scholarly journals Stunting Was Associated with Reported Morbidity, Parental Education and Socioeconomic Status in 0.5–12-Year-Old Indonesian Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 6204
Author(s):  
Moesijanti Y. E. Soekatri ◽  
Sandjaja Sandjaja ◽  
Ahmad Syauqy
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
Child Morbidity ◽  
Respiratory Tract Illnesses ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Height For Age

Stunting is highly prevalent in Indonesian children. The objective of this study was to identify the associations of stunting with morbidity, parental education and socioeconomic status (SES) in Indonesian children. The study population was part of the South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS). A total of 2236 Indonesian children aged 0.5 to 12 years, who had participated in the SEANUTS, were included in this study. Stunting was defined as height for age Z-score (HAZ) ≤ −2 using WHO criteria and severe stunting as HAZ ≤ −3. Information on morbidity, parental education and family SES were collected by structured questionnaires. ANOVA was used for evaluating differences across groups, with or without correction for confounders. The results showed that the overall prevalence of stunting was 31.4%. HAZ in stunted children was associated with disease incidence, including frequency, parental education and family income. There were no significant differences in HAZ values in stunted children with one or more bouts of infectious, digestive tract or respiratory tract illnesses compared to stunted children with no reported illness. The prevalence of stunting in Indonesian children was high and was strongly associated with child morbidity, parental education and SES.

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN KADAR SENG (ZN) RAMBUT BERDASARKAN DERAJAT STUNTING PADA ANAK USIA 6-9 TAHUN

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 365-372
Author(s):  
Arindha Rahmawati ◽  
Yekti Wirawanni
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Growth Disorders ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Hair Zinc ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Height For Age

Background: Stunting is a linear growth disorders are caused by chronic malnutrition especially zinc deficiency. Hair zinc concentrations can describe zinc status in the long term. The aim of this study is to investigate difference hair zinc concentrations based on degree of stunting in 6-9 years old children.Method: This cross sectional study was carried out on 57 school children aged 6-9 years. The subjects were chosen by stratified random sampling. Assessment degree of stunting are expressed by Height for Age Z-score (HAZ). Hair zinc concentrations was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) methods, the hair zinc concentrations less than 70 ppm was considered as chronic zinc deficiency. Bivariate analysis was using Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Rank Spearman.Results: The prevalence of nonstunting (-1≤HAZ<2 SD), mild stunting  (-2≤HAZ<-1 SD), moderate stunting (-3≤HAZ<-2 SD), and severe stunting (HAZ<-3SD) was 38,6%, 33,3%, 22,8%, and 5,3%, respectively. The median value hair zinc concentrations were 579,13 ppm. Out of 57 subjects, 26,3% had normal hair zinc concentrations, 73,7% had excess hair zinc concentrations, and no subject that experience of zinc deficiency. There is a significant difference on hair zinc concentrations based on degree of stunting (p=0,010) and positive correlation between hair zinc concentrations with Height for Age Z-score (HAZ) (r=0,303 ; p=0,022).Conclusion : There is a significant difference between hair zinc concentrations based on degree of stunting and significant correlation between hair zinc concentrations with Height for Age Z-score (HAZ). Hair zinc concentrations increased with increasing Height for Age Z-score (HAZ).Keywords : Degree of stunting, Height for Age Z-score (HAZ), Hair zinc concentrations, malnutrition, children 

scholarly journals Children Development and Socioeconomic Status of Parents: An Analysis of Families in the Far North Region of Cameroon

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (26) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Galy Mohamadou
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
External Support ◽  
The Social ◽  
Children Development ◽  
Socioemotional Outcomes

Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the most widely studied constructs in the social sciences. Several ways of measuring SES have been proposed, but most include some quantification of family income, parental education, and occupational status. Research shows that SES is associated with a wide array of health, cognitive, and socioemotional outcomes in children, with effects beginning prior to birth and continuing into adulthood. A variety of mechanisms linking SES to child well-being have been proposed, with most involving differences in access to material and social resources or reactions to stress-inducing conditions by both the children themselves and their parents. For children, SES impacts well-being at multiple levels, including both family and neighborhood. Its effects are moderated by children’s own characteristics, family characteristics, and external support systems.

scholarly journals Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences

Children ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Parental Educational Attainment

