Molecular epidemiology of human rotaviruses: Analysis of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Glasgow and the west of Scotland 1981/82 and 1982/83

SUMMARYThe molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infections in Glasgow and the west of Scotland during 1981/82 and 1982/83 was investigated by electron microscopy, ELISA testing and RNA migration pattern analysis. In 1981/82, rotaviruses of both the ‘long’ and the ‘short’ electropherotype (in different variants) co-circulated from the onset throughout the winter peak of the outbreak. Approximately 80 % of the children were infected during the first year of life. No differences in incidence were found between sexes. In 1982/83 the isolated rotaviruses were almost exclusively of the ‘long’ electropherotype (in different variants) and 36% of the children were infected beyond the first year of life. Rotaviruses of the ‘long’ electropherotype serologically were of subgroup II and serotype 1 and those of the ‘short’ electropherotype of subgroup I and serotype 2.

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Longitudinal study of rotavirus infections among children from Belém, Brazil

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800029769 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 102 (1) ◽

pp. 129-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

A. C. Linhares ◽

Y. B. Gabbay ◽

R. B. Freitas ◽

E. S. Travassos da Rosa ◽

J. D. P. Mascarenhas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Diarrhoea ◽

First Year ◽

Maternal Milk ◽

Exact Test ◽

Subgroup Ii ◽

Peripheral Area ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Complete Investigation ◽

Rotavirus Infections ◽

Breast Fed

SUMMARYFrom December 1982 to March 1986 a group of 80 children between 0 and 3 years old who lived in the peripheral area of Belém, Brazil, were followed up for episodes of diarrhoea. A total of 441 diarrhoeal episodes were recorded and 36 (8·2%) were associated with rotavirus. This agent was the only pathogen in 50% of rotavirus-related episodes of acute diarrhoea, and strains were characterized by analysis of RNA in polyacrylamide gels. Forty-one belonged to subgroup II (long pattern) and five to subgroup I. Reinfections by rotavirus were noted in 12 children involving either the same or different subgroups. Ten distinct electrophoretypes were detected in the study period and the predominant one had the ‘1N2L’ profile. The cumulative age-specific attack rate for diarrhoea reached 2–8 by the end of the first year of life; a frequency of 2–3 episodes of diarrhoea per child per year was observed throughout the complete investigation. In comparing the age-specific attack rates for diarrhoea between breast-fed and bottle-fed children, a peak at 6 months of age was noted in the former, and at 1 month in the latter. A comparison by Fischer's exact test (P = 0·21) provided no evidence for protection against clinical rotavirus disease by maternal milk. By the same test, however (P = 0·021), we found significant evidence that early rotavirus infections were more likely to be asymptomatic and that infections after 4 months were more likely to be symptomatic. The clinical picture in children with rotavirus-related diarrhoea was more severe than in those suffering from acute diarrhoea due to another agent.

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Is breast best in the west of England? Use of linked routinely collected data sources to quantify the protective effect of breastfeeding against infectious gastrointestinal and respiratory illness during the first year of life

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62204-2 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 384 ◽

pp. S78 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David Graham Thomas

Keyword(s):

Protective Effect ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Data Sources ◽

First Year ◽

The West ◽

Routinely Collected Data ◽

First Year Of Life

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A Statistical Examination of Anisakis Larvae (Nematoda) in Herring (Clupea pallasi) of the British Columbia Coast

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f55-030 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 571-592 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Yvonne M. M. Bishop ◽

Leo Margolis

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

West Coast ◽

Maximum Level ◽

Vancouver Island ◽

First Year ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

The West ◽

Strait Of Georgia ◽

Clupea Pallasi ◽

First Year Of Life

The presence of larval Anisakis in British Columbia herring was examined during the winter fisheries of 1950–51 and 1951–52. In the commercial catches in the Strait of Georgia the incidence was found to be between 80 and 90%. In Hecate Strait, on the west coast of Vancouver Island and in the mainland coastal area of Queen Charlotte Sound it was between 90 and 100%. The intensity of infection varied greatly in different fishing areas (i.e. in different herring populations). Generally, the maximum level of infection occurred in the Queen Charlotte Sound coastal regions, and decreased both north and south of this area. Fish on the west coast of Vancouver Island were more heavily infected than those on the east coast (Strait of Georgia). The level of infection increased with age, I-year fish (i.e. fish in their first year of life) being uninfected. The intensity of infection remained constant throughout the winter for any particular age and area and was the same for both sexes. In most areas the level of infection was a little lower in 1951–52 than in 1950–51.

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Sleep cyclic alternating pattern analysis in healthy children during the first year of life: A daytime polysomnographic study

Brain and Development ◽

10.1016/j.braindev.2010.07.008 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 421-427 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Silvia Miano ◽

Rosa Peraita-Adrados ◽

Marilisa Montesano ◽

Rosa Castaldo ◽

Martina Forlani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pattern Analysis ◽

First Year ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Cyclic Alternating Pattern ◽

First Year Of Life

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Season of birth and risk of rotavirus diarrhoea in children aged <5 years

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268808001933 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 137 (7) ◽

pp. 957-960 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

C. J. ATCHISON ◽

C. C. TAM ◽

B. A. LOPMAN

Keyword(s):

Relative Risk ◽

Poisson Regression ◽

Regression Models ◽

Cumulative Risk ◽

First Year ◽

Season Of Birth ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Rotavirus Infections

SUMMARYThis study investigates whether a child's risk of rotavirus diarrhoea is associated with season of birth in England and Wales, countries where rotavirus infections are highly seasonal. Poisson regression models were fitted to weekly counts of laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections from children aged <5 years born between 1998 and 2007. In the first year of life, the risk of a laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infection was significantly higher for children born in summer compared with winter [relative risk (RR) 2·13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·07–2·19]. In the second to fifth years of life, the pattern reversed (second year of life: RR 0·73, 95% CI 0·71–0·75). The cumulative risk up to age 5 years remained significantly higher for children born in summer compared with winter due to the increased risk for summer births during their first year of life. Maternal immunity and age-specific levels of exposure to rotavirus could explain our findings.

