Season of birth and risk of rotavirus diarrhoea in children aged <5 years

SUMMARYThis study investigates whether a child's risk of rotavirus diarrhoea is associated with season of birth in England and Wales, countries where rotavirus infections are highly seasonal. Poisson regression models were fitted to weekly counts of laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections from children aged <5 years born between 1998 and 2007. In the first year of life, the risk of a laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infection was significantly higher for children born in summer compared with winter [relative risk (RR) 2·13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·07–2·19]. In the second to fifth years of life, the pattern reversed (second year of life: RR 0·73, 95% CI 0·71–0·75). The cumulative risk up to age 5 years remained significantly higher for children born in summer compared with winter due to the increased risk for summer births during their first year of life. Maternal immunity and age-specific levels of exposure to rotavirus could explain our findings.

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Descriptive epidemiology of rotavirus infection in a community in North India

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268812002762 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 141 (10) ◽

pp. 2094-2100 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

T. R. CHANDOLA ◽

S. TANEJA ◽

N. GOYAL ◽

S. S. RATHORE ◽

M. B. APPAIAHGARI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rates ◽

North India ◽

First Year ◽

Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽

Efficacy Trials ◽

Urban Neighbourhoods ◽

The Common ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Rotavirus Infections

SUMMARYIn India, rotavirus infections cause the death of 98621 children each year. In urban neighbourhoods in Delhi, children were followed up for 1 year to estimate the incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis and common genotypes. Infants aged ⩽1 week were enrolled in cohort 1 and infants aged 12 months (up to +14 days) in cohort 2. Fourteen percent (30/210) gastroenteritis episodes were positive for rotavirus. Incidence rates of rotavirus gastroenteritis episodes in the first and second year were 0·18 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·10–0·27] and 0·14 (95% CI 0·07–0·21) episodes/child-year, respectively. The incidence rate of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in the first year of life was 0·05 (95% CI 0·01–0·10) episodes/child-year. There were no cases in the second year. The common genotypes detected were G1P[8] (27%) and G9P[4] (23%). That severe rotavirus gastroenteritis is common in the first year of life is relevant for planning efficacy trials.

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An inevitable crisis? From first to second year in counsellor training

Journal of Psychological Therapies ◽

10.33212/jpt.v5n1.2020.74 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 74-89

Author(s):

Hugh Crago

Keyword(s):

Right Hemisphere ◽

Training Programme ◽

First Year ◽

Training Experience ◽

Counsellor Training ◽

Student Dropout ◽

Second Year ◽

Neurological Research ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

And Control

In a seminal 1973 paper, Robert Clark described the very different “cultures” of the first and second year students in a four year clinical psychology PhD programme. The author applies Clark’s template to his own experiences as trainee or trainer in five different counsellor education programmes, one in the US and four in Australia. Each of the programmes, to varying degrees, demonstrates key features of the pattern identified by Clark, where the first year is “therapeutic” and other-oriented, the second is “professional” and self-focused. The author concludes that all the surveyed programmes exhibited some level of “second year crisis”, in which a significant number of students felt abandoned, dissatisfied, or rebellious. The author extends and refines Clark’s developmental analogy (first year = childhood; second year = adolescence) to reflect recent neurological research, in particular, the shift from a right hemisphere-dominant first year of life, prioritising affiliative needs, to a left hemisphere-dominant second year, prioritising autonomy and control. This shift is paralleled later by a more gradual move from a protective, supportive childhood to necessary, but sometimes conflictual, individuation in adolescence. The first two years of a counsellor training programme broadly echo this process, a process exacerbated by the second year internship/placement, in which students must “leave home” and adjust to unfamiliar, potentially less nurturing, authority figures. Finally, the author suggests introducing more rigorous “academic holding” into the first year, and greater attention to “therapeutic holding” of dissident students in the second, hopefully decreasing student dropout, and achieving a better balanced training experience.

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Increased Risk of Malaria During the First Year of Life in Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants: A Longitudinal Study in Benin

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiy699 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 219 (10) ◽

pp. 1642-1651 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gino Agbota ◽

Manfred Accrombessi ◽

Gilles Cottrell ◽

Yves Martin-Prével ◽

Jacqueline Milet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

First Year ◽

Increased Risk ◽

First Year Of Life

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Early Probiotic Supplementation and the Risk of Celiac Disease in Children at Genetic Risk

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11081790 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1790 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ulla Uusitalo ◽

Carin Andren Aronsson ◽

Xiang Liu ◽

Kalle Kurppa ◽

Jimin Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Celiac Disease ◽

Dietary Supplements ◽

Genetic Risk ◽

First Year ◽

Event Analysis ◽

Time To Event ◽

Probiotic Supplementation ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Regulatory Effects ◽