Background: Minorities’ diminished returns (MDRs) refer to weaker effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental educational attainment and family income in generating tangible childhood outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority group, a pattern prevalent in the US. Our existing knowledge is minimal, however, about diminished returns of family SES on reducing exposure to childhood trauma. Aim: To determine if there was a difference between non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) in the effect of SES on exposure to childhood trauma among children ages 8–11 years old. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 4696 NHW or NHB American 8–11-year-old children who were participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The independent variables were parental educational attainment and family income. The primary outcome was exposure to 1 or 2+ childhood traumas, measured by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) semi-structured interview. Polynomial regression was used for data analysis. Results: Parental education and family income had statistically significant protective (negative) effects on childhood trauma, indicating children from high income and highly educated families were exposed to a lower level of childhood trauma. However, race/ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma, indicating weaker protective effects of parental education and family income on reducing exposure to trauma for NHB compared to NHW children. Race-specific models showed protective effects of parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma for NHW but not NHB children. Conclusion: The protective effects of parental education and family income against exposure to childhood trauma are systematically diminished for NHBs compared to NHWs. To minimize the racial/ethnic health gaps, diminished returns of parental education and family income should be addressed. There is a need for programs and interventions that equalize not only SES but also the marginal returns of SES for ethnic groups. Such efforts require addressing structural and societal barriers that hinder NHB families from translating their SES resources into tangible outcomes. There is a need for studies that can minimize MDRs for NHB families, such that SES can similarly secure tangible outcomes in the presence of SES resources.

scholarly journals Dynamics of inequality in child under-nutrition in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengesha Yayo Negasi
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Concentration Indices ◽  
Height For Age

Abstract Introduction Although Ethiopia has already achieved a remarkable progress in reducing under-five mortality in the last decades, undernutrition among children is still a common problem in this country. Socioeconomic inequalities in health outcomes in Ethiopia have been thus of focus in academia and policy spheres for a while now. This study provides new evidence on child undernutrition inequalities in Ethiopia using longitudinal perspective. Method Using three round of household panel survey (from 2012 to 2016), we use concentration index (associated curve), different mobility index approaches for measuring inequalities and its dynamics, and decomposition method to identify contributing factors. Results In all concentration index computing approaches and socioeconomic status ranking variables, the concentration indices are significant with negative value. This implies that in either of short-run or long-run inequality estimates, the burden of unequal distribution of undernutrition remains on the poor with significant difference across regions. While employing different SES ranking variables, the difference in the concentration indices is only found significant in case of Height-for-age Z-score. It signifies that relatively higher inequality is measured using consumption as ranking variable. Significant difference in inequality is also shown across regions. With respect to dynamics of inequalities, results on mobility indices computed based on Allanson et al. (Longitudinal analysis of income-related health inequality. Dundee Discussion Working Paper No. 214, 2010) approach show that inequality remain stable (persistent) in Height-for- age Z-score, and reduction of inequality in Weight-for- age Z-score while in case of Weight-for- height Z-score, there is no clear trend over subsequent waves. Results on decomposition of inequalities show that the major contributors are wealth index, consumption and mother’s education. Conclusion The argument of the choice of welfare indicator can have a large and significant impact on measured socioeconomic inequalities in a health variable which it depends on the variable examined. Employing longitudinal perspective rather than weighted average of cross-sectional data is justifiable to see the dynamic of inequality in child malnutrition. In both socioeconomic status ranking variables, the bulk of inequality in malnutrition is caused by inequality in socioeconomic status in which it disfavours the poor in both cases. This calls for enhancing the policy measures that narrow socioeconomic gaps between groups in the population and targeting on early childhood intervention and nutrition sensitive.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic status inequalities in low-grade inflammation during childhood

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (11) ◽  
pp. 1043-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kammi K Schmeer ◽  
Aimee Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Child Age ◽  
Family Ses

