scholarly journals Diet-induced Changes in Bacterial Communities in the Jejunum and Their Associations with Bile Acids in Angus Beef Cattle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianan Liu ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Wentao Cai ◽  
Cunling Jia ◽  
Ying Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Microbial Biomarkers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The small intestine, while serving as the main absorption organ, also possesses a unique bacterial environment and holds the critical function of conversion of primary bile acids. Bile acids are, in turn, able to regulate bacterial composition and promote the growth of bacteria that convert primary bile acids to secondary bile acids. However, in beef cattle, few studies have explored the influence of diets on jejunal bacterial communities and examined its relationships with bile acids. Here, we examined the impact of grain- and grass-based diets on jejunal and fecal bacterial communities’ composition and investigated possible association of bacterial features with bile acids.Results: We demonstrated that the influences of diets on intestinal bacteria can be observed in young beef cattle after weaning. A significantly higher level of microbial diversity was documented in feces of grass-fed cattle comparing to grain-fed cattle. Top 20 important genera identified with random forest analysis on fecal bacterial community can be good candidates for microbial biomarkers. Moreover, the jejunal bacteria of adult Angus beef cattle exhibited significant differences in microbial composition and metabolic potential under different diets. Global balances and bacteria signatures predictive of bile acids were identified, indicative of the potential association of bacterial features with bile acids. Conclusions: The findings from this study provided novel insights into the relationships between jejunal bacteria and bile acids under different diets in Angus beef cattle. Our results should help us gain a better understanding of potential health benefits of grass-fed beef.

scholarly journals Diet-induced Changes in Bacterial Communities in the Jejunum and Their Associations with Bile Acids in Angus Beef Cattle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianan Liu ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Wentao Cai ◽  
Cunling Jia ◽  
Ying Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Microbial Biomarkers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The small intestine, while serving as the main absorption organ, also possesses a unique bacterial environment and holds the critical function of conversion of primary bile acids. Bile acids are, in turn, able to regulate bacterial composition and promote the growth of bacteria that convert primary bile acids to secondary bile acids. However, in beef cattle, few studies have explored the influence of diets on jejunal bacterial communities and examined its relationships with bile acids. Here, we examined the impact of grain- and grass-based diets on jejunal and fecal bacterial communities’ composition and investigated possible association of bacterial features with bile acids.Results: We demonstrated that the influences of diets on intestinal bacteria can be observed in young beef cattle after weaning. A significantly higher level of microbial diversity was documented in feces of grass-fed cattle comparing to grain-fed cattle. Top 20 important genera identified with random forest analysis on fecal bacterial community can be good candidates for microbial biomarkers. Moreover, the jejunal bacteria of adult Angus beef cattle exhibited significant differences in microbial composition and metabolic potential under different diets. Global balances and bacteria signatures predictive of bile acids were identified, indicative of the potential association of bacterial features with bile acids.Conclusions: The findings from this study provided novel insights into the relationships between jejunal bacteria and bile acids under different diets in Angus beef cattle. Our results should help us gain a better understanding of potential health benefits of grass-fed beef.

scholarly journals Diet-induced changes in bacterial communities in the jejunum and their associations with bile acids in Angus beef cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianan Liu ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Wentao Cai ◽  
Cunling Jia ◽  
Ying Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Microbial Biomarkers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The small intestine, while serving as the main absorption organ, also possesses a unique bacterial environment and holds the critical function of conversion of primary bile acids. Bile acids are, in turn, able to regulate bacterial composition and promote the growth of bacteria that convert primary bile acids to secondary bile acids. However, in beef cattle, few studies have explored the influence of diets on jejunal bacterial communities and examined its relationships with bile acids. Here, we examined the impact of grain- and grass-based diets on jejunal and fecal bacterial communities’ composition and investigated possible association of bacterial features with bile acids. Results We demonstrated that the influences of diets on intestinal bacteria can be observed in young beef cattle after weaning. A significantly higher level of microbial diversity was documented in feces of grass-fed cattle comparing to grain-fed cattle. Top 20 important genera identified with random forest analysis on fecal bacterial community can be good candidates for microbial biomarkers. Moreover, the jejunal bacteria of adult Angus beef cattle exhibited significant differences in microbial composition and metabolic potential under different diets. Global balances and bacteria signatures predictive of bile acids were identified, indicative of the potential association of bacterial features with bile acids. Conclusions The findings from this study provided novel insights into the relationships between jejunal bacteria and bile acids under different diets in Angus beef cattle. Our results should help us gain a better understanding of potential health benefits of grass-fed beef.

