Exposure to Arsenite in CD-1 Mice during Juvenile and Adult Stages: Effects on Intestinal Microbiota and Gut-Associated Immune Status

ABSTRACT Intestinal microbiota composition and gut-associated immune response can contribute to the toxicity of arsenic. We investigated the potential toxicity of short-term arsenic exposure on gut microbiome composition, intestinal immune status, microbial arsenic resistance gene, and arsenic metabolic profiles in adult and developmental stages of CD-1 mice. The potential toxicity of arsenite [As(III)] was determined for two life stages: (i) adult animals at 24 or 48 h after single gavage (0.05 mg/kg body weight [b.w.] [low dose], 0.1 mg/kg b.w. [medium dose], and 0.2 mg/kg b.w. [high dose]) and repeated exposure at 1 mg/liter for 8 days and (ii) postnatal day 10 (PND10) and PND21 after single gavage (0.05 mg/kg b.w.). Dose- and time-dependent responses in bacterial recovery/microbial composition were observed in adults after a single gavage. Repeated exposure caused a transient decrease in the recovery of intestinal bacteria, a shift in the bacterial population with abundance of arsenic resistance genes, and evidence for host metabolism of arsenite into less-reactive trivalent methylated species. Arsenic exposure in adult animals induced high levels of CC chemokines and of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in intestine. Arsenic exposure at PND21 resulted in the development of distinct bacterial populations. Results of this study highlight significant changes in the intestinal microbiome and gut-associated immune status during a single or repeated exposure to arsenic in juvenile and adult animals. The data warrant investigation of the long-term effects of oral arsenic exposure on the microbiome and of immune system development and responses. IMPORTANCE Transformation of organic arsenic to toxic inorganic arsenic (iAs) is likely carried out by intestinal bacteria, and iAs may alter the viability of certain microbial populations. This study addressed the impact of arsenic exposure on intestinal microbiota diversity and host gut-associated immune mediators during early development or adulthood using scenarios of acute or repeated doses. During acute arsenic exposure, animals developed defense functions characterized by higher abundances of bacteria that are involved in arsenic resistance or detoxification mechanisms. Arsenite had a negative effect on the abundance of bacterial species that are involved in the conversion of protein to butyrate, which is an alternative energy source in the intestine. The intestinal mucosal immune cytokine profile reflected a mechanism of protection from arsenic toxicity.

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The Impact of Genetics on Gut Microbiota of Growing and Fattening Pigs under Moderate N Restriction

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11102846 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2846

Author(s):

Laura Sarri ◽

Sandra Costa-Roura ◽

Joaquim Balcells ◽

Ahmad Reza Seradj ◽

Gabriel de la Fuente

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Interaction Network ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Distal Colon ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Microbial Network ◽

Background Diet ◽

The Impact ◽

Fattening Pigs

Characterization of intestinal microbiota is of great interest due to its relevant impact on growth, feed efficiency and pig carcass quality. Microbial composition shifts along the gut, but it also depends on the host (i.e., age, genetic background), diet composition and environmental conditions. To simultaneously study the effects of producing type (PT), production phase (PP) and dietary crude protein (CP) content on microbial populations, 20 Duroc pigs and 16 crossbred pigs (F2), belonging to growing and fattening phases, were used. Half of the pigs of each PT were fed a moderate CP restriction (2%). After sacrifice, contents of ileum, cecum and distal colon were collected for sequencing procedure. Fattening pigs presented higher microbial richness than growing pigs because of higher maturity and stability of the community. The F2 pigs showed higher bacterial alpha diversity and microbial network complexity (cecum and colon), especially in the fattening phase, while Duroc pigs tended to have higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in cecum segment. Lactobacillus was the predominant genus, and along with Streptococcus and Clostridium, their relative abundance decreased throughout the intestine. Although low CP diet did not alter the microbial diversity, it increased interaction network complexity. These results have revealed that the moderate CP restriction had lower impact on intestinal microbiota than PP and PT of pigs.