BackgroundFamily socioeconomic status (SES) is an important source of child health disparities in the USA. Chronic stress is one way SES may impact children's physiology with implications for later health inequalities. These processes may work differently across childhood due to differences in exposure and susceptibility to stressors at different ages. We assess associations between family SES and one biomarker of chronic stress exposure—low-grade inflammation detected by elevated C reactive protein (CRP)—and evaluate differences in the associations by child age.MethodsWe used nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Tobit regression models to estimate SES associations with CRP and the moderating effects of age for children age 2–18 years. Our sample was limited to CRP ≤10 mg/l to focus on low-grade inflammation (N=13 165).ResultsChildren whose parent had less than a high school degree had 35% higher CRP than those with a college graduate parent; and, poor children had 24% higher CRP than those with high family income, net of controls. When children's body mass index was accounted for, low education and poverty associations were reduced to 19% and 15%, respectively. Child age interactions were negative and significant for both parental education and family income.ConclusionsThis study provides new evidence that SES is associated with low-grade inflammation in children, and that these associations may be particularly strong during early and mid-childhood. Future research should further our understanding of stressors related to low family SES that may lead to immune system dysregulation during childhood.

scholarly journals The Effect of Socioeconomic Disparities on Prefrontal Activation in Initiating Joint Attention: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Evidence From Two Socioeconomic Status Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keya Ding ◽  
Chuanjiang Li ◽  
Yanwei Li ◽  
Hongan Wang ◽  
Dongchuan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Joint Attention ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Low socioeconomic status (SES) may generally have a long-lasting negative effect on cognitive development, and show deficits in the development of executive functions. However, it is unclear whether there is an SES-dependent disparity in the functional brain development of the prefrontal cortex. By collecting task-related functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data and behavioral data (e.g., intelligence, language, home reading environment (HRE), family income, and parental education level), the current study aimed to detect whether the SES of preschool children (N = 86) is associated with prefrontal activation during the joint attention task. Results verified that low-SES children show lower right prefrontal activation during joint attention than Relatively High-SES children. In addition, our findings confirmed the mediating effect of HRE on the association between SES and brain activation during joint attention, as well as that between SES and language ability. These results suggest that SES contributes to functional development of the prefrontal regions, and the improvement of HRE could be a potential strategy to intervene SES-related disparities on child development.

scholarly journals SOSIOEKONOMI KELUARGA SEBAGAI FAKTOR PENDORONG GEJALA GENGSTERISME MURID INDIA PENDIDIKAN MORAL DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH [FAMILY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AS AN IMPULSE FACTOR OF GANGSTERISM AMONG INDIAN MORAL EDUCATION STUDENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOL]

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-78
Author(s):  
SREETHARAN MARIMUTHU ◽  
NEDUJCHELYN MALAYALAM ◽  
SUKADARI
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Education Student ◽  
Education Students

This study is aimed to examine the family’s socioeconomic status which drives the symptoms of gangsterism among Indian Moral Education students from the Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory National Secondary Schools. This study was conducted via survey design using the Parent and Peer Attachment Inventory (IPPA) questionnaire. Using purposive sampling technique a total of 234 students were selected as respondents. The data collected were analysed using SPSS version 23.0, and descriptive and inference methodology was presented to the results. The results of one-way ANOVA revealed significant relationships and strong correlations between components such as residential social environment, family income, level of parental education, family institution, self and peers influence. High mean scores suggest these six components contribute to the involvement of gangster symptoms. The finding indicates that a major relationship exists between the family’s socioeconomic status as a driving factor in the symptoms of gangsterism among Indian Moral Education students from the National Secondary Schools. These results also have consequences for students, teachers, parents, community leaders, ministries of education, and NGOs in general. Nevertheless, a more extensive study should be carried out in all the states of Malaysia to examine the degree of "threat" to social, economic and political stability of these symptoms.

scholarly journals SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS (SES) DIFFERENCES IN PRESCHOOLERS’ SOCIAL SKILLS

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-328
Author(s):  
Jamaliah Kassim ◽  
Fonny Dameaty Hutagalung
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Skills ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Parental Income ◽  
Average Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ses Differences

