scholarly journals Correlative tomography of an exceptionally preserved Jurassic ammonite implies hyponome-propelled swimming

Geology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Cherns ◽  
Alan R.T. Spencer ◽  
Imran A. Rahman ◽  
Russell J. Garwood ◽  
Christopher Reedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Preservation ◽  
Soft Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
First Time

The extreme rarity of soft-tissue preservation in ammonoids has meant there are open questions regarding fundamental aspects of their biology. We report an exceptionally preserved Middle Jurassic ammonite with unrivaled information on soft-body organization interpreted through correlative neutron and X-ray tomography. Three-dimensional imaging of muscles and organs of the body mass for the first time in this iconic fossil group provides key insights into functional morphology. We show that paired dorsal muscles withdrew the body into the shell, rather than acting with the funnel controlling propulsion as in Nautilus. This suggests a mobile, retractable body as a defense strategy and necessitates a distinct swimming mechanism of hyponome propulsion, a trait that we infer evolved early in the ammonoid-coleoid lineage.

scholarly journals Use of a Single Wearable Sensor to Evaluate the Effects of Gait and Pelvis Asymmetries on the Components of the Timed Up and Go Test, in Persons with Unilateral Lower Limb Amputation

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Maria Stella Valle ◽  
Antonino Casabona ◽  
Ilenia Sapienza ◽  
Luca Laudani ◽  
Alessandro Vagnini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Cycle ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Physical Mobility ◽  
Group A ◽  
First Time

The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test quantifies physical mobility by measuring the total performance time. In this study, we quantified the single TUG subcomponents and, for the first time, explored the effects of gait cycle and pelvis asymmetries on them. Transfemoral (TF) and transtibial (TT) amputees were compared with a control group. A single wearable inertial sensor, applied to the back, captured kinematic data from the body and pelvis during the 10-m walk test and the TUG test. From these data, two categories of symmetry indexes (SI) were computed: One SI captured the differences between the antero-posterior accelerations of the two sides during the gait cycle, while another set of SI quantified the symmetry over the three-dimensional pelvis motions. Moreover, the total time of the TUG test, the time of each subcomponent, and the velocity of the turning subcomponents were measured. Only the TF amputees showed significant reductions in each SI category when compared to the controls. During the TUG test, the TF group showed a longer duration and velocity reduction mainly over the turning subtasks. However, for all the amputees there were significant correlations between the level of asymmetries and the velocity during the turning tasks. Overall, gait cycle and pelvis asymmetries had a specific detrimental effect on the turning performance instead of on linear walking.

scholarly journals Description of the male of fossil <i>Calomicrus eocenicus</i> Bukejs et Bezděk (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) from Eocene Baltic amber using X-ray microtomography

Fossil Record ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andris Bukejs ◽  
Jan Bezděk ◽  
Vitalii I. Alekseev ◽  
Kristaps Kairišs ◽  
Ryan C. McKellar
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Baltic Amber ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Apical Margin ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Total Body ◽  
First Time

Abstract. A male representative of the extinct species Calomicrus eocenicus Bukejs et Bezděk, 2014 (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) is found and described for the first time from Eocene Baltic amber using X-ray microtomography. The aedeagus is well preserved within the body cavity of the specimen, and it is illustrated in detail. This fossil species exhibits distinct sexual dimorphism: the male has a smaller total body size, as well as a copula-adapted modification in abdominal ventrite 5 (apical margin deeply trilobed, with round medial fovea present); meanwhile the female is larger in body size and has a simple abdominal ventrite 5 (without fovea, non-incised and widely rounded apically). Similar sexually dimorphic characters are typical for extant members of the tribe Luperini, and this report is the first time that they are described in an Eocene species. The known sexually dimorphic characters present in Coleoptera within Eocene Baltic amber are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Hyperphosphatemic tumoral calcinosis: a rare differential of periarticular swelling

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1874
Author(s):  
Sunil Nanjareddy ◽  
Rajashree Paidipatti ◽  
Vishwanath Muttagaduru Shivalingappa ◽  
Nuthan Jagadeesh
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tumoral Calcinosis ◽  
Greater Trochanter ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Osseous Involvement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Calcium Deposits ◽  
History Of Pain

