Reactivity and Specificity of Trichinella spiralis Fractions in Cutaneous and Serological Tests

1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-279
Author(s):  
Omar O. Barriga
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Specific Diagnosis ◽  
Diethylaminoethyl Cellulose ◽  
Cutaneous Reactions ◽  
Healthy Persons

Six diethylaminoethyl-cellulose fractions of a larval Trichinella spiralis extract, an Ascaris suum extract, and a nonrelated protein were used for cutaneous tests in guinea pigs with 8-, 14-, and 73-day-old T. spiralis infections, in guinea pigs with 13-day-old A. suum infections, and in normal guinea pigs. A selected T. spiralis fraction was used in hemagglutination (HA) tests with sera of 8 T. spiralis -infected rabbits, 41 sera of trichinellosis patients positive by bentonite agglutination tests, and 50 sera of clinically healthy persons. Immediate-type cutaneous reactions revealed extensive cross-reactivity between both parasites, although the establishment of conventional limits for considering a reaction positive allowed the specific diagnosis of acute or chronic trichinellosis with different fractions. Delayed-type reactions were specific with all fractions except one, and different fractions reacted during either the acute or the chronic phase of trichinellosis. HA detected anti- Trichinella antibodies in all the rabbits 9 to 10 days postinfection, in all trichinellosis patients, and in none of the healthy people. Correlation between HA and bentonite agglutination titers and other considerations suggest that HA with the selected fraction detects early antibodies. HA inhibition tests with A. suum extract suggest lack of HA cross-reactivity between the A. suum - and T. spiralis -selected fractions. The use of different fractions in diverse tests for clinical or epidemiological studies is suggested.

scholarly journals Multiple Indirect ELISAs for Serological Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Algaissi ◽  
Mohamed A. Alfaleh ◽  
Sherif Hala ◽  
Turki S. Abujamel ◽  
Sawsan S. Alamari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, continues to spread rapidly around the world, there is an urgent need for validated serological assays to evaluate viral specific antibody responses in COVID-19 patients or recovered individuals. In this study, we established and used indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)-based serological tests to study the antibody response in COVID-19 patients. In order to validate the assays, we determined the cut-off values, sensitivity and specificity of the developed assays using sera collected from COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia at different time points after disease onset, as well as sera that are seropositive to other human CoVs; namely MERS-CoV, hCoV-OC43, hCoV-NL63, hCoV-229E, and hCoV-HKU1. The SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid (N) ELISAs that we developed here not only showed high specificity and sensitivity, but also did not show any cross-reactivity with other CoVs. We also showed that all RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients included in our study developed both virus specific IgM and IgG as early as one week after the onset of disease. The availability of these validated assays will enable us to determine the nature and duration of the antibody response mounted in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. It will also allow conducting large-scale epidemiological studies to determine evidence of previous exposure to the virus and assess the true extent of virus spread within communities.

Enterovirus D-68 Molecular Virology, Epidemiology, and Treatment: an update and way forward

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ahmed Ebada ◽  
Notila Fayed ◽  
Souad Alkanj ◽  
Ahmed Wadaa Allah
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Molecular Virology ◽  
Acute Flaccid Myelitis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Enterovirus D68

: Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus, and it is one of the family Picornaviridae. Except for EV-D68, the family Picornaviridae has been illustrated in literature. EV-D68 was first discovered and isolated in California, USA, in 1962. EV-D68 has resulted in respiratory disorders’ outbreaks among children worldwide, and it has been detected in cases of various neurological diseases such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). A recent study documented a higher number of EV-D68 cases associated with AFM in Europe in 2016 compared to the 2014 outbreak. EV-D68 is mainly diagnosed by quantitative PCR, and there is an affirmative strategy for EV-D68 detection by using pan-EV PCR on the untranslated region and/or the VP1 or VP2, followed by sequencing of the PCR products. Serological tests are limited due to cross-reactivity of the antigens between the different serotypes. Many antiviral drugs for EV-D68 have been evaluated, and showed promising results. In our review, we discuss the current knowledge about EV-D68 and its role in the development of AFM.