scholarly journals Jejunal Microbiome and Bile Acids Induced by Diets in Angus Beef Cattle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianan Liu ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Wentao Cai ◽  
Cunling Jia ◽  
Ying Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Production Practice ◽  
Microbial Biomarkers

Abstract Background: The small intestine, while serving as the main absorption organ, also possesses a unique microbiome environment and holds the critical function of conversion of primary bile acids. Bile acids are, in turn, able to regulate microbiome structure and promote the growth of bacteria that convert primary bile acids to secondary bile acids. However, in beef cattle, few studies have explored the microbiome compositions of the jejunum and its relationships with bile acids. Therefore, the hypothesis is that microbiome compositions in the intestine are influenced by diet style and also related to bile acids.Results: We demonstrated that the influences of diets on the intestinal microbiome could be observed in young beef cattle after weaning. A significantly higher level of microbial diversity was evidenced in feces of grass-fed animals comparing to grain-fed cattle. Top 20 essential genera were obtained with random forest analysis on the fecal microbiome to identify candidate microbial biomarkers. Moreover, the jejunal microbiome of adult Angus beef cattle exhibited significant differences in microbial composition and metabolic potential under different diets. Global balances and microbiome signatures of bile acids were identified. Conclusions: The findings from this study provided deep insights into microbiome compositions in fecal and jejunal and identified relationships between jejunal microbiome and bile acids with diets in Angus beef cattle. Our results should help us better understand grass-fed beef in production practice and potential health benefits.

scholarly journals Exposure to Arsenite in CD-1 Mice during Juvenile and Adult Stages: Effects on Intestinal Microbiota and Gut-Associated Immune Status

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuppan Gokulan ◽  
Matthew G. Arnold ◽  
Jake Jensen ◽  
Michelle Vanlandingham ◽  
Nathan C. Twaddle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Arsenic Resistance ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Intestinal microbiota composition and gut-associated immune response can contribute to the toxicity of arsenic. We investigated the potential toxicity of short-term arsenic exposure on gut microbiome composition, intestinal immune status, microbial arsenic resistance gene, and arsenic metabolic profiles in adult and developmental stages of CD-1 mice. The potential toxicity of arsenite [As(III)] was determined for two life stages: (i) adult animals at 24 or 48 h after single gavage (0.05 mg/kg body weight [b.w.] [low dose], 0.1 mg/kg b.w. [medium dose], and 0.2 mg/kg b.w. [high dose]) and repeated exposure at 1 mg/liter for 8 days and (ii) postnatal day 10 (PND10) and PND21 after single gavage (0.05 mg/kg b.w.). Dose- and time-dependent responses in bacterial recovery/microbial composition were observed in adults after a single gavage. Repeated exposure caused a transient decrease in the recovery of intestinal bacteria, a shift in the bacterial population with abundance of arsenic resistance genes, and evidence for host metabolism of arsenite into less-reactive trivalent methylated species. Arsenic exposure in adult animals induced high levels of CC chemokines and of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in intestine. Arsenic exposure at PND21 resulted in the development of distinct bacterial populations. Results of this study highlight significant changes in the intestinal microbiome and gut-associated immune status during a single or repeated exposure to arsenic in juvenile and adult animals. The data warrant investigation of the long-term effects of oral arsenic exposure on the microbiome and of immune system development and responses. IMPORTANCE Transformation of organic arsenic to toxic inorganic arsenic (iAs) is likely carried out by intestinal bacteria, and iAs may alter the viability of certain microbial populations. This study addressed the impact of arsenic exposure on intestinal microbiota diversity and host gut-associated immune mediators during early development or adulthood using scenarios of acute or repeated doses. During acute arsenic exposure, animals developed defense functions characterized by higher abundances of bacteria that are involved in arsenic resistance or detoxification mechanisms. Arsenite had a negative effect on the abundance of bacterial species that are involved in the conversion of protein to butyrate, which is an alternative energy source in the intestine. The intestinal mucosal immune cytokine profile reflected a mechanism of protection from arsenic toxicity.

