Abstract
Despite its accessory mineral status in metabasaltic rocks, rutile controls the whole-rock Ti, Nb and Ta budget. These are key elements used to trace fluid- and melt-mediated mass transfer across the mantle–crust boundary. Rutile also contains significant amounts of the redox-sensitive element V, which is increasingly used to estimate oxygen fugacity. Kimberlite-borne mantle eclogite xenoliths, which are frequently rutile-bearing, have been interpreted as residues from the extraction of silicic partial melt similar in composition to the average continental crust. Published mineral compositions for eclogite xenoliths from various cratons combined with geothermobarometrical calculations show that TiO2 contents in garnet and clinopyroxene increase with increasing temperature of last residence in the lithospheric mantle, whereas apparent clinopyroxene–garnet distribution coefficients decrease. This implies that (1) increasing TiO2 contents in eclogitic garnet or clinopyroxene are not a signature of increasing metasomatism with depth, (2) whole-rock eclogites reconstructed without rutile will increasingly underestimate TiO2, Nb and Ta contents with decreasing temperature, and (3) low-temperature eclogites are more likely to contain free rutile. Only about a third of the ∼250 samples considered here would have whole-rock TiO2 contents (reconstructed with calculated rutile modes) required for rutile saturation during subduction and partial melting. If there is a role for subducting oceanic crust now sampled as mantle eclogite, the characteristic Ti–Nb–Ta depletion in continental crust may require fluid-dominated processes, where these elements are not efficiently mobilised. In garnet, Ti uptake on the octahedral site is accommodated primarily by coupled substitution with Na and subordinately with a divalent metal cation, and there is no evidence for substitution on the tetrahedral site. For samples equilibrated to the conductive geotherm, Ti in addition to Na enrichment may be indicative of equilibration in the diamond stability field. The jadeite component in clinopyroxene as a function of temperature is a good indicator of the geotherm to which the various samples equilibrated, and can be used to reveal samples within each suite that have been affected by isobaric heating. The distribution of V in eclogitic garnet, clinopyroxene and rutile is affected by bulk composition, temperature and oxygen fugacity. In carefully vetted, low-temperature samples with TiO2 contents >0·8 wt%, V-based oxybarometry may monitor redox conditions prevailing during metamorphism of oceanic crust or, at lower TiO2, during (secular) cooling-related exsolution of rutile from garnet or clinopyroxene, whereas in higher-temperature ilmenite-bearing samples metasomatic conditions may be recorded.
Towards understanding how surface life can affect interior geological processes: a non-equilibrium thermodynamics approach