scholarly journals A High-Performance Multiplex Immunoassay for Serodiagnosis of Flavivirus-Associated Neurological Diseases in Horses

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Beck ◽  
Philippe Desprès ◽  
Sylvie Paulous ◽  
Jessica Vanhomwegen ◽  
Steeve Lowenski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Multiplex Immunoassay ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Negative Controls

West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) are flaviviruses responsible for severe neuroinvasive infections in humans and horses. The confirmation of flavivirus infections is mostly based on rapid serological tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). These tests suffer from poor specificity, mainly due to antigenic cross-reactivity among flavivirus members. Robust diagnosis therefore needs to be validated through virus neutralisation tests (VNTs) which are time-consuming and require BSL3 facilities. The flavivirus envelope (E) glycoprotein ectodomain is composed of three domains (D) named DI, DII, and DIII, with EDIII containing virus-specific epitopes. In order to improve the serological differentiation of flavivirus infections, the recombinant soluble ectodomain of WNV E (WNV.sE) and EDIIIs (rEDIIIs) of WNV, JEV, and TBEV were synthesised using theDrosophilaS2 expression system. Purified antigens were covalently bonded to fluorescent beads. The microspheres coupled to WNV.sE or rEDIIIs were assayed with about 300 equine immune sera from natural and experimental flavivirus infections and 172 nonimmune equine sera as negative controls. rEDIII-coupled microspheres captured specific antibodies against WNV, TBEV, or JEV in positive horse sera. This innovative multiplex immunoassay is a powerful alternative to ELISAs and VNTs for veterinary diagnosis of flavivirus-related diseases.

scholarly journals Peptide arrays incubated with three collections of human sera from patients infected with mosquito-borne viruses

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1875
Author(s):  
Maria del Pilar Martinez Viedma ◽  
Nurgun Kose ◽  
Leda Parham ◽  
Angel Balmaseda ◽  
Guillermina Kuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cell Epitope ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Peptide Arrays ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Array Data ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Diagnostic Potential ◽  
Human Sera

Background: Global outbreaks caused by emerging or re-emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are becoming increasingly more common. These pathogens include the mosquito-borne viruses belonging to the Flavivirus and Alphavirus genera. These viruses often cause non-specific or asymptomatic infection, which can confound viral prevalence studies. In addition, many acute phase diagnostic tests rely on the detection of viral components such as RNA or antigen. Standard serological tests are often not reliable for diagnosis after seroconversion and convalescence due to cross-reactivity among flaviviruses. Methods: In order to contribute to development efforts for mosquito-borne serodiagnostics, we incubated 137 human sera on individual custom peptide arrays that consisted of over 866 unique peptides in quadruplicate. Our bioinformatics workflow to analyze these data incorporated machine learning, statistics, and B-cell epitope prediction. Results: Here we report the results of our peptide array data analysis, which revealed sets of peptides that have diagnostic potential for detecting past exposure to a subset of the tested human pathogens including Zika virus. These peptides were then confirmed using the well-established ELISA method. Conclusions: These array data, and the resulting peptides can be useful in diverse efforts including the development of new pan-flavivirus antibodies, more accurate epitope mapping, and vaccine development against these viral pathogens.

Notes on Pasteurella tularensis isolated from a vole, Microtus oeconomus Pallas, in Alaska

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Rausch ◽  
B. E. Huntley ◽  
J. G. Bridgens
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Alaska Peninsula ◽  
Microtus Oeconomus ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Microtine Rodents ◽  
Schu S4 ◽  
Water Borne

In October, 1963, during a time of abundance of microtine rodents, Pasteurella tularensis was isolated from a northern vole, Microtus oeconomus Pallas, at the Ugashik Lakes on the upper Alaska Peninsula. The morphological, cultural, and serological characteristics of this isolate are described, and comparative virulence in experimentally inoculated animals, including series of indigenous rodents, is discussed. The isolate was less virulent for rabbits and guinea pigs than was that which has been isolated previously from ticks, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard), in Alaska, and was also less virulent for these animals than was strain SCHU S4. The isolate from the vole seemed to resemble most closely the Eurasian strain of P. tularensis, as might be expected on zoogeographical grounds. A distinguishing feature of the isolate was its ability to grow readily on blood agar in the absence of cystine. The relatively high rate of subclinical tularemia in man in northern and western Alaska, as indicated by the results of serological tests, may be attributable to this organism. Water-borne bacteria may be the source of infection in man.

