Mechanisms of the development and integration of nerve processes: Age-related dynamics of the development of absence epilepsy, changes in the concentration of monoamines and their metabolites in the brain structures of WAG/Rij and Wistar rats, and the dynamics of the disruption of learning and memory

Although sleep is heritable and conserved across species, sleep duration varies from individual to individual. A shared genetic architecture between sleep duration and other evolutionarily important traits could explain this variability. Learning and memory are critical traits sharing a genetic architecture with sleep. We wanted to know whether learning and memory would be altered in extreme long or short sleepers. We therefore assessed the short-term learning and memory ability of flies from the Sleep Inbred Panel (SIP), a collection of 39 extreme long- and short-sleeping inbred lines of Drosophila. Neither long nor short sleepers had appreciable learning, in contrast to a moderate-sleeping control. We also examined the response of long and short sleepers to enriched social conditions, a paradigm previously shown to induce morphological changes in the brain. While moderate-sleeping control flies had increased daytime sleep and quantifiable increases in brain structures under enriched social conditions, flies of the Sleep Inbred Panel did not display these changes. The SIP thus emerges as an important model for the relationship between sleep and learning and memory.

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Central monoaminergic systems sensitivity to acute hypoxia with hypercapnia changes after the maintenance under the long-term social isolation

Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya ◽

10.18097/pbmc20186406511 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

pp. 511-516 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I.V. Karpova ◽

V.V. Mikheev ◽

V.V. Marysheva ◽

N.A. Kuritcyna ◽

E.R. Bychkov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Cortex ◽

Social Isolation ◽

Acute Hypoxia ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Hypoxia With Hypercapnia ◽

Long Time ◽

The Right ◽

The Brain ◽

Monoamines And Their Metabolites

The experiments were performed in male albino outbred mice kept in a group and under the conditions of long-term social isolation. The changes in the monoaminergic systems of the left and right hemispheres of the brain after acute hypoxia with hypercapnia have been studied. The levels of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites – dioxyphenylacetic (DOPAC), homovanillic (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic (5-HIAA) acids – were determined by HPLC in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of the right and left sides of the brain. In the control mice kept both in the group and under the conditions of social isolation, a higher content of DA in the cortex of the left hemisphere has been found. In the other brain structures the monoamine content was symmetric. In the cerebral cortex of the mice in the group, acute hypoxia with hypercapnia led to a right-sided increase in the DA and 5HT levels. At the same time, the DOPAC content decreased in the left cortex. In mice in the group, under the hypoxia with hypercapnia conditions, the DA level in the left hippocampus increased. In the striatum, the content of monoamines and their metabolites did not change significantly. In animals kept for a long time under the conditions of social isolation, hypoxia with hypercapnia no statistically significant changes in the monoamines and their metabolites levels were found. It has been concluded that the preliminary maintenance under the conditions of prolonged social isolation changes the reaction of central monoaminergic systems to acute hypoxia with hypercapnia.

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Long-Term Social Isolation Reduces Expression of the BDNF Precursor and Prolyl Endopeptidase in the Rat Brain

Biochemistry (Moscow) ◽

10.1134/s0006297921060080 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 86 (6) ◽

pp. 704-715

Author(s):

Sofie D. Shirenova ◽

Nadezhda N. Khlebnikova ◽

Nataliya A. Krupina

Keyword(s):

Western Blot ◽

Frontal Cortex ◽

Rat Brain ◽

Social Isolation ◽

Early Life ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Cognitive Impairments ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Prolyl Endopeptidase ◽