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Microbial Adaptation Due to Gastric Bypass Surgery: The Nutritional Impact

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12041199 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1199 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Silke Crommen ◽

Alma Mattes ◽

Marie-Christine Simon

Keyword(s):

Bariatric Surgery ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Gastric Bypass ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Bypass Surgery ◽

Gastric Bypass Surgery ◽

Liver Fat ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

The Impact

Bariatric surgery leads to sustained weight loss and the resolution of obesity-related comorbidities. Recent studies have suggested that changes in gut microbiota are associated with the weight loss induced by bariatric surgery. Several studies have observed major changes in the microbial composition following gastric bypass surgery. However, there are inconsistencies between the reported alterations in microbial compositions in different studies. Furthermore, it is well established that diet is an important factor shaping the composition and function of intestinal microbiota. However, most studies on gastric bypass have not assessed the impact of dietary intake on the microbiome composition in general, let alone the impact of restrictive diets prior to bariatric surgery, which are recommended for reducing liver fat content and size. Thus, the relative impact of bariatric surgery on weight loss and gut microbiota remains unclear. Therefore, this review aims to provide a deeper understanding of the current knowledge of the changes in intestinal microbiota induced by bariatric surgery considering pre-surgical nutritional changes.

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Diet-induced Changes in Bacterial Communities in the Jejunum and Their Associations with Bile Acids in Angus Beef Cattle

10.21203/rs.3.rs-19919/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jianan Liu ◽

Fang Liu ◽

Wentao Cai ◽

Cunling Jia ◽

Ying Bai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Bile Acids ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Metabolic Potential ◽

Critical Function ◽

Potential Health ◽

Microbial Biomarkers ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background: The small intestine, while serving as the main absorption organ, also possesses a unique bacterial environment and holds the critical function of conversion of primary bile acids. Bile acids are, in turn, able to regulate bacterial composition and promote the growth of bacteria that convert primary bile acids to secondary bile acids. However, in beef cattle, few studies have explored the influence of diets on jejunal bacterial communities and examined its relationships with bile acids. Here, we examined the impact of grain- and grass-based diets on jejunal and fecal bacterial communities’ composition and investigated possible association of bacterial features with bile acids.Results: We demonstrated that the influences of diets on intestinal bacteria can be observed in young beef cattle after weaning. A significantly higher level of microbial diversity was documented in feces of grass-fed cattle comparing to grain-fed cattle. Top 20 important genera identified with random forest analysis on fecal bacterial community can be good candidates for microbial biomarkers. Moreover, the jejunal bacteria of adult Angus beef cattle exhibited significant differences in microbial composition and metabolic potential under different diets. Global balances and bacteria signatures predictive of bile acids were identified, indicative of the potential association of bacterial features with bile acids.Conclusions: The findings from this study provided novel insights into the relationships between jejunal bacteria and bile acids under different diets in Angus beef cattle. Our results should help us gain a better understanding of potential health benefits of grass-fed beef.

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Diet-induced Changes in Bacterial Communities in the Jejunum and Their Associations with Bile Acids in Angus Beef Cattle

10.21203/rs.3.rs-19919/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jianan Liu ◽

Fang Liu ◽

Wentao Cai ◽

Cunling Jia ◽

Ying Bai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Bile Acids ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Metabolic Potential ◽

