Evolution of Metazoan Life Cycles and the Origin of Pelagic Larvae

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 303-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Malakhov ◽  
E. V. Bogomolova ◽  
T. V. Kuzmina ◽  
E. N. Temereva
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
Pelagic Larvae

Biogeography of the Oceans

2020 ◽  
pp. 121-154
Author(s):  
Claudia Halsband ◽  
Shane T. Ahyong ◽  
Angelika Brandt ◽  
Ksenia Kosobokova ◽  
Peter Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Pelagic Larvae ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
High Species Richness ◽  
Hydrographic Features

This chapter summarizes global patterns and mechanisms of both ecological and historical crustacean biogeography resulting in the contemporary species distributions described over the past decades. In the pelagic realm, hydrographic features such as ocean currents, physical depth profiles, and latitudinal temperature gradients are major structuring elements, as well as selection pressure exerted by the environment and species interactions, which have resulted in speciation over evolutionary time. Benthic crustacean distributions are additionally constrained longitudinally by continental barriers and submarine features such as ridges and seamounts. The main biogeographic patterns of both benthic and pelagic crustaceans are described for all ocean basins and the polar regions, of which the Indian Ocean is the least well studied. The Copepoda and Decapoda are generally represented with the highest number of described species, followed by Amphipoda and Isopoda. Life cycles with pelagic larvae (e.g., decapods and stomatopods) increase dispersal and enable wide distributions, while a lack of dispersive larvae promotes endemism in benthic forms (e.g., amphipods). Restricted regions with high species richness and endemism, such as the “coral triangle” (the Indo-Australian Archipelago), the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean, represent important biodiversity hotspots. Endemics are also suitable markers for past earth history events. Only a few studies cover the biogeography of crustacean taxa in all of the world’s oceans, but a few exceptions exist for decapods, amphipods, and isopods. Although the world’s oceans have been reasonably well studied for crustacean distribution and diversity, species complexes and cryptic species lacking morphological diagnostic features leave us with a large number of unconsolidated taxa. Emerging molecular tools may be able to assist with refinement of nomenclature and hence increase the resolution of crustacean biogeography in the future.

scholarly journals Metamorphosing reef fishes avoid predator scent when choosing a home

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 921-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. Vail ◽  
Mark I. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Life History ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Pelagic Larvae ◽  
Innate Predator Recognition ◽  
Predator Odour ◽  
Predator Effects

Most organisms possess anti-predator adaptations to reduce their risk of being consumed, but little is known of the adaptations prey employ during vulnerable life-history transitions when predation pressures can be extreme. We demonstrate the use of a transition-specific anti-predator adaptation by coral reef fishes as they metamorphose from pelagic larvae to benthic juveniles, when over half are consumed within 48 h. Our field experiment shows that naturally settling damselfish use olfactory, and most likely innate, predator recognition to avoid settling to habitat patches manipulated to emit predator odour. Settlement to patches emitting predator odour was on average 24–43% less than to control patches. Evidence strongly suggests that this avoidance of sedentary and patchily distributed predators by nocturnal settlers will gain them a survival advantage, but also lead to non-lethal predator effects: the costs of exhibiting anti-predator adaptations. Transition-specific anti-predator adaptations, such as demonstrated here, may be widespread among organisms with complex life cycles and play an important role in prey population dynamics.

THE CONCEPT OF AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS IN INDUSTRY 4.0

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
György Kovács ◽  
Rabab Benotsmane ◽  
László Dudás
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Digital Network

Recent tendencies – such as the life-cycles of products are shorter while consumers require more complex and more unique final products – poses many challenges to the production. The industrial sector is going through a paradigm shift. The traditional centrally controlled production processes will be replaced by decentralized control, which is built on the self-regulating ability of intelligent machines, products and workpieces that communicate with each other continuously. This new paradigm known as Industry 4.0. This conception is the introduction of digital network-linked intelligent systems, in which machines and products will communicate to one another in order to establish smart factories in which self-regulating production will be established. In this article, at first the essence, main goals and basic elements of Industry 4.0 conception is described. After it the autonomous systems are introduced which are based on multi agent systems. These systems include the collaborating robots via artificial intelligence which is an essential element of Industry 4.0.