The Brain

Abstract Early-life stress is a risk factor for the development of behavioral and cognitive disorders in humans and animals. Such stressful situations include social isolation in early postnatal ontogenesis. Behavioral and cognitive impairments associated with neuroplastic changes in brain structures. We have found that after ten weeks of social isolation, male Wistar rats show behavioral abnormalities and cognitive deficit, accompanied by an increase in the relative expression of gene encoding serine protease prolyl endopeptidase (PREP, EC 3.4.21.26) in the brain frontal cortex. The present study aimed to assess synaptophysin (SYP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor (proBDNF), and PREP expression using Western blot in the brain structures – the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and striatum of the rats subjected to prolonged social isolation compared with group-housed animals. Twenty Wistar rats were used for this study (10 males and 10 females). Experimental animals (5 males and 5 females) were kept one per cage for nine months, starting from the age of one month. Ten-month-old socially isolated rats showed memory deficit in passive avoidance paradigm and Morris Water Maze and reactivity to novelty reduction. We used monoclonal antibodies for the Western blot analysis of the expression of SYP, proBDNF, and PREP in the rat brain structures. Social isolation caused a proBDNF expression reduction in the frontal cortex in females and a reduction in PREP expression in the striatum in males. These data suppose that neurotrophic factors and PREP are involved in the mechanisms of behavioral and cognitive impairments observed in the rats subjected to prolonged social isolation with an early life onset.

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The Levels of Monoamines and Their Metabolites in the Brain Structures of Rats Subjected to Two- and Three-Month-Long Social Isolation

Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine ◽

10.1007/s10517-020-04761-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 168 (5) ◽

pp. 605-609 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. A. Krupina ◽

N. N. Khlebnikova ◽

V. B. Narkevich ◽

P. L. Naplekova ◽

V. S. Kudrin

Keyword(s):

Social Isolation ◽

Brain Structures ◽

The Brain ◽

Monoamines And Their Metabolites

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The Effect of Different Doses of Melatonin on Learning and Memory Deficit in Alzheimer Model of Rats

Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences ◽

10.32598/cjns.7.24.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Arman Keymoradzadeh ◽

◽

Alireza Komaki ◽

Arash ‌ Bakhshi ◽

Nafise Faraji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Learning And Memory ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Age Related ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Protection Agent ◽

Learning And Memory Deficit ◽

The Brain ◽

Different Doses ◽

Control Sham

Background: Alzheimer Disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with a progressive impairment of cognitive function. The pineal gland hormone melatonin (MEL) has been known as a protection agent against AD. However, the effect of melatonin in various doses is inconsistent. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate two doses of MEL on learning and memory in the amyloid-βeta (Aβ)-induced AD in the rats. Materials & Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were used in the experiment and randomly divided control, sham, vehicle, AD, AD+MEL10 mg/kg, and AD+MEL 20 mg/kg groups. Intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1–42 was used to develop the animal model of AD. Also, MEL-treated groups received an intraperitoneal injection of MEL for 4 next weeks. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Passive Avoidance Learning (PAL) tests were used to examine animals’ learning and memory. The brain of animals was removed for immunohistochemistry for anti- Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP). Results: Intra-peritoneal injection of MEL significantly improve learning and memory in MWM (P=0.000) and PAL test (P=0.000), but there were no significant changes in the two groups that received the melatonin (P>0.05). Histopathological analysis revealed that the clearance of APP deposition in the AD+MEL20 group was considerable compared with the AD+MEL10 group (P=0.000). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that 10 and 20 mg/kg doses of melatonin have similar results on learning and memory in the AD model. But 20 mg/kg of melatonin has significantly more effect on the clearance of APP deposition.

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Neurochemical study of the mechanism of action of thymus peptides in emotional stress

Medical Journal of the Russian Federation ◽

10.17816/0869-2106-2020-26-4-239-243 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Anna V. Novoseletskaya ◽

Nina M. Kiseleva

Keyword(s):

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Frontal Cortex ◽

Emotional Stress ◽

High Performance ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Avoidance Reaction ◽

Stress Effect ◽

The Brain ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Monoamines And Their Metabolites

A comparative study of the effect of the thymus hormone thymulin and thymus peptides (thymosin fraction 5) on the content of monoamines and their metabolites in the frontal cortex, striatum, adjacent nucleus, hypothalamus, hippocampus of the brain of Wistar rats, by high performance liquid chromatography, was performed. The hormone and peptides of the thymus were found to reduce emotional stress during functional impairment ofthe avoidance reaction and improved adaptation under stressful conditions in rats, which indicates the anti-stress effect of thymus hormones. The positive effect of the hormone and peptides of the thymus were manifested in a change in the balance of serotonin and norepinephrine in favor of the former in the hypothalamus and frontal cortex.