Critical Function ◽

Potential Health ◽

Microbial Biomarkers ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background: The small intestine, while serving as the main absorption organ, also possesses a unique bacterial environment and holds the critical function of conversion of primary bile acids. Bile acids are, in turn, able to regulate bacterial composition and promote the growth of bacteria that convert primary bile acids to secondary bile acids. However, in beef cattle, few studies have explored the influence of diets on jejunal bacterial communities and examined its relationships with bile acids. Here, we examined the impact of grain- and grass-based diets on jejunal and fecal bacterial communities’ composition and investigated possible association of bacterial features with bile acids.Results: We demonstrated that the influences of diets on intestinal bacteria can be observed in young beef cattle after weaning. A significantly higher level of microbial diversity was documented in feces of grass-fed cattle comparing to grain-fed cattle. Top 20 important genera identified with random forest analysis on fecal bacterial community can be good candidates for microbial biomarkers. Moreover, the jejunal bacteria of adult Angus beef cattle exhibited significant differences in microbial composition and metabolic potential under different diets. Global balances and bacteria signatures predictive of bile acids were identified, indicative of the potential association of bacterial features with bile acids. Conclusions: The findings from this study provided novel insights into the relationships between jejunal bacteria and bile acids under different diets in Angus beef cattle. Our results should help us gain a better understanding of potential health benefits of grass-fed beef.

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Citrobacter Species Increase Energy Harvest by Modulating Intestinal Microbiota in Fish: Nondominant Species Play Important Functions

mSystems ◽

10.1128/msystems.00303-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mei-Ling Zhang ◽

Miao Li ◽

Yi Sheng ◽

Fang Tan ◽

Liqiao Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Lipid Accumulation ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Absorption Efficiency ◽

Energy Harvest ◽

High Fat ◽

Microbial Composition

ABSTRACT An efficient energy harvesting mechanism is likely critical for animals in their natural environment. Intestinal microbiota enriched by a high-fat diet aid in lipid accumulation, a strategy likely evolved for energy harvest in mammals. However, whether this strategy is conserved among vertebrate organisms remains unclear. A bacterial strain (S1), enriched on soybean oil rich medium, was isolated from the gut of Nile tilapia and demonstrated to be a member of the Citrobacter genus. Although a high-fat diet increased the number of Citrobacter spp., these bacteria were not abundant in the intestine by high-throughput sequencing. Addition of bacterium S1 to a high-fat diet modulated intestinal microbial composition and increased high-fat diet-induced lipid accumulation in mesenteric adipose tissue, accompanied by (i) increased triglyceride absorption efficiency and triglyceride reesterification and (ii) increased intestinal permeability. Collectively, our results provide evidence that specific intestinal bacteria aid the host in harvesting more energy from a high-fat diet in fish. Furthermore, the results from the present study also suggest that nondominant bacteria in the gut may play an important role in regulating host metabolism. IMPORTANCE This study shows that the ability of gut microbiota members to enhance host energy harvest from a high-fat diet is a conserved feature of host-microbe interactions in fish, as in mammals. It also underscores that gut microbiota members are able to significantly impact host biology even when at low abundance.

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OP10 IgA coating of intestinal microbiota is associated with inflammatory bowel disease in twin pairs discordant for inflammatory bowel disease

Journal of Crohn s and Colitis ◽

10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S010-S011

Author(s):

E Brand ◽

Y Laenen ◽

F van Wijk ◽

M de Zoete ◽

B Oldenburg

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Immune System ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Linear Discriminant ◽

