactions gives further insight into the enzymatic machinery used by these bacteria as they degrade the xylan and pectin components of plant fiber.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of the Polysaccharide-Degrading Rumen Bacterium Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans MA3014

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Palevich ◽  
Paul H. Maclean ◽  
William J. Kelly ◽  
Sinead C. Leahy ◽  
Jasna Rakonjac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
Rumen Bacterium ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Plant Polysaccharides ◽  
Plant Matter ◽  
Genes Encoding

AbstractRuminants are essential for maintaining the global population and managing greenhouse gas emissions. In the rumen, bacterial species belonging to the genera rumen Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio constitute the core bacterial rumen microbiome and are important degraders of plant-derived complex polysaccharides. Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans MA3014 was selected for genome sequencing in order to examine its ability to breakdown and utilize plant polysaccharides. The complete genome sequence of MA3014 is 3.58 Mb, consists of three replicons (a chromosome, chromid and plasmid), has an overall G+C content of 39.6% and encodes 3,265 putative protein-coding genes (PCGs). Comparative pan-genomics of all cultivated and currently available P. xylanivorans genomes has revealed highly open genomes and a strong correlation of orthologous genes within this species of rumen bacteria. MA3014 is metabolically versatile and capable of utilizing a range of simple mono-or oligosaccharides to complex plant polysaccharides such as pectins, mannans, starch and hemicelluloses for growth, with lactate, butyrate and formate as the principal fermentation end-products. The genes encoding these metabolic pathways have been identified and MA3014 is predicted to encode an extensive repertoire of Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZymes) with 80 Glycoside Hydrolases (GHs), 28 Carbohydrate Esterases (CEs) and 51 Glycosyl Transferases (GTs), that suggest its role as an initiator of primary solubilization of plant matter in the rumen.

scholarly journals Similar solutions to a common challenge: Regulation of genes encoding Ralstonia solanacearum xanthine dehydrogenase

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smitha Sivapragasam ◽  
Arpita Ghosh ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
Danté T Johnson ◽  
Anne Grove
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Stringent Response ◽  
Xanthine Dehydrogenase ◽  
Guanosine Monophosphate ◽  
Purine Salvage ◽  
Genes Encoding

Abstract The stringent response involves accumulation of (p)ppGpp, and it ensures that survival is prioritized. Production of (p)ppGpp requires purine synthesis, and upregulation of an operon that encodes the purine salvage enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase (Xdh) has been observed during stringent response in some bacterial species, where direct binding of ppGpp to a TetR-family transcription factor is responsible for increased xdh gene expression. We show here that the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum has a regulatory system in which the LysR-family transcription factor XanR controls expression of the xan operon; this operon encodes Xdh as well as other enzymes involved in purine salvage, which favor accumulation of xanthine. XanR bound upstream of the xan operon, a binding that was attenuated on addition of either ppGpp or cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP). Using a reporter in which enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is expressed under control of a modified xan promoter, XanR was shown to repress EGFP production. Our data suggest that R. solanacearum features a regulatory mechanism in which expression of genes encoding purine salvage enzymes is controlled by a transcription factor that belongs to a different protein family, yet performs similar regulatory functions.

scholarly journals Draft genome sequences of strains CBS6241 and CBS6242 of the basidiomycetous yeast Filobasidium floriforme

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Alexandre Guerreiro ◽  
Steven Ahrendt ◽  
Jasmyn Pangilinan ◽  
Cindy Chen ◽  
Mi Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Biotechnological Potential ◽  
Pheromone Receptor ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Cryptococcus Species ◽  
Mat Locus

Abstract The Tremellomycetes are a species-rich group within the basidiomycete fungi; however, most analyses of this group to date have focused on pathogenic Cryptococcus species within the order Tremellales. Recent genome-assisted studies of other Tremellomycetes have identified interesting features with respect to biotechnological applications as well as the evolution of genes involved in mating and sexual development. Here, we report genome sequences of two strains of Filobasidium floriforme, a species from the order Filobasidiales, which branches basally to the Tremellales, Trichosporonales and Holtermanniales. The assembled genomes of strains CBS6241 and CBS6242 are 27.4 Mb and 26.4 Mb in size, respectively, with 8314 and 7695 predicted protein-coding genes. Overall sequence identity at nucleic acid level between the strains is 97%. Among the predicted genes are pheromone precursor and pheromone receptor genes as well as two genes encoding homedomain (HD) transcription factors, which are predicted to be part of the mating type (MAT) locus. Sequence analysis indicates that CBS6241 and CBS6242 carry different alleles for both the pheromone/receptor genes as well as the HD transcription factors. Orthology inference identified 1482 orthogroups exclusively found in F. floriforme, some of which were involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism. Subsequent CAZyme repertoire characterization identified 267 and 247 enzymes for CBS6241 and CBS6242, respectively, the second highest number of CAZymes among the analyzed Tremellomycete species. Additionally, F. floriforme contains five CAZymes absent in other species and several plant-cell-wall degrading CAZymes with the highest copy number in Tremellomycota, indicating the biotechnological potential of this species.

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