Immunological regulation of colonic ion transport

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (2) ◽  
pp. G396-G403 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Russell ◽  
G. A. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Antigenic Stimulation ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Maximum Elevation ◽  
Prostaglandin Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Stimulation Of

Challenge of distal colonic epithelium from Trichinella spiralis-infected guinea pigs with parasite-derived antigen elevated short-circuit current (Isc) for approximately 60 min. The maximum elevation (delta Isc) was approximately 250 microA/cm2 at 5 min after the addition of trichinella antigen. The antigen-induced alterations in Isc were of greater magnitude and duration than those evoked in jejunum. Colonic electrical resistance was transiently reduced after exposure to antigen. There was no significant effect of antigen on electrical parameters of colon from nonimmunized (uninfected) guinea pigs. The antihistamine pyrilamine (10(-5) M) and the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin (10(-6) M) reduced the colonic Isc response to antigen by 40% when used in combination but had insignificant effects when used singly. In contrast, the jejunal Isc response to antigen was totally eliminated by the combined use of those inhibitors. Antigenic stimulation of sensitized colon released histamine and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). However, the histamine released was only about one-tenth that stimulated by antigen in the jejunum, and PGE2 released was only one-tenth of that stimulated by bradykinin in the colon. PGE2 was not released after antigenic stimulation of jejunum. The antigen-induced colonic delta Isc was reduced approximately 50% by either furosemide or tetrodotoxin. Although histamine- and indomethacin-sensitive factors contribute greatly to the mediation of the antigen-induced delta Isc in jejunum, these autacoids contribute to a lesser extent to the antigen-induced delta Isc in guinea pig colon.

Radioimmunoassay of creatine kinase isoenzymes in human serum: isoenzyme BB.

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 422-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
M H Zweig ◽  
A C Van Steirteghem ◽  
A N Schechter
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes ◽  
Specific Radioimmunoassay ◽  
Assay Precision ◽  
Free Antigen ◽  
Healthy Persons

Abstract We describe a sensitive, specific radioimmunoassay for the BB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-BB) in serum. A sequential saturation assay was used to achieve sufficient sensitivity to detect the isoenzyme in 100-microliter serum samples of all healthy persons and patients tested. Bound and free antigen were separated by a second antibody system. Large excesses of purified isoenzyme MM did not react in the assay. Cross reactivity of two preparations of CK-MB was only 1 to 7+. The 95th percentile of serum CK-BB in 208 healthy adults was 6.2 microgram/liter. Within-assay and between-assay precision ranged from 5.5 to 11.9% and 9.7 to 13.6%, respectively.

scholarly journals Macrolide Allergic Reactions

Pharmacy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristy M. Shaeer ◽  
Elias B. Chahine ◽  
Sheeba Varghese Gupta ◽  
Jonathan C. Cho
Keyword(s):  
Literature Search ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Cutaneous Reactions ◽  
Extensive Literature Search

Macrolides are antimicrobial agents that can be used to treat a variety of infections. Allergic reactions to macrolides occur infrequently but can include minor to severe cutaneous reactions as well as systemic life-threatening reactions such as anaphylaxis. Most reports of allergic reactions occurred in patients without prior exposure to a macrolide. Cross-reactivity among macrolides may occur due to the similarities in their chemical structures; however, some published literature indicates that some patients can tolerate a different macrolide. Most published reports detailed an allergic reaction to erythromycin. Desensitization protocols to clarithromycin and azithromycin have been described in the literature. The purpose of this article is to summarize macrolide-associated allergic reactions reported in published literature. An extensive literature search was conducted to identify publications linking macrolides to hypersensitivity reactions.

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