scholarly journals Long term exposure of human gut microbiota with high and low emulsifier sensitivity to soy lecithin in M-SHIME model.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Miclotte ◽  
Ellen De Paepe ◽  
Qiqiong Li ◽  
Andreja Rajkovic ◽  
John Van Camp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Treatment Phase ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Soy Lecithin ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

In the context of the potential health hazards related to food processing, dietary emulsifiers have been shown to alter the structure and function of the gut microbial community, both in vivo and in vitro. In mouse models, these emulsifier exposed gut microbiota were shown to contribute to gut inflammation. Several knowledge gaps remain to be addressed though. As such, the impact from a longer timeframe of exposure on the gut microbiota is not known and interindividual variability in microbiome response needs to be measured. To answer these research questions, in this study the faecal microbiota from two individuals, previously selected for high and low emulsifier sensitivity, were exposed to two concentrations of soy lecithin during a 7 day treatment phase in the dynamic mucosal simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (M-SHIME). The results showed mild effects from soy lecithin on the composition and functionality of these microbial communities, which depended on the original microbial composition. The effects also mostly levelled off after 3 days of exposure. The emulsifier sensitivity for which the microbiota were selected, was preserved. Some potentially concerning effects were also registered: butyrate levels, positively correlating with Faecalibacterium abundance, were lowered by soy lecithin. Also the abundance of the beneficial Bifidobacterium genus was lowered, while the abundance of the notorious unclassified Enterobacteriaceae was increased. Within the family of the unclassified Lachnospiraceae, several genera were either suppressed or stimulated. The effects that these microbial alterations would have on a living host is not yet certain, especially given the fact that large fractions of soy lecithins constituents can be absorbed. Nevertheless, choline and phosphatidylcholine, both primary and absorbable constituents of soy lecithin, have recently been linked to cardiovascular disease via the generation of TMA by the gut microbiota. Further studies that validate our findings and link them to potential health outcomes are thus justified.

scholarly journals Influence of temperature changes on symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities’ structure: an experimental study on soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum (Anthozoa: Alcyoniidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 253-262
Author(s):  
Hao Lu ◽  
Alireza Asem ◽  
Weidong Li ◽  
Wenxue Che ◽  
Pei-Zheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
Sarcophyton Trocheliophorum ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cooling Stress

AbstractIt is well concluded that microbial composition and diversity of coral species can be affected under temperature alterations. However, the interaction of environmental accumulation of corals and temperature stress on symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities are rarely studied. In this study, two groups of soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum were cultured under constant (26 °C) and inconstant (22 °C to 26 °C) temperature conditions for 30 days as control treatments. After that, water was cooled rapidly to decrease to 20 °C in 24 h. The results of diversity analysis showed that symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities had a significant difference between the two accumulated groups. The principal coordinate analyses confirmed that symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities of both control treatments were clustered into two groups. Our results evidenced that rapid cooling stress could not change symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities’ composition. On the other hand, cooling stress could alter only bacterial communities in constant group. In conclusion, our study represents a clear relationship between environmental accumulation and the impact of short-term cooling stress in which microbial composition structure can be affected by early adaptation conditions.

scholarly journals Different analysis strategies of 16S rRNA gene data from rodent studies generate contrasting views of gut bacterial communities associated with diet, health and obesity

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10372
Author(s):  
Jose F. Garcia-Mazcorro ◽  
Jorge R. Kawas ◽  
Cuauhtemoc Licona Cassani ◽  
Susanne Mertens-Talcott ◽  
Giuliana Noratto
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Analysis Strategies ◽  
The Impact