Multiple-source Record Linkage in a Rural Industrial Community, 1680–1820

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve King
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Multiple Source ◽  
Demographic Analysis ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Industrial Community ◽  
The Social ◽  
Broad Outline

Re-creating the social, economic and demographic life-cycles of ordinary people is one way in which historians might engage with the complex continuities and changes which underlay the development of early modern communities. Little, however, has been written on the ways in which historians might deploy computers, rather than card indexes, to the task of identifying such life cycles from the jumble of the sources generated by local and national administration. This article suggests that multiple-source linkage is central to historical and demographic analysis, and reviews, in broad outline, some of the procedures adopted in a study which aims at large scale life cycle reconstruction.

Routine identification of four sympatric species of calanoid copepods Pseudocalanus spp. in the Atlantic Arctic using a species-specific polymerase chain reaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-72
Author(s):  
E. A. Ershova
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Routine Identification ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Plankton Communities

Сalanoid copepods of the genus Pseudocalanus play an important role in the plankton communities of the Arctic and boreal seas, often dominating in numbers and constituting a significant proportion of the biomass of zooplankton. Despite their high presence and significance in the shelf plankton communities, species-specific studies of the biology of these are significantly hampered by extremely small morphological differences between them, especially at the juvenile stages, at which they are virtually indistinguishable. In this paper, we describe a new, routine and low-cost molecular method for identifying all Pseudocalanus species found in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic: the Arctic P. acuspes, P. minutus and the boreal P. moultoni and P. elongatus, and apply it to describe the relative distribution of these species in four locations of the Arctic and sub-Arctic. With this method, species-specific polymerase chain reaction (ssPCR), mass identification of individuals of any developmental stage, including nauplii, is possible. This method can serve as an excellent tool for studying the species-specific biology of this group, describing their life cycles, as well as monitoring changes in Arctic marine ecosystems under the influence of changing climate.

Organizing a public aquarium: objectives, design, operation and missions. A review

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-384
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Responsible Behavior ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Public Aquarium ◽  
Physiology And Biochemistry ◽  
Taxonomic Concept ◽  
Conservation Projects ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Community Concept

Many Public Aquaria have been designed and constructed all over the world during the last three decades. The serial arrangement of relatively small, rectangular, concrete tanks has been replaced by fewer large, irregularly shaped tanks, replicating habitats. The “taxonomic concept” of displaying specimens in the old aquaria has now been succeeded by the more ecological, “community concept” type of display. At the same time most of the “old aquaria” have been renovated. Aquarium missions have also been broadened nowadays including research, conservation and education. Aquaria are ideal places for research on husbandry, life cycles, reproduction, behavior, autoecology and fish pathology. Collaboration with Universities and Research Centers increases the research potential in scientific disciplines such as ecology, genetics, physiology and biochemistry. Collaboration also provides mutual benefits in both infrastructure and personnel: The research background in aquaria also forms a sound platform to materialize conservation projects, focusing either on the ex-situ conservation of animals in the aquaria or on environmental protection of surrounding areas and reintroduction of endangered species. In addition to formal educational opportunities, non formal education to visitors, schools and undergraduates seems to become a major mission of aquaria. Aquarium tank displays, preserved biological material, film projections, seminars / lectures and book magazine publications enhance environmental awareness, encouraging people to adopt Environmentally Responsible Behavior. All these missions are feasible because most public aquaria are making a good profit mainly due to their high popularity. There are also benefits for the community in the area; aquaria have enlivened declining water front areas and increased the income of tourist resorts mainly by “stretching out” the tourist season. In the present work the objectives of a public aquarium are reviewed and the main infrastructure subsystems and operational procedures are described; Know how on aquarium systems can also be applied in research laboratories of academic institutions if live organisms have to be kept for experimentation. Aquarium missions on research, conservation and education are discussed.

Definitions and concepts of reproductive biology of diatoms (terminological glossary)

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 71-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Davidovich
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Key Terms

The absence of a conceptual terminology, sufficiently developed and widely accepted in the Russian literature, significantly hinders progress in the field of reproductive biology of diatoms, restricts communication and debate, prevents training and transfer of knowledge. The present work is an attempt, based on world literature and our own research experience, to summarize, systematize, add, and clarify the existing terms, concepts and definitions related to research which are focused on sex and sexual reproduction in diatoms. A glossary of key terms (more than 200, including synonyms) is provided. Terms refer to diatom reproductive biology, life cycles, fertilization, mating system, gender (including inheritance and determination of sex, as well as inheritance associated with sex). Contradictions between possible interpretations of certain terms are briefly discussed.

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