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Amelioration of Dementia and Antioxidant Activity of Holarrhena antidysenterica Bark in Mice

Current Psychopharmacologye ◽

10.2174/2211556009666200129123134 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 43-57

Author(s):

Jasleen Kaur ◽

Manish Kumar ◽

Nitin Bansal

Keyword(s):

Learning And Memory ◽

Ache Activity ◽

High Performance ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Tbars Level ◽

Age Related ◽

Holarrhena Antidysenterica ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

The Brain

Background: Holarrhena antidysenterica is a deciduous shrub/small-tree having bioactive alkaloids such as conessine, known for astringent, antidysenteric, anthelmintic, stomachic, febrifugal, tonic and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties. Dementia is an age related neurodegenerative syndrome with Alzheimer’s disease, the most prominent cause, which has limited therapeutic options available. Objective: The present study aimed to explore the potential benefits of H. antidysenterica in the management of dementia. Method: Aqueous and methanol extracts of powdered bark of H. antidysenterica were prepared, concentrated and conessine concentration was estimated using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method. Methanol extract of H. antidysenterica (MEHA) was administered at doses 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg (i.p.) to mice (20-30 g) for 14 consecutive days. Scopolamine (Scop; 1 mg/kg) and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 250 μg/kg) were given (i.p.) before behavioural trials to induce memory impairment. Learning and memory functions in mice were evaluated. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, glutathione (GSH) and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive substances (TBARS) levels were estimated. Results: MEHA markedly increased learning and memory of mice. Scop or LPS caused a significant decline of spatial memory in mice, which was attenuated by MEHA (100 and 200 mg/kg). Furthermore, LPS conspicuously increased the lipid peroxidation and compromised antioxidant levels in mice brains. MEHA pre-treatment significantly increased GSH content and decreased TBARS level in the brain of LPS administered mice. AChE activity was significantly decreased by MEHA in the brain of mice. Conclusion: The methanol extract of H. antidysenterica may prove to be a useful remedy in the management of dementia.

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The Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience from a Learning and Memory Perspective

Annals of Behavioral Neuroscience ◽

10.18314/abne.v2i1.1697 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 197-205

Author(s):

Robert E. Clark

Keyword(s):

Learning And Memory ◽

Nobel Prize ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Memory Systems ◽

Behavioral Neuroscience ◽

History Of ◽

Memory Perspective ◽

Modern Era ◽

The Brain ◽

Eric Kandel

The discipline of behavioral neuroscience grew out of earlier incarnations such as biological psychology, physiological psychology, and psychobiology. All of these labels essentially refer to the idea that the principles of biology could be productively applied to the study of topics that had been studied before, but only from a more psychological perspective. These topics would include, but are not limited to, motivation, sensation, perception, sleep, emotion, and learning and memory. In this brief review, I focus on the topic of learning and memory and provide a history of the important milestones in the development of ideas about how the brain biologically accomplishes the task of learning and memory. Included are the early ideas of Plato, René Descartes, Théodule Ribot, et al. The review continues to the modern era of learning and memory research that begins with the description of H.M. by Brenda Milner, as well as the gradual discovery that the brain contains multiple learning and memory systems that operate in fundamentally different ways and that are supported by anatomically discrete brain structures. I conclude with a brief description of the work that lead to 2000 Nobel Prize being awarded to Eric Kandel and the 2014 Nobel Prize being awarded to John O’Keefe, Edvard Moser, and May-Britt Moser.

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