First Year Of Life

Probiotics are linked to positive regulatory effects on the immune system. The aim of the study was to examine the association between the exposure of probiotics via dietary supplements or via infant formula by the age of 1 year and the development of celiac disease autoimmunity (CDA) and celiac disease among a cohort of 6520 genetically susceptible children. Use of probiotics during the first year of life was reported by 1460 children. Time-to-event analysis was used to examine the associations. Overall exposure of probiotics during the first year of life was not associated with either CDA (n = 1212) (HR 1.15; 95%CI 0.99, 1.35; p = 0.07) or celiac disease (n = 455) (HR 1.11; 95%CI 0.86, 1.43; p = 0.43) when adjusting for known risk factors. Intake of probiotic dietary supplements, however, was associated with a slightly increased risk of CDA (HR 1.18; 95%CI 1.00, 1.40; p = 0.043) compared to children who did not get probiotics. It was concluded that the overall exposure of probiotics during the first year of life was not associated with CDA or celiac disease in children at genetic risk.

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Influence of increasing doses of nitrogen on feed productivity of perennial grasses

The Agrarian Scientific Journal ◽

10.28983/asj.y2019i12pp19-24 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

Svetlana Vasil'evna Ivanova ◽

Olga Vasil'evna Kurdakova ◽

Aminat Msostovna Konova ◽

Anna Yurievna Gavrilova

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

The State ◽

Perennial Grasses ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

First Year ◽

Yield Increase ◽

Green Mass ◽

State Register ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life

In the course of the experiment, the effect of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield of clover of the meadow variety Nadezhny, entered in the State Register of Breeding Achievements in 2012, was analyzed. A comparison is also made of this influence with the timothy of the meadow variety Leningradskaya 204. It was established that the pre-sowing introduction of mineral nitrogen for clover and timothy has influenced the productivity of these crops, but the nature of this effect varies depending on the type of grass. The introduction of N20 against the background of P30K90, which provided an increase in control of 51.2% for green mass and 33.6% for air-dry matter, was optimal for meadow clover of the first year of life. For grassland clover second year of life, the best option was N0P30K90, which gave an increase of 56.6% to the control on green mass and 50.6% on air-dry matter. A further increase in the dose of nitrogen on the options caused a decrease in yield increase. Timothy meadow for two years of life was traced responsiveness to the provision of nitrogen. The most productive in all respects was the option N120P30K90.

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ANÁLISIS DEL CRECIMIENTO Y LA MORTALIDAD DE ANISOTREMUS INTERRUPTUS (GILL) (PERCIFORMES: HAEMULIDAE) EN LA COSTA DE COLIMA, MÉXICO

Bulletin of Marine and Coastal Research ◽

10.25268/bimc.invemar.2004.33.0.248 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

Author(s):

Elaine Espino Barr ◽

Manuel Gallardo Cabello ◽

Fernando González Orozco ◽

Arturo Garcia Boa

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Condition Index ◽

First Year ◽

The Third ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Mortality Analysis

This paper deals with the growth and mortality analysis of the burrito grunt A n i s o t remus interru p t u s on the coast of Colima, México. The estimated growth parameters are: L¥ = 50.59 cm; W¥ = 5,051.04 g; k = 0.147 years- 1; to = -0.916 years; A0 . 9 5 = 19.46 years. Most of the growth occurred during the first year of life, when the grunt grows 12.52 cm, the second year it grows 4.95 cm and the third, 4.60 cm. The highest value of the condition index took place between February and September. The total mortality rate (Z) was calculated as 0.53 years- 1. These values are basic for the plan of administration of the fishery of this species.

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Variation in the Protein Composition of Human Milk during Extended Lactation: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10081124 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1124 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Sergio Verd ◽

Gemma Ginovart ◽

Javier Calvo ◽

Jaume Ponce-Taylor ◽

Antoni Gaya

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Protein Content ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Developed Countries ◽

First Year ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life

The aim of this review is to evaluate changes in protein parameters in the second year postpartum. There is considerable agreement among authors about the declining trend of human milk protein concentrations, but most research on protein content in breast milk focuses on the first year of life and comes from developed countries. Whereas this is the case for exclusive breastfeeding or for breastfeeding into the first year of life, the opposite applies to weaning or extended breastfeeding. This review is predominantly based on observational epidemiological evidence and on comparative research linking breast milk composition with cutting down on breastfeeding. Studies dating back several decades have shown an increase in the proportion of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and serum albumin during weaning. According to the limited data available, it seems likely that the regulation of milk protein composition during involution can be ascribed to alterations in tight junctions. In studies on humans and other mammalian species, offspring suckle more from mothers that produce more dilute milk and the increase in milk protein concentration is positively correlated to a decrease in suckling frequency during weaning. High milk protein contents were first reported in nonindustrial communities where breastfeeding is sustained the longest, but recent papers from urbanized communities have taken credit for rediscovering the increase in protein content of human milk that becomes evident with prolonged breastfeeding. This review presents an overview of the changes in breast milk protein parameters in the second year postpartum to enable milk banks’ practitioners to make informed nutritional decisions on preterm infants.