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Molecular epidemiology and clinical characterization of group A rotavirus infections in Tunisian children with acute gastroenteritis

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w11-074 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (10) ◽

pp. 810-819 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Khira Sdiri-Loulizi ◽

Katia Ambert-Balay ◽

Hakima Gharbi-Khelifi ◽

Mouna Hassine ◽

Slaheddine Chouchane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Infection Prevalence ◽

Viral Gastroenteritis ◽

Winter Peak ◽

The Mean ◽

Rotavirus Diarrhea ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

Rotavirus Infections

Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe viral gastroenteritis in early childhood worldwide. Thus, the objectives of our study were to determine the molecular epidemiology and the clinical features of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Tunisia. Between January 2003 and April 2007, a prospective study was conducted on 788 stool samples collected from children under 12 years of age who were suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus was detected by multiplex RT-PCR in 27% (n = 213) of samples, among them 79.3% (n = 169) cases were monoinfections. The frequency of rotavirus infections was significantly higher among inpatients (29%) than among outpatients (13%) (P < 0.001). The seasonal distribution of rotavirus diarrhea showed a winter peak, with an unusual peak from June to September. The mean duration of hospitalization was 6.5 ± 8.1 days and the mean age was 15.8 ± 22.8 months for rotavirus monoinfections. Fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dehydration were observed in 88, 98, 13, and 80 cases, respectively, in children with rotavirus monoinfections. G3P[8] (45.6%) and G1P[8] (23.9%) were the most common genotypes found in our study. The determination of rotavirus infection prevalence and the characterization of the rotavirus strains circulating will help us to better understand the molecular biology and epidemiology of the disease in our country.

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Rotavirus-inhibitory activity in serial milk samples from Mexican women and rotavirus infections in their children during their first year of life.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.31.3.593-597.1993 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 593-597 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

H Brüssow ◽

O Benitez ◽

F Uribe ◽

J Sidoti ◽

K Rosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Activity ◽

First Year ◽

Mexican Women ◽

Milk Samples ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Rotavirus Infections

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Descriptive epidemiology of rotavirus infection in a community in North India

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268812002762 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 141 (10) ◽

pp. 2094-2100 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

T. R. CHANDOLA ◽

S. TANEJA ◽

N. GOYAL ◽

S. S. RATHORE ◽

M. B. APPAIAHGARI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rates ◽

North India ◽

First Year ◽

Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽

Efficacy Trials ◽

Urban Neighbourhoods ◽

The Common ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Rotavirus Infections

SUMMARYIn India, rotavirus infections cause the death of 98621 children each year. In urban neighbourhoods in Delhi, children were followed up for 1 year to estimate the incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis and common genotypes. Infants aged ⩽1 week were enrolled in cohort 1 and infants aged 12 months (up to +14 days) in cohort 2. Fourteen percent (30/210) gastroenteritis episodes were positive for rotavirus. Incidence rates of rotavirus gastroenteritis episodes in the first and second year were 0·18 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·10–0·27] and 0·14 (95% CI 0·07–0·21) episodes/child-year, respectively. The incidence rate of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in the first year of life was 0·05 (95% CI 0·01–0·10) episodes/child-year. There were no cases in the second year. The common genotypes detected were G1P[8] (27%) and G9P[4] (23%). That severe rotavirus gastroenteritis is common in the first year of life is relevant for planning efficacy trials.

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The Development of Swallowing Respiratory Coordination

Perspectives on Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) ◽

10.1044/sasd18.1.19 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

Maggie-Lee Huckabee

Keyword(s):

Cortical Activation ◽

First Year ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Nasal Airflow ◽

Single Session ◽

Primary Finding ◽

Patterns Of Behavior ◽

Cortical Modulation ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Swallowing Apnea

Abstract Research exists that evaluates the mechanics of swallowing respiratory coordination in healthy children and adults as well and individuals with swallowing impairment. The research program summarized in this article represents a systematic examination of swallowing respiratory coordination across the lifespan as a means of behaviorally investigating mechanisms of cortical modulation. Using time-locked recordings of submental surface electromyography, nasal airflow, and thyroid acoustics, three conditions of swallowing were evaluated in 20 adults in a single session and 10 infants in 10 sessions across the first year of life. The three swallowing conditions were selected to represent a continuum of volitional through nonvolitional swallowing control on the basis of a decreasing level of cortical activation. Our primary finding is that, across the lifespan, brainstem control strongly dictates the duration of swallowing apnea and is heavily involved in organizing the integration of swallowing and respiration, even in very early infancy. However, there is evidence that cortical modulation increases across the first 12 months of life to approximate more adult-like patterns of behavior. This modulation influences primarily conditions of volitional swallowing; sleep and naïve swallows appear to not be easily adapted by cortical regulation. Thus, it is attention, not arousal that engages cortical mechanisms.

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