Background and Purpose: Socioeconomic status (SES) exert different influences on child development. However, very few studies had examined the effects of SES on positive socio-emotional development including social skills. Thus, this study aims to examine the level of social skills and explores the differences across SES.   Methodology: Parents of 339 preschoolers in Selangor, Malaysia were selected through stratified random sampling. The questionnaires were distributed to parents through pre-school children. In this study, the 34-items of social skills scale from Preschool and Kindergarten Behavioural Scale-Version 2 (PKBS-2) was used and descriptive and one-way Welch’s F-tests analysis were conducted.   Findings: The study showed that the level of social skills was average. Analysis found that the preschoolers’ social skills were differed significantly across maternal education, Welch’s F (2, 78.95) = 19.88, p < .0001 and paternal education, Welch’s F (2, 78.95) = 19.88, p < .0001. Moreover, there was a significant difference in social skills across parental income, Welch’s F (2, 83.48) = 13.59, p < .0001.   Contributions: Knowledge of the level of pre-school social skills and the differences across SES can provide basic information and recommendations to the parents, teachers and authorities to improve preschoolers’ social skills.   Keywords: Family income, parental education, preschoolers, social skills, Socioeconomic status (SES).   Cite as: Kassim, J., & Hutagalung, F. D. (2019). Socioeconomic status (SES) differences in preschoolers’ social skills.  Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(2), 303-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp303-328

scholarly journals The Socioeconomic Inequality in Increment of Caries and Growth among Chinese Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anqi Shen ◽  
Eduardo Bernabé ◽  
Wael Sabbah
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Mother’S Education ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Mother's Education

Background: This study aimed at assessing socioeconomic inequalities in the increment of dental caries and growth among preschool Chinese children, and to assess the best predictor of socioeconomic inequality for each of these conditions. Methods: This is a longitudinal population-based study. The sample data included preschool children living in three cities of the Liaoning Province, China. At baseline, 15 kindergartens with 1111 participants were included and dropped to 772 with a response rate of 70% at follow-up. Mean ages at baseline and follow-up were 50.82 and 60.55 months, respectively. Median follow-up time was 10.12 months. Data were collected through structured questionnaire, oral examination and anthropometric measurement. The questionnaire collected information on sex, age, family income, mother’s education and children’s dietary habits. The numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) was used to indicate dental caries. Weight- and height-for-age z-scores were calculated using the WHO Growth Standard. Multilevel analysis was used to assess the association between baseline socioeconomic position and each of dental caries and child’s growth. Results: Mother’s education was negatively associated with increments of DMFT. Family income was not significantly associated with DMFT in the fully adjusted model. The association persisted after accounting for other socioeconomic and dietary factors. Higher income was positively related to an increase in the weight-for-age z-score. The relationship between income and changes in the height-for-age z-score was positive and significant in the second highest income group. Conclusions: Mother’s education appeared to be the strongest predictor of increments of dental caries. Only income was significantly associated with an increase in children’s weight and height.

Nutritional Status of Under-5 Children in a Slam of Dhaka City and Influence of Immunization and Socio-economic Condition on Malnutrition

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-38
Author(s):  
Md Aynal Hoque ◽  
Hossain Sahid Kamrul Alam ◽  
Md Abu Sayeed
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Socioeconomic Condition ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

Background: In slum area there is a very high prevalence of malnutrition. Many factors can cause malnutrition, most of which relate to immunization, socio economic condition and repeated infections, particularly in underprivileged population. Objectives: To observe the nutritional status and effect of immunization and socio economic condition on malnutrition among under-5 children in a selected slum of Dhaka city. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among 384 under-5 children randomly selected from PWD slum in Dhaka city. It was carried out during January- 2013 to December-2014. Anthropometric measurements like wasting was determined from weight for height Z-score, stunting was determined from height for age Z-score, underweight was determined from weight for age Z-score and malnutrition also assessed by Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: In this study in slum 40.36% were found malnourished according to MUAC, according to weight for height Z-score wasting was present in 29.43% children, according to height for age Z-score stunting was found in 28.39% and according to weight for age Z-score underweight was found in 46.89% children. There is a decreased number of malnutrition cases when family income rise. Out of the 384 study children 68% were completely immunized, 16.9% were incompletely immunized and rest 15.1% were not immunized. Number of MUAC malnutrition, wasting, stunting and underweight cases increases in cases of incomplete immunization and no immunization. Conclusions: Overall, nutritional status of the under-5 child of slum of PWD is not satisfactory. Family income and immunization status plays role in malnutrition. So socioeconomic condition should improve and mass immunization programshould be implemented in urban slum areas. DS (Child) H J 2020; 36(1) : 34-38

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