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TRENDS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.9.5.648 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 648-650

Author(s):

C. COLLINS-WILLIAMS

Keyword(s):

Child Care ◽

Preventive Medicine ◽

Educational Program ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Medical Profession ◽

First Year ◽

Concerted Effort ◽

Third Place ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life

ACCIDENTS, at the present time, are one of the principal causes of death, particularly among children. In Canada approximately 1,500 children die each year as the result of accidents, a mortality greater than that due to the 10 acute infectious diseases of childhood combined. During the five year period 1942-46 inclusive, in Canada, accidents stood in eighth place as a cause of death during the first year of life, in third place during the second year, and in first place during each year after infancy up to the fifteenth birthday. During the same period, 21% of the deaths between the first and fifteenth birthdays were due to accidents. In this age of preventive medicine when our chief purpose as physicians is the prevention of morbidity and mortality, we, as pediatricians, cannot neglect this extremely important phase of child care. In any campaign to reduce the number of accidents, there are three ways in which the physician can play an important part. Firstly, the general public must be made aware of the seriousness of the situation and must be educated in the ways in which they, as citizens and parents, can help to reduce accidents. Secondly, the medical profession, working through its associations and publications, must stimulate all physicians to a concerted effort to reduce the number of accidents. Finally, and most important, the physician must concentrate on an educational program for his own private patients. A few words from the physician who looks after the child will do more to impress parents than will reams of propaganda published by someone unknown to them.

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Mark-Recapture-Recovery Modeling and Age-Related Survival in Little Penguins (Eudyptula Minor)

The Auk ◽

10.1093/auk/124.3.815 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 124 (3) ◽

pp. 815-827

Author(s):

Leesa A. Sidhu ◽

Edward A. Catchpole ◽

Peter Dann

Keyword(s):

First Year ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Age Dependence ◽

Mark Recapture ◽

Annual Variations ◽

Southeastern Australia ◽

Age Related ◽

Second Year ◽

Study Sites ◽

First Year Of Life

Abstract We analyzed yearly mark-recapture-recovery information collected over a 36-year period for the Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) of Phillip Island in southeastern Australia. We show that it is feasible to model age-dependence for the survival, recapture, and recovery probabilities simultaneously, and that such a modeling scheme yields biologically realistic age structures for the model parameters. We provide illustrations of potentially erroneous results that may arise when researchers fail (1) to consider simultaneous age-dependence or (2) to detect annual variations that may mask age-dependence. From 1968 to 2004, 23,686 chicks were flipper-banded; 2,979 birds were encountered after fledging, and 1,347 were ultimately recovered dead. We found low survival of 17% in the first year of life, increasing to 71% in the second year of life, 78% in the third year, and 83% thereafter, and declining gradually after nine years of age. A population model allowing for immigration of birds from areas surrounding the study sites fits the observed stable population in the study sites. Modelado de Marca-Recaptura-Recuperación y Supervivencia Relacionada con la Edad en Eudyptula minor

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The Social Origins of Human Prosociality

Current Directions in Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0963721419830386 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 274-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Audun Dahl ◽

Celia A. Brownell

Keyword(s):

Prosocial Behavior ◽

Social Interactions ◽

Early Development ◽

Future Research ◽

First Year ◽

Social And Emotional ◽

Caregiver Behavior ◽

The Social ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life

From early in life, children help, comfort, and share with other people. Recent research has deepened scientific understanding of the development of prosociality—efforts to promote the welfare of others. In this article, we discuss two key insights about the emergence and early development of prosocial behavior, focusing on the development of helping. First, children’s motivations and capabilities for helping change in quality as well as quantity over the opening years of life. Specifically, helping begins in participatory activities without prosocial intent in the first year of life, becoming increasingly autonomous and motivated by prosocial intent over the second year. Second, helping emerges through bidirectional social interactions starting at birth: Caregivers and other individuals support the development of helping in a variety of ways, and young children play active roles that often influence caregiver behavior. The question now is not whether but how social interactions contribute to the development of prosocial behavior. Recent methodological and theoretical advances provide exciting avenues for future research on the social and emotional origins of human prosociality.

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