scholarly journals Socioeconomic status inequalities in low-grade inflammation during childhood

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (11) ◽  
pp. 1043-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kammi K Schmeer ◽  
Aimee Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Child Age ◽  
Family Ses

BackgroundFamily socioeconomic status (SES) is an important source of child health disparities in the USA. Chronic stress is one way SES may impact children's physiology with implications for later health inequalities. These processes may work differently across childhood due to differences in exposure and susceptibility to stressors at different ages. We assess associations between family SES and one biomarker of chronic stress exposure—low-grade inflammation detected by elevated C reactive protein (CRP)—and evaluate differences in the associations by child age.MethodsWe used nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Tobit regression models to estimate SES associations with CRP and the moderating effects of age for children age 2–18 years. Our sample was limited to CRP ≤10 mg/l to focus on low-grade inflammation (N=13 165).ResultsChildren whose parent had less than a high school degree had 35% higher CRP than those with a college graduate parent; and, poor children had 24% higher CRP than those with high family income, net of controls. When children's body mass index was accounted for, low education and poverty associations were reduced to 19% and 15%, respectively. Child age interactions were negative and significant for both parental education and family income.ConclusionsThis study provides new evidence that SES is associated with low-grade inflammation in children, and that these associations may be particularly strong during early and mid-childhood. Future research should further our understanding of stressors related to low family SES that may lead to immune system dysregulation during childhood.

Inequalities in adolescent self-rated health and smoking in Europe: comparing different indicators of socioeconomic status

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 963-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Moor ◽  
Mirte A G Kuipers ◽  
Vincent Lorant ◽  
Timo-Kolja Pförtner ◽  
Jaana M Kinnunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Adolescent Health ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Family Affluence ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Pocket Money ◽  
Family Ses

BackgroundAlthough there is evidence for socioeconomic inequalities in health and health behaviour in adolescents, different indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) have rarely been compared within one data sample. We examined associations of five SES indicators with self-rated health (SRH) and smoking (ie, a leading cause of health inequalities) in Europe.MethodsData of adolescents aged 14–17 years old were obtained from the 2013 SILNE survey (smoking inequalities: learning from natural experiments), carried out in 50 schools in 6 European cities (N=10 900). Capturing subjective perceptions of relative SES and objective measures of education and wealth, we measured adolescents’ own SES (academic performance, pocket money), parental SES (parental educational level) and family SES (Family Affluence Scale, subjective social status (SSS)). Logistic regression models with SRH and smoking as dependent variables included all SES indicators, age and gender.ResultsCorrelations between SES indicators were weak to moderate. Low academic performance (OR=1.96, 95% CI 1.53 to 2.51) and low SSS (OR=2.75, 95% CI 2.12 to 3.55) were the strongest indicators of poor SRH after adjusting for other SES-indicators. Results for SSS were consistent across countries, while associations with academic performance varied. Low academic performance (OR=5.71, 95% CI 4.63 to 7.06) and more pocket money (OR=0.21, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.26) were most strongly associated with smoking in all countries.ConclusionsSocioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health were largest according to SES indicators more closely related to the adolescent’s education as well as the adolescent’s perception of relative family SES, rather than objective indicators of parental education and material family affluence. For future studies on adolescent health inequalities, consideration of adolescent-related SES indicators was recommended.

scholarly journals Children Development and Socioeconomic Status of Parents: An Analysis of Families in the Far North Region of Cameroon

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (26) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Galy Mohamadou
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
External Support ◽  
The Social ◽  
Children Development ◽  
Socioemotional Outcomes

Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the most widely studied constructs in the social sciences. Several ways of measuring SES have been proposed, but most include some quantification of family income, parental education, and occupational status. Research shows that SES is associated with a wide array of health, cognitive, and socioemotional outcomes in children, with effects beginning prior to birth and continuing into adulthood. A variety of mechanisms linking SES to child well-being have been proposed, with most involving differences in access to material and social resources or reactions to stress-inducing conditions by both the children themselves and their parents. For children, SES impacts well-being at multiple levels, including both family and neighborhood. Its effects are moderated by children’s own characteristics, family characteristics, and external support systems.

