scholarly journals The Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience from a Learning and Memory Perspective

2019 ◽  
pp. 197-205
Author(s):  
Robert E. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Behavioral Neuroscience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Memory Perspective ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Eric Kandel

The discipline of behavioral neuroscience grew out of earlier incarnations such as biological psychology, physiological psychology, and psychobiology. All of these labels essentially refer to the idea that the principles of biology could be productively applied to the study of topics that had been studied before, but only from a more psychological perspective. These topics would include, but are not limited to, motivation, sensation, perception, sleep, emotion, and learning and memory. In this brief review, I focus on the topic of learning and memory and provide a history of the important milestones in the development of ideas about how the brain biologically accomplishes the task of learning and memory. Included are the early ideas of Plato, René Descartes, Théodule Ribot, et al. The review continues to the modern era of learning and memory research that begins with the description of H.M. by Brenda Milner, as well as the gradual discovery that the brain contains multiple learning and memory systems that operate in fundamentally different ways and that are supported by anatomically discrete brain structures. I conclude with a brief description of the work that lead to 2000 Nobel Prize being awarded to Eric Kandel and the 2014 Nobel Prize being awarded to John O’Keefe, Edvard Moser, and May-Britt Moser.

Multiple Memory Systems and Their Support of Language

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Kurczek ◽  
Natalie Vanderveen ◽  
Melissa C. Duff
Keyword(s):  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Memory And Learning ◽  
Multiple Memory Systems ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Language And Communication ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain

There is a long history of research linking the various forms of memory to different aspects of language. Clinically, we see this memory-language connection in the prevalence of language and communication deficits in populations that have concomitant impairments in memory and learning. In this article, we provide an overview of how the demands of language use and processing are supported by multiple memory systems in the brain, including working memory, declarative memory and nondeclarative memory, and how disruptions in different forms of memory may affect language. While not an exhaustive review of the literature, special attention is paid to populations who speech-language pathologists (SLPs) routinely serve. The goal of this review is to provide a resource for clinicians working with clients with disorders in memory and learning in helping to understand and anticipate the range of disruptions in language and communication that can arise as a consequence of memory impairment. We also hope this is a catalyst for more research on the contribution of multiple memory systems to language and communication.

The history of neurosurgery

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Henry Marsh ◽  
Eleni Marts
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
History Of Surgery ◽  
Localization Theory ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of Neurosurgery ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cerebral Localization ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Brain

The history of neurosurgery falls naturally into the premodern era, where it is essentially the history of surgery to the skull and of head injuries, and the modern era, where it is the history of surgery to the brain itself, made possible by cerebral localization theory, antisepsis, and anaesthesia, all of which developed in the nineteenth century. The first known neurosurgical procedures were skull trephines, seemingly carried out on both the living and the dead. It is unclear whether these were performed for therapeutic or ritualistic reasons. There are many trepanned skulls dating back thousands of years to the Neolithic era, and perhaps to even earlier, from sites all over the world.

scholarly journals Short-Term Memory Deficits in the SLEEP Inbred Panel

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailesh Kumar ◽  
Kirklin R. Smith ◽  
Yazmin L. Serrano Negron ◽  
Susan T. Harbison
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Although sleep is heritable and conserved across species, sleep duration varies from individual to individual. A shared genetic architecture between sleep duration and other evolutionarily important traits could explain this variability. Learning and memory are critical traits sharing a genetic architecture with sleep. We wanted to know whether learning and memory would be altered in extreme long or short sleepers. We therefore assessed the short-term learning and memory ability of flies from the Sleep Inbred Panel (SIP), a collection of 39 extreme long- and short-sleeping inbred lines of Drosophila. Neither long nor short sleepers had appreciable learning, in contrast to a moderate-sleeping control. We also examined the response of long and short sleepers to enriched social conditions, a paradigm previously shown to induce morphological changes in the brain. While moderate-sleeping control flies had increased daytime sleep and quantifiable increases in brain structures under enriched social conditions, flies of the Sleep Inbred Panel did not display these changes. The SIP thus emerges as an important model for the relationship between sleep and learning and memory.

Activation of the Brainstem but not of the Hypothalamus in Hemicrania Continua without Autonomic Symptoms

Cephalalgia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 974-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Irimia ◽  
J Arbi ◽  
E Prieto ◽  
R Fernández-Torrón ◽  
E Martínez-Vila
Keyword(s):  
Primary Headache ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Hemicrania Continua ◽  
Single Observation ◽  
Autonomic Symptoms ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
No Activation

A 64-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of right-sided continuous headache, without autonomic symptoms and complete response to indomethacin. Clinical examination and structural brain imaging were normal. A diagnosis of hemicrania continua (HC) was made. We sought to determine the brain structures active during the pain in a patient who met all of the diagnostic criteria for HC with the exception of autonomic symptoms. A brain positron emission tomography study was performed during pain, and completely pain-free after indomethacin administration. Comparing the pain with pain-free states, the region of the dorsal pons was significantly activated. There was no activation in the hypothalamus, as previously reported in HC with autonomic symptoms. Although definitive conclusions can not be drawn from a single observation, the lack of autonomic symptoms along with the absence of hypothalamic activation suggests that the clinical presentation may predict the pattern of brain activation in primary headache syndromes.