Tumour calcinosis is a rare clinical and histopathological syndrome characterised by deposition of calcium deposits in different periarticular soft tissue regions of the body. It mainly manifest in childhood/ adolescence as a painless, firm to hard tumour like mass around the joints. Most common regions involved: Shoulder, elbow and hip. An 18 year old male patient presented to the opd with a history of pain and swelling over his left hip since 2 months. On examination, there was a diffuse tender swelling over the left greater trochanter, skin over the swelling was normal with no discharge, no dilated/ engorged veins. Range of motion of left hip was normal, no limb length discrepancies. X-ray: Showed a well define calcified mass over the greater trochanter with no osseous involvement. MRI revealed an encapsulated hypointense mass present posterior to the greater trochanter, mostly in the muscular plane. Lab findings revealed mild hyperphosphetemia. An aspirate from the swelling showed casseousmaterial. En mass removal was done and sent for biopsy. Biopsy showed features suggestive of tumoral calcinosis. Tumoral calcinosis is a distinct clinico-radiopathological entity characterised by soft tissue periarticular calcinosis which mimics a true neoplasm, associated with elevated levels of serum phosphate. It is an extremely rare condition which is seen in the adolescence and requires more studies regarding the surgical and medical management of the same.

scholarly journals Eribulin activity in soft tissue sarcoma monolayer and three-dimensional cell line models: could the combination with other drugs improve its antitumoral effect?

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Escudero ◽  
Victoria Heredia-Soto ◽  
Yinyin Wang ◽  
Patricia Ruiz ◽  
Yingying Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Antitumour Activity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Soft Tissue Sarcomas ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dimensional Cell

Abstract Background Eribulin has shown antitumour activity in some soft tissue sarcomas (STSs), but it has only been approved for advanced liposarcoma (LPS). Methods In this study, we evaluated the effect of eribulin on proliferation, migration and invasion capabilities in LPS, leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and fibrosarcoma (FS) models, using both monolayer (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cell cultures. Additionally, we explored combinations of eribulin with other drugs commonly used in the treatment of STS with the aim of increasing its antitumour activity. Results Eribulin showed activity inhibiting proliferation, 2D and 3D migration and invasion in most of the cell line models. Furthermore, we provide data that suggest, for the first time, a synergistic effect with ifosfamide in all models, and with pazopanib in LMS as well as in myxoid and pleomorphic LPS. Conclusions Our results support the effect of eribulin on LPS, LMS and FS cell line models. The combination of eribulin with ifosfamide or pazopanib has shown in vitro synergy, which warrants further clinical research.

scholarly journals A neck-like vertebral motion in fish

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1957) ◽  
pp. 20211091
Author(s):  
Ariel L. Camp
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Control Motion ◽  
Caudal Vertebrae ◽  
Vertebral Kinematics

Tetrapods use their neck to move the head three-dimensionally, relative to the body and limbs. Fish lack this anatomical neck, yet during feeding many species elevate (dorsally rotate) the head relative to the body. Cranial elevation is hypothesized to result from the craniovertebral and cranial-most intervertebral joints acting as a neck, by dorsally rotating (extending). However, this has never been tested due to the difficulty of visualizing and measuring vertebral motion in vivo . I used X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology to measure three-dimensional vertebral kinematics in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and Commerson's frogfish ( Antennarius commerson ) during feeding. Despite dramatically different morphologies, in both species dorsoventral rotations extended far beyond the craniovertebral and cranial intervertebral joints. Trout combine small (most less than 3°) dorsal rotations over up to a third of their intervertebral joints to elevate the neurocranium. Frogfish use extremely large (often 20–30°) rotations of the craniovertebral and first intervertebral joint, but smaller rotations occurred across two-thirds of the vertebral column during cranial elevation. Unlike tetrapods, fish rotate large regions of the vertebral column to rotate the head. This suggests both cranial and more caudal vertebrae should be considered to understand how non-tetrapods control motion at the head–body interface.

scholarly journals A new seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from south-western Australia

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2613 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
RALPH FOSTER ◽  
MARTIN F. GOMON
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Dorsal Midline ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
A New Species