Synovium and capsule

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floris P. J. G. Lafeber ◽  
Nick J. Besselink ◽  
Simon C. Mastbergen
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Diarthrodial Joints ◽  
Immunological Surveillance ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Synovium is an integrated tissue of the diarthrodial joints that interacts with all the other joint tissues and specifically is important in nourishment and lubrication of the articular cartilage, removal of waste products, and immunological surveillance. Chronic as well as recurrent low-grade synovial inflammation definitely contributes to progression and symptoms of certain patients with osteoarthritis. Low-grade inflammation may even be causative in the disease. The challenge is that osteoarthritis is a heterogeneous disorder with inflammation not only of the synovial tissue but with its mediators also present in cartilage and bone. Therefore, despite the presence of inflammatory mediators, in some cases synovitis may be seen as a bystander and not as a driving force in pathogenesis. Future research must be directed toward defining the risk-to-benefit ratio for (systemic) anti-inflammatory therapy, especially when targeting mediators of low-grade inflammation.

scholarly journals Chronic stress induces persistent low-grade inflammation

2019 ◽  
Vol 218 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth S. Miller ◽  
Camille G. Apple ◽  
Kolenkode B. Kannan ◽  
Zackary M. Funk ◽  
Jessica M. Plazas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

scholarly journals Exogenous Ketones as Therapeutic Signaling Molecules in High-Stress Occupations: Implications for Mitigating Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Future Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117863882097902
Author(s):  
Hunter S Waldman ◽  
Matthew J McAllister
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽  
Psychological Stressors ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

High-stress occupations (ie, firefighters, military personnel, police officers, etc.) are often plagued by cardiometabolic diseases induced by exposure to chronic stressors. Interrupted sleep cycles, poor dietary patterns, lack of physical activity, and smoke exposure along with simultaneous psychological stressors promote chronic low-grade inflammation and excessive oxidative stress. Collectively, these data suggest that practical interventions which might mitigate the underlying pathologies of these cardiometabolic diseases are warranted. Ketones, specifically R-βHB, modulates intracellular signaling cascades such as the cellular redox ratios of NAD+/NADH, the activity of NAD dependent deacetylases SIRT1 and SIRT3, and promotes a robust mitochondrial environment which favors reductions in oxidative stress and inflammation. To date, the literature examining R-βHB as a signaling metabolite has mostly been performed from endogenous R-βHB production achieved through nutritional ketosis or cell culture and mouse models using exogenous R-βHB. To the authors knowledge, only 1 study has attempted to report on the effects of exogenous ketones and the mitigation of oxidative stress/inflammation. Therefore, the scope of this review is to detail the mechanisms of R-βHB as a signaling metabolite and the role that exogenous ketones might play in mitigating diseases in individuals serving in high-stress occupations.

scholarly journals Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Children’s Amygdala Volume: Minorities’ Diminish Returns

NeuroSci ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Shanika Boyce ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Latino Children ◽  
Amygdala Volume ◽  
American Children ◽  
Subjective Ses ◽  
Family Ses ◽  
Black And Latino

Considerable research has suggested that low socioeconomic status (SES) negatively influences brain structure, including but not limited to decreased amygdala volume. Considering race and ethnicity as sociological rather than biological constructs, this study was built on minorities’ diminished returns (MDRs) to test if the effects of family SES on the total amygdala volume is weaker for black and Latino children than white and non-Latino children. We borrowed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a national multi-center brain imaging investigation of childhood brain development in the US. The total sample was 9380 9–10-year-old children. The independent variables were subjective family SES and parental education. The primary outcome was total amygdala volume. High subjective SES and parental education were independently associated with larger total amygdala size. The association between high subjective SES and larger total amygdala volume was less pronounced for black and Latino children than white and non-Latino children. For American children, family SES has unequal effects on amygdala size and function, a pattern that is consistent with MDRs. This result suggests that SES loses some of its expected effects for racial and ethnic minority families.

scholarly journals Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences

Children ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Parental Educational Attainment