Problems of learning and memory: one or multiple memory systems?

1990 ◽  
Vol 329 (1253) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Multiple Memory Systems ◽  
The Brain

Learning, and hence memory, is ubiquitous not only throughout the animal kingdom, but apparently throughout many regions of the brain. Is all learning reducible to a single common form? Neuropsychological dissociations suggest that the mammalian brain possesses a number of different and potentially independent memory systems, with different mechanisms and anatomical dispositions, some of which are neurally widely dispersed and others of which are narrowly organized.

scholarly journals Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in learning and memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millena Amélia Fontes Baptista ◽  
Maria Fernanda Ribeiro Farias ◽  
Luma Lainny Pereira de Oliveira ◽  
Wynni Gabrielly Pereira de Oliveira ◽  
Rafaella Dias Galvão
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Large Memory ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Eric Kandel ◽  
Bibliographic Study

Introduction: The identification of where the different types of information are stored was one of the first questions asked about the memory neurobiology. The researchers wanted to know if there would be a large “memory center” or if there were multiple locations in the brain responsible for its storage. Therefore, a bibliographical research was carried out for the scientific knowledge of the theme. Methodology: Is a bibliographic study, carried out through a literary survey in the Google Scholar and SciELO databases, in addition to neuroscience textbooks. Results: The behavior observed in the learning process of the aplysya slug at the cellular and molecular level was developed from an experimental system made by Eric Kandel, austrian physician and neuroscientist. To try to explain these behavioral phenomena, Kandel sought to understand the functioning of the sinatic phenomena, studying the sinaptic transmission between neurons at the time the reflexes occur. Thus, it determined the molecular and cellular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity of aplysia, similar to vertebrate systems. Conclusions: In view of the clarifications of the components involved in the neural circuits, two stages that participate in the learning and memory process are considered: the first would be the acquisition of a short-lived memory, resulting from a transient reinforcement of the synapses, due to the modification of preexisting proteins. And the second consolidation, characterized by a persistent reinforcement of synapses, due to changes in gene expression, followed by protein synthesis, resulting in new synaptic connections.

scholarly journals Brain activity during moral judgement of action

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
K.R. Arutyunova ◽  
I.M. Sozinova ◽  
Yu.I. Alexandrov
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Moral Judgement ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Functional Systems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

Interdisciplinary studies of cognitive and neurophysiological mechanisms of moral judgement often combine tools borrowed from philosophy, psychology and neuroscience. In this work, we review the studies of brain activity during moral judgement at different stages of individual development. Generally, it has been shown that moral judgement is accompanied by activations in brain areas related to emotion and social cognition; and these activations may vary across individuals of different age groups. We discuss these data from the positions of the system-evolutionary theory and compare our view with the domain-general approach to cognitive processes and brain activity underlying moral judgement. We suggest that moral judgement, as part of individual behaviour, is supported by activity of functional systems formed at different stages of individual development; therefore brain activity during moral judgement is accounted for by the specificity of distribution of neural elements of functional systems across the brain structures, which is determined by the history of an individual’s interactions with the environment.

scholarly journals Chronic Cerebral Ischaemia Forms New Cholinergic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. I. Zakharova ◽  
Z. I. Storozheva ◽  
A. M. Dudchenko ◽  
A. A. Kubatiev
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Molecular Profile ◽  
Brain Pathology ◽  
Synaptic Organization ◽  
Cholinergic Mechanisms ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

The purpose of this research was a comparative analysis of cholinergic synaptic organization following learning and memory in normal and chronic cerebral ischaemic rats in the Morris water maze model. Choline acetyltransferase and protein content were determined in subpopulations of presynapses of “light” and “heavy” synaptosomal fractions of the cortex and the hippocampus, and the cholinergic projective and intrinsic systems of the brain structures were taken into consideration. We found a strong involvement of cholinergic systems, both projective and intrinsic, in all forms of cognition. Each form of cognition had an individual cholinergic molecular profile and the cholinergic synaptic compositions in the ischaemic rat brains differed significantly from normal ones. Our data demonstrated that under ischaemic conditions, instead of damaged connections new key synaptic relationships, which were stable against pathological influences and able to restore damaged cognitive functions, arose. The plasticity of neurochemical links in the individual organization of certain types of cognition gave a new input into brain pathology and can be used in the future for alternative corrections of vascular and other degenerative dementias.

Dissociable learning and memory systems of the brain

1994 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 422-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry R. Squire ◽  
Stephan Hamann ◽  
Barbara Knowlton
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
The Brain
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