Starting Point ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is thought to result from an interplay between microbiota, the immune system and the environment in genetically susceptible hosts. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) produced by the immune system can be specifically directed against bacteria. The IgA-coating pattern of intestinal bacteria thus reflects interactions between the immune system and specific bacteria. Studying IBD in twins, concordant and discordant for IBD, reduces the impact of genetic predisposition and childhood exposures and therefore offers the unique opportunity to focus on other factors such as intestinal microbiota composition and immune-interactions in IBD. Methods Faecal samples from twin pairs discordant for Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) were collected. Employing fluorescence-activated cell sorting, IgA+ and IgA− bacteria from the intestinal microbiota were sorted. Subsequently, (1) the total, (2) IgA+ and (3) IgA− microbial composition was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing (IgA-SEQ). We estimated the relative IgA coating per bacterial species by dividing the abundance of that species in the IgA+ fraction over the abundance in the IgA- fraction, representing the IgA coating index. Linear discriminant analyses were performed with LefSE. Results We included 31 twin pairs (62 individuals) discordant for IBD (CD: 15, UC: 16). 15/32 twin pairs were monozygotic, 43/62 of participants were female, the median age was 47 years (interquartile range: 34–58.5). Of 31 participants with IBD, 7 had signs of active inflammation based on endoscopy, Harvey–Bradshaw index or short clinical colitis activity index. Differences (log-linear discriminant analysis score >3) in the microbial composition of IgA-coated bacteria were observed between CD patients and their twin-siblings not affected by IBD: Dorea formicigenerans (increased in IgA coating), Parabacteroides sp., Christensenellaceae sp., Clostridium sp. and Mollicutes RF39 sp. (decreased in IgA coating). In ulcerative colitis patients, an increase in IgA-coating was observed for Ruminococcus gnavus and Dorea formicigenerans, while Turicibacter sp., Barnesiellaceae sp. and an unclassified Clostridiales sp. were decreased in IgA-coating compared with their twin-siblings not affected by IBD. Conclusion In twins affected by IBD, the pattern of IgA-coated bacteria differs between IBD and non-IBD affected individuals. These data on immune-bacteria interactions could serve as a starting point for the elucidation of the immune-responses triggered by specific bacteria in IBD.

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Effect of Exercise on Intestinal Microbium and Insulin Resistance in Person with Metabolic Syndrome

Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini bìologìï ta sportu ◽

10.26693/jmbs05.05.324 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 324-331

Author(s):

O. O. Hurenko ◽

◽

S. B. Drozdovska

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Microbiome ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Physical Exercises ◽

The Impact

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors. They include obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. Central obesity and resistance to insulin, in particular, are recognized as causative factors, which form the development of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a progressive and genetically determined condition. The result of its progression is that carbohydrate, lipid and purine metabolism break down. The intestinal microbiome has a significant role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. One of the methods of influencing the micribiotic composition is the physical activity. The human intestinal microbiome is a complex ecosystem consisting not only of microorganisms, but also including bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses. Biodiversity and the overall composition of the microbiota play a crucial role in maintaining normal homeostasis in the human body. With the recent advent of the possibility of studying the intestinal microbiome, the impact on its taxonomic composition and metabolism through exercise is the subject of scientific interest. Recent studies showed that the intestinal microbiota was directly involved in the formation of the metabolic syndrome. The function of the microbiome is just as important as the function of the "metabolic organs" that affect energy homeostasis and control body weight. In addition, changes in the intestinal microbiotic composition lead to increased intestinal permeability, endotoxemia, which plays a role in the development of chronic inflammation in the host, contributing to the development of metabolic syndrome and related chronic metabolic diseases. Intestinal microbiota in its own right is injected into the development of systemic inflammation in obesity, such a rank, inappropriate insertions in development or regression of insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia in metabolic syndrome. Physical activity can affect not only the composition of the microbial composition, but also the metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiome. The health-improving effect of physical exercises is connected with their ability to change the composition of an intestinal microbiota. Studies involving professional athletes and a specially selected control group indicated that athletes had a lower pro-inflammatory status and a high degree of bacterial diversity. Due to this, there is a positive dynamics of improving carbohydrate metabolism and the impact on the course of pathological processes associated with the metabolic syndrome, through the introduction of regular physical activity. Conclusion. The literature review presents data on the metabolic syndrome, its pathogenesis and components of the spectrum of development of metabolic disorders. We also analyzed material on influence of gut microbiota on development of metabolic disturbances and inreraction of structure of a microbiotic composition with physical exercises

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Development and Function of the Intestinal Microbiome and Potential Implications for Pig Production

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9030076 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 76 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Tanya Nowland ◽

Kate Plush ◽

Mary Barton ◽

Roy Kirkwood

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Management Practices ◽

System Development ◽

Critical Time ◽

Intestinal Microbiome ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Time Period ◽