Background: Minorities’ diminished returns (MDRs) refer to weaker effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental educational attainment and family income in generating tangible childhood outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority group, a pattern prevalent in the US. Our existing knowledge is minimal, however, about diminished returns of family SES on reducing exposure to childhood trauma. Aim: To determine if there was a difference between non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) in the effect of SES on exposure to childhood trauma among children ages 8–11 years old. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 4696 NHW or NHB American 8–11-year-old children who were participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The independent variables were parental educational attainment and family income. The primary outcome was exposure to 1 or 2+ childhood traumas, measured by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) semi-structured interview. Polynomial regression was used for data analysis. Results: Parental education and family income had statistically significant protective (negative) effects on childhood trauma, indicating children from high income and highly educated families were exposed to a lower level of childhood trauma. However, race/ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma, indicating weaker protective effects of parental education and family income on reducing exposure to trauma for NHB compared to NHW children. Race-specific models showed protective effects of parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma for NHW but not NHB children. Conclusion: The protective effects of parental education and family income against exposure to childhood trauma are systematically diminished for NHBs compared to NHWs. To minimize the racial/ethnic health gaps, diminished returns of parental education and family income should be addressed. There is a need for programs and interventions that equalize not only SES but also the marginal returns of SES for ethnic groups. Such efforts require addressing structural and societal barriers that hinder NHB families from translating their SES resources into tangible outcomes. There is a need for studies that can minimize MDRs for NHB families, such that SES can similarly secure tangible outcomes in the presence of SES resources.

scholarly journals Stunting Was Associated with Reported Morbidity, Parental Education and Socioeconomic Status in 0.5–12-Year-Old Indonesian Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 6204
Author(s):  
Moesijanti Y. E. Soekatri ◽  
Sandjaja Sandjaja ◽  
Ahmad Syauqy
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
Child Morbidity ◽  
Respiratory Tract Illnesses ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Height For Age

Stunting is highly prevalent in Indonesian children. The objective of this study was to identify the associations of stunting with morbidity, parental education and socioeconomic status (SES) in Indonesian children. The study population was part of the South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS). A total of 2236 Indonesian children aged 0.5 to 12 years, who had participated in the SEANUTS, were included in this study. Stunting was defined as height for age Z-score (HAZ) ≤ −2 using WHO criteria and severe stunting as HAZ ≤ −3. Information on morbidity, parental education and family SES were collected by structured questionnaires. ANOVA was used for evaluating differences across groups, with or without correction for confounders. The results showed that the overall prevalence of stunting was 31.4%. HAZ in stunted children was associated with disease incidence, including frequency, parental education and family income. There were no significant differences in HAZ values in stunted children with one or more bouts of infectious, digestive tract or respiratory tract illnesses compared to stunted children with no reported illness. The prevalence of stunting in Indonesian children was high and was strongly associated with child morbidity, parental education and SES.

scholarly journals Acute and Chronic Effects of Resistance Exercise on the Testosterone and Cortisol Responses in Obese Males: a Systematic Review

2014 ◽  
pp. 693-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. O’LEARY ◽  
A. C. HACKNEY
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Constant State ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Acute And Chronic Effects ◽  
Obesity Resistance

The biosynthesis and metabolism of testosterone and cortisol are altered by the high levels of adipose tissue and the constant state of low-grade inflammation of obesity. Resistance exercise (REx) has become one of the main lifestyle interventions prescribed to obese individuals due to its ability to positively influence body composition and some biomarkers, such as cholesterol and insulin resistance. Yet, little research has been done in obese examining the effects of REx on the testosterone and blood cortisol responses, two integral hormones in both exercise and obesity. The obese testosterone response to REx and whether or not it is blunted compared to lean individuals remains elusive. Conflicting findings concerning the blood cortisol response have also been reported, likely due to variance in REx protocol and the level of obesity in the participants in studies. Comparatively, both of these hormones have been extremely well studied in untrained lean males, which could be used as a basis for future research in obese males. However, without this endocrinological information, it is unknown if the current acute REx prescriptions are appropriate for eliciting a favorable acute endocrinological response, and ultimately, a positive chronic adaptation in obese males.

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