Rotavirus-inhibitory activity in serial milk samples from Mexican women and rotavirus infections in their children during their first year of life.

During the first year of life a group of babies was prospectively observed for diarrhea and for fecal carriage of heat-labile toxigenic bacteria, with or without colonization factor, and rotavirus. Approximately half of the babies were breast-fed for the first six months of life. There was no difference between groups (breast-fed vs non-breast-fed) in number of babies who had diarrhea during any two-month period. Nor was there any difference between groups in the number of babies who had diarrhea while carrying toxigenic bacteria, with or without colonization factor. Secretory antibody to toxin was found in 37% of colostrum and milk samples. There was a small but insignificant difference in the number of babies who had diarrhea when they carried toxigenic bacteria depending on the presence of antibody in the breast milk they received.

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Molecular epidemiology of human rotaviruses: Analysis of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Glasgow and the west of Scotland 1981/82 and 1982/83

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400064238 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 92 (2) ◽

pp. 209-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

E. A. C. Follett ◽

R. C. Sanders ◽

G. M. Beards ◽

Fiona Hundley ◽

U. Desselberger

Keyword(s):

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Pattern Analysis ◽

First Year ◽

The West ◽

Subgroup Ii ◽

Elisa Testing ◽

Serotype 1 ◽

Winter Peak ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Rotavirus Infections

SUMMARYThe molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infections in Glasgow and the west of Scotland during 1981/82 and 1982/83 was investigated by electron microscopy, ELISA testing and RNA migration pattern analysis. In 1981/82, rotaviruses of both the ‘long’ and the ‘short’ electropherotype (in different variants) co-circulated from the onset throughout the winter peak of the outbreak. Approximately 80 % of the children were infected during the first year of life. No differences in incidence were found between sexes. In 1982/83 the isolated rotaviruses were almost exclusively of the ‘long’ electropherotype (in different variants) and 36% of the children were infected beyond the first year of life. Rotaviruses of the ‘long’ electropherotype serologically were of subgroup II and serotype 1 and those of the ‘short’ electropherotype of subgroup I and serotype 2.

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Season of birth and risk of rotavirus diarrhoea in children aged <5 years

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268808001933 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 137 (7) ◽

pp. 957-960 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

C. J. ATCHISON ◽

C. C. TAM ◽

B. A. LOPMAN

Keyword(s):

Relative Risk ◽

Poisson Regression ◽

Regression Models ◽

Cumulative Risk ◽

First Year ◽

Season Of Birth ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Rotavirus Infections

SUMMARYThis study investigates whether a child's risk of rotavirus diarrhoea is associated with season of birth in England and Wales, countries where rotavirus infections are highly seasonal. Poisson regression models were fitted to weekly counts of laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections from children aged <5 years born between 1998 and 2007. In the first year of life, the risk of a laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infection was significantly higher for children born in summer compared with winter [relative risk (RR) 2·13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·07–2·19]. In the second to fifth years of life, the pattern reversed (second year of life: RR 0·73, 95% CI 0·71–0·75). The cumulative risk up to age 5 years remained significantly higher for children born in summer compared with winter due to the increased risk for summer births during their first year of life. Maternal immunity and age-specific levels of exposure to rotavirus could explain our findings.

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Longitudinal study of rotavirus infections among children from Belém, Brazil

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800029769 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 102 (1) ◽

pp. 129-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

A. C. Linhares ◽

Y. B. Gabbay ◽

R. B. Freitas ◽

E. S. Travassos da Rosa ◽

J. D. P. Mascarenhas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Diarrhoea ◽

First Year ◽

Maternal Milk ◽

Exact Test ◽

Subgroup Ii ◽

Peripheral Area ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Complete Investigation ◽