A new species of syngnathid fish, Hippocampus paradoxus sp. nov., from mid-continental shelf waters of south-western Australia is described from the only known specimen. It can be distinguished from all congeners, including the very similar H. minotaur Gomon 1997, by the following features: the lack of a dorsal fin, a series of fleshy, fin-like lobes along the dorsal midline of the trunk and tail and an extremely robust cleithrum and prominent first nuchal plate. In addition to the traditional methods of syngnathid taxonomists, X-ray microtomography (CT scanning) was employed and demonstrated to be a valuable research tool for examining seahorse species that are problematic due to reduced ossification and small size. CT scanning is more capable of imaging poorly ossified and soft tissue regions than traditional radiography and provides a detailed three dimensional view of salient features.

scholarly journals Distinguishing Biology from Geology in Soft-Tissue Preservation

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 275-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Cunningham ◽  
Philip C. J. Donoghue ◽  
Stefan Bengtson
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Laser Beam ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Tissue Preservation ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Soft Tissue Preservation

Knowledge of evolutionary history is based extensively on relatively rare fossils that preserve soft tissues. These fossils record a much greater proportion of anatomy than would be known solely from mineralized remains and provide key data for testing evolutionary hypotheses in deep time. Ironically, however, exceptionally preserved fossils are often among the most contentious because they are difficult to interpret. This is because their morphology has invariably been affected by the processes of decay and diagenesis, meaning that it is often difficult to distinguish preserved biology from artifacts introduced by these processes. Here we describe how a range of analytical techniques can be used to tease apart mineralization that preserves biological structures from unrelated geological mineralization phases. This approach involves using a series of X-ray, ion, electron and laser beam techniques to characterize the texture and chemistry of the different phases so that they can be differentiated in material that is difficult to interpret. This approach is demonstrated using a case study of its application to the study of fossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Biota.

What Causes the Body to Roll in Front-Crawl Swimming?

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshimasa Yanai
Keyword(s):  
Time Derivative ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Frequency ◽  
External Torque ◽  
Fluid Forces ◽  
First Time

This study was conducted to describe the kinematics of bodyroll and investigate whether bodyroll was propelled primarily by the turning effect of the fluid forces (external torque) or by the reaction effect due to the acceleration of the limbs. The performances of 11 competitive swimmers were recorded using two panning periscopes, and the three-dimensional movement of the subjects was reconstructed from digitized video recordings. The external torque acting on the whole body was determined as the first time-derivative of the angular momentum of the whole body. The reaction effect of limb acceleration was determined as the first time-derivative of the angular momenta of the limbs. Shoulder roll and hip roll angles changed synchronously with the stroke frequency but their amplitudes were substantially different, indicating that the bodyroll consisted of a roll of the entire torso and a twist of the torso. The overall contribution of the external torque was to propel bodyroll, while that of the reaction effects of limb accelerations was to resist bodyroll. These results clearly indicate that the primary source for propelling bodyroll was the external torque. Implications towards the mechanical interactions among bodyroll, stroke frequency, and forward propulsion in front crawl swimming were discussed.

A Three-Dimensional Model of Droplet Impinging, Solidification and Suspension on the Substrate

2011 ◽  
Vol 346 ◽  
pp. 222-227
Author(s):  
Sheng Zhu ◽  
Feng Liang Yin ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
Yuan Yuan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Metal Droplet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
High Impact Velocity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

A three-dimensional model was built to study a molten metal droplet impact on an edge of the substrate in droplet deposition manufacturing process for the first time. The whole calculation domain, including the substrate, was described using same fluid conservation equations, which is to say that the remolding and solidification of substrate was considered also. Droplet free surface was tracked by volume-of-fluid (VOF) algorithm. The effect of surface tension on the droplet was taken into consideration by means of considering surface tension to be a component of the body force. The simulated results show that the droplet in liquid phase can keep suspending on the substrate at a role of surface tension. A too high impact velocity would make parts of droplet splash away the substrate which is not allowed in manufacturing process. The offset between edge of droplet and side edge of substrate influences dramatically the impact of the droplet.

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