Immune System Development ◽

And Function ◽

The Impact

The intestinal microbiota has received a lot of attention in recent times due to its essential role in the immune system development and function. Recent work in humans has demonstrated that the first year of life is the most critical time period for microbiome development with perturbations during this time being proven to have long term health consequences. In this review, we describe the literature surrounding early life events in humans and mice that contribute to intestinal microbiota development and function, and compare this to piglets predominantly during their lactation period, which focuses on the impact lactation management practices may have on the intestinal microbiota. Although extensive research has been conducted in this area in humans and mice, little research exists in pigs during perceivably the most critical time period of development, which is the lactation period. The research reviewed outlines the importance of appropriate intestinal microbiota development. However, further research is needed in order to understand the full extent routine farm practices have on a piglet’s intestinal microbiota.

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Peri-operative antibiotics acutely and significantly impact intestinal microbiota following bariatric surgery

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-77285-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Harika Nalluri ◽

Scott Kizy ◽

Kristin Ewing ◽

Girish Luthra ◽

Daniel B. Leslie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bariatric Surgery ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Caloric Restriction ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Oral Intake ◽

Influential Factor ◽

Significant Shift ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Postoperative Changes ◽

The Impact

AbstractBariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for weight loss. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) involves the resection of ~ 80% of the stomach and was conceived to purely restrict oral intake. However, evidence suggests more complex mechanisms, particularly postoperative changes in gut microbiota, in facilitating weight loss and resolving associated comorbidities. VSG in humans is a complex procedure and includes peri-operative antibiotics and caloric restriction in addition to the altered anatomy. The impact of each of these factors on the intestinal microbiota have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the relative contributions of each of these factors on intestinal microbiota composition following VSG prior to substantial weight loss. Thirty-two obese patients underwent one of three treatments: (1) VSG plus routine intravenous peri-operative antibiotics (n = 12), (2) VSG with intravenous vancomycin chosen for its low intestinal penetrance (n = 12), and (3) caloric restriction (n = 8). Fecal samples were evaluated for bacterial composition prior to and 7 days following each intervention. Only patients undergoing VSG with routine peri-operative antibiotics showed a significant shift in community composition. Our data support the single dose of routine peri-operative antibiotics as the most influential factor of intestinal microbial composition acutely following VSG.

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Diet-induced changes in bacterial communities in the jejunum and their associations with bile acids in Angus beef cattle

Animal Microbiome ◽

10.1186/s42523-020-00051-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jianan Liu ◽

Fang Liu ◽

Wentao Cai ◽

Cunling Jia ◽

Ying Bai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Bile Acids ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Metabolic Potential ◽

Critical Function ◽

Potential Health ◽

Microbial Biomarkers ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background The small intestine, while serving as the main absorption organ, also possesses a unique bacterial environment and holds the critical function of conversion of primary bile acids. Bile acids are, in turn, able to regulate bacterial composition and promote the growth of bacteria that convert primary bile acids to secondary bile acids. However, in beef cattle, few studies have explored the influence of diets on jejunal bacterial communities and examined its relationships with bile acids. Here, we examined the impact of grain- and grass-based diets on jejunal and fecal bacterial communities’ composition and investigated possible association of bacterial features with bile acids. Results We demonstrated that the influences of diets on intestinal bacteria can be observed in young beef cattle after weaning. A significantly higher level of microbial diversity was documented in feces of grass-fed cattle comparing to grain-fed cattle. Top 20 important genera identified with random forest analysis on fecal bacterial community can be good candidates for microbial biomarkers. Moreover, the jejunal bacteria of adult Angus beef cattle exhibited significant differences in microbial composition and metabolic potential under different diets. Global balances and bacteria signatures predictive of bile acids were identified, indicative of the potential association of bacterial features with bile acids. Conclusions The findings from this study provided novel insights into the relationships between jejunal bacteria and bile acids under different diets in Angus beef cattle. Our results should help us gain a better understanding of potential health benefits of grass-fed beef.

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