Background One of the main functions of diet is to nurture the gut microbiota and this relationship affects the health of the host. However, different analysis strategies can generate different views on the relative abundance of each microbial taxon, which can affect our conclusions about the significance of diet to gut health in lean and obese subjects. Here we explored the impact of using different analysis strategies to study the gut microbiota in a context of diet, health and obesity. Methods Over 15 million 16S rRNA gene sequences from published studies involving dietary interventions in obese laboratory rodents were analyzed. Three strategies were used to assign the 16S sequences to Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) based on the GreenGenes reference OTU sequence files clustered at 97% and 99% similarity. Results Different strategies to select OTUs influenced the relative abundance of all bacterial taxa, but the magnitude of this phenomenon showed a strong study effect. Different taxa showed up to 20% difference in relative abundance within the same study, depending on the analysis strategy. Very few OTUs were shared among the samples. ANOSIM test on unweighted UniFrac distances showed that study, sequencing technique, animal model, and dietary treatment (in that order) were the most important factors explaining the differences in bacterial communities. Except for obesity status, the contribution of diet and other factors to explain the variability in bacterial communities was lower when using weighted UniFrac distances. Predicted functional profile and high-level phenotypes of the microbiota showed that each study was associated with unique features and patterns. Conclusions The results confirm previous findings showing a strong study effect on gut microbial composition and raise concerns about the impact of analysis strategies on the membership and composition of the gut microbiota. This study may be helpful to guide future research aiming to investigate the relationship between diet, health, and the gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Differing Dietary Nutrients and Diet-associated Bacteria has Limited Impact on Spider Gut Microbiota Composition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Zhang ◽  
Fengjie Liu ◽  
Yang Zhu ◽  
Runhua Han ◽  
Letian Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Lasius Niger ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Spiders are a key predator of insects across ecosystems and possess great potential as pest control agents. Unfortunately, it is difficult to artificially cultivate multiple generations of most spider species. Since gut bacterial flora has been shown to significantly alter nutrient availability, it is plausible that the spiders’ microbial community play a key role in their unsuccessful breeding. However, both the gut microbial composition and its influencing factors in many spiders remain a mystery. In this study, the gut microbiota of Campanicola campanulata, specialist prey on ants and are widely distributed across China, was characterized. After, the impact of diet and diet-associated bacteria on gut bacterial composition was evaluated. First, two species of prey ants (Lasius niger and Tetramorium caespitum) were collected from different locations and fed to C. campanulata. For each diet, we then profiled the nutritional content of the ants, as well as the bacterial communities of both the ants and spiders. Results showed that the protein and carbohydrate content varied between the two prey ant species, and that the bacterial communities of the ants were clearly delineated by collection site. However, no significant differences were found in the gut microbiota of spiders that were fed the differing ants. Together, these results indicate that nutritional variation and diet-associated bacterial differences have a limited impact on the microbial composition of spider guts, suggesting that spiders have a mechanism keeping their gut bacterial community stable to ensure normal physiological function and development.

scholarly journals Review: Impacts of shade on cattle well-being in the beef supply chain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily N Edwards-Callaway ◽  
M Caitlin Cramer ◽  
Caitlin N Cadaret ◽  
Elizabeth J Bigler ◽  
Terry E Engle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Stress Susceptibility ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Shade is a mechanism to reduce heat load providing cattle with an environment supportive of their welfare needs. Although heat stress has been extensively reviewed, researched, and addressed in dairy production systems, it has not been investigated in the same manner in the beef cattle supply chain. Like all animals, beef cattle are susceptible to heat stress if they are unable to dissipate heat during times of elevated ambient temperatures. There are many factors that impact heat stress susceptibility in beef cattle throughout the different supply chain sectors, many of which relate to the production system, i.e. availability of shade, microclimate of environment, and nutrition management. The results from studies evaluating the effects of shade on production and welfare are difficult to compare due to variation in structural design, construction materials used, height, shape, and area of shade provided. Additionally, depending on operation location, shade may or may not be beneficial during all times of the year, which can influence the decision to make shade a permanent part of management systems. Shade has been shown to lessen the physiologic response of cattle to heat stress. Shaded cattle exhibit lower respiration rates, body temperatures, and panting scores compared to un-shaded cattle in weather that increases the risk of heat stress. Results from studies investigating the provision of shade indicate that cattle seek shade in hot weather. The impact of shade on behavioral patterns is inconsistent in the current body of research, some studies indicating shade provision impacts behavior and other studies reporting no difference between shaded and un-shaded groups. Analysis of performance and carcass characteristics across feedlot studies demonstrated that shaded cattle had increased ADG, improved feed efficiency, HCW, and dressing percentage when compared to cattle without shade. Despite the documented benefits of shade, current industry statistics, although severely limited in scope, indicate low shade implementation rates in feedlots and data in other supply chain sectors do not exist. Industry guidelines and third party on-farm certification programs articulate the critical need for protection from extreme weather but are not consistent in providing specific recommendations and requirements. Future efforts should include: updated economic analyses of cost versus benefit of shade implementation, exploration of producer perspectives and needs relative to shade, consideration of shade impacts in the cow-calf and slaughter plant segments of the supply chain, and integration of indicators of affective (mental) state and preference in research studies to enhance the holistic assessment of cattle welfare.

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