Rotavirus Infections ◽

Breast Fed

SUMMARYFrom December 1982 to March 1986 a group of 80 children between 0 and 3 years old who lived in the peripheral area of Belém, Brazil, were followed up for episodes of diarrhoea. A total of 441 diarrhoeal episodes were recorded and 36 (8·2%) were associated with rotavirus. This agent was the only pathogen in 50% of rotavirus-related episodes of acute diarrhoea, and strains were characterized by analysis of RNA in polyacrylamide gels. Forty-one belonged to subgroup II (long pattern) and five to subgroup I. Reinfections by rotavirus were noted in 12 children involving either the same or different subgroups. Ten distinct electrophoretypes were detected in the study period and the predominant one had the ‘1N2L’ profile. The cumulative age-specific attack rate for diarrhoea reached 2–8 by the end of the first year of life; a frequency of 2–3 episodes of diarrhoea per child per year was observed throughout the complete investigation. In comparing the age-specific attack rates for diarrhoea between breast-fed and bottle-fed children, a peak at 6 months of age was noted in the former, and at 1 month in the latter. A comparison by Fischer's exact test (P = 0·21) provided no evidence for protection against clinical rotavirus disease by maternal milk. By the same test, however (P = 0·021), we found significant evidence that early rotavirus infections were more likely to be asymptomatic and that infections after 4 months were more likely to be symptomatic. The clinical picture in children with rotavirus-related diarrhoea was more severe than in those suffering from acute diarrhoea due to another agent.

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Descriptive epidemiology of rotavirus infection in a community in North India

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268812002762 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 141 (10) ◽

pp. 2094-2100 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

T. R. CHANDOLA ◽

S. TANEJA ◽

N. GOYAL ◽

S. S. RATHORE ◽

M. B. APPAIAHGARI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rates ◽

North India ◽

First Year ◽

Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽

Efficacy Trials ◽

Urban Neighbourhoods ◽

The Common ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Rotavirus Infections

SUMMARYIn India, rotavirus infections cause the death of 98621 children each year. In urban neighbourhoods in Delhi, children were followed up for 1 year to estimate the incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis and common genotypes. Infants aged ⩽1 week were enrolled in cohort 1 and infants aged 12 months (up to +14 days) in cohort 2. Fourteen percent (30/210) gastroenteritis episodes were positive for rotavirus. Incidence rates of rotavirus gastroenteritis episodes in the first and second year were 0·18 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·10–0·27] and 0·14 (95% CI 0·07–0·21) episodes/child-year, respectively. The incidence rate of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in the first year of life was 0·05 (95% CI 0·01–0·10) episodes/child-year. There were no cases in the second year. The common genotypes detected were G1P[8] (27%) and G9P[4] (23%). That severe rotavirus gastroenteritis is common in the first year of life is relevant for planning efficacy trials.

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The Development of Swallowing Respiratory Coordination

Perspectives on Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) ◽

10.1044/sasd18.1.19 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

Maggie-Lee Huckabee

Keyword(s):

Cortical Activation ◽

First Year ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Nasal Airflow ◽

Single Session ◽

Primary Finding ◽

Patterns Of Behavior ◽

Cortical Modulation ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Swallowing Apnea

Abstract Research exists that evaluates the mechanics of swallowing respiratory coordination in healthy children and adults as well and individuals with swallowing impairment. The research program summarized in this article represents a systematic examination of swallowing respiratory coordination across the lifespan as a means of behaviorally investigating mechanisms of cortical modulation. Using time-locked recordings of submental surface electromyography, nasal airflow, and thyroid acoustics, three conditions of swallowing were evaluated in 20 adults in a single session and 10 infants in 10 sessions across the first year of life. The three swallowing conditions were selected to represent a continuum of volitional through nonvolitional swallowing control on the basis of a decreasing level of cortical activation. Our primary finding is that, across the lifespan, brainstem control strongly dictates the duration of swallowing apnea and is heavily involved in organizing the integration of swallowing and respiration, even in very early infancy. However, there is evidence that cortical modulation increases across the first 12 months of life to approximate more adult-like patterns of behavior. This modulation influences primarily conditions of volitional swallowing; sleep and naïve swallows appear to not be easily adapted by cortical regulation. Thus, it is attention, not arousal that engages cortical mechanisms.

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