scholarly journals Impact of smoking on the income level of Chinese urban residents: a two-wave follow-up of the China Family Panel Study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e036939
Author(s):  
Han Wei ◽  
Zhigang Zhong ◽  
Lian Yang ◽  
Tingting Yao ◽  
Shiyao Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Taylor Model ◽  
Smoking Cessation Treatment ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

ObjectivesThis study attempts to analyse the impact of smoking on the income level of Chinese urban residents to provide a reference for creating informed regulations on cigarette smoking.DesignA population-based cohort study.MethodTwo waves of panel data in 2014 and 2016 from the China Family Panel Study were used. A total of 8025 urban adults were identified. The Hausman–Taylor model was used to analyse the theoretical relationship between smoking and income.ResultsThe percentage of current smokers decreased from 27.39% (2014) to 26.24% (2016), while the percentage of former smokers rose from 9.78% to 11.78%. The results from the Hausman–Taylor model showed that current smokers and former smokers are associated with statistically significant decrease in the income of urban residents of 37.70% and 44.00%, respectively, compared with that of non-smokers. After eliminating the impact of smoking on income, the poverty rate among urban residents decreased from 15.33% to 13.63%.ConclusionsSmoking can significantly reduce the income of Chinese urban residents, resulting in immense negative impacts on Chinese society. Therefore, the government should raise the tax rate on tobacco, include smoking cessation treatment in medical insurance coverage, promote publicity campaigns on the awareness of tobacco hazards and encourage smokers to quit smoking early.

Governing Art Districts: State Control and Cultural Production in Contemporary China

2014 ◽  
Vol 219 ◽  
pp. 827-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Authoritarian State ◽  
Art Community ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Contemporary Chinese ◽  
Political Decisions

AbstractContemporary Chinese artists have long been marginalized in China as their ideas conflict with the mainstream political ideology. In Beijing, artists often live on the fringe of society in “artist villages,” where they almost always face the threat of being displaced owing to political decisions or urban renewal. However, in the past decade, the Chinese government began to foster the growth of contemporary Chinese arts and designated underground artist villages as art districts. This article explores the profound change in the political decisions about the art community. It argues that, despite the pluralization of Chinese society and the inroads of globalization, the government maintains control over the art community through a series of innovative mechanisms. These mechanisms create a globalization firewall, which facilitates the Chinese state in global image-building and simultaneously mitigates the impact of global forces on domestic governance. The article illuminates how the authoritarian state has adopted more sophisticated methods of governance in response to the challenges of a more sophisticated society.

scholarly journals The role of e-commerce in the urban food system under COVID-19: lessons from China

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongdong Guo ◽  
Yehong Liu ◽  
Xinjie Shi ◽  
Kevin Z. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Food System ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Primary Model ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate e-commerce as a new means to ensure that the urban demand for food can be met during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Because a number of COVID-19 e-commerce models have emerged, this paper discusses whether and (if so) why and how e-commerce can ensure the food supply for urban residents if social distancing becomes a norm and the transport and logistics systems are hindered.Design/methodology/approachThis study used qualitative research methods following the lack of empirical data. The authors referred to relevant literature, statistical data and official reports and comprehensively described the importance of e-commerce in ensuring the safety of food supply to Chinese urban residents under the impact of the epidemic. Corresponding to the traditional case study, this study presented a Chinese case on ensuring food supply through e-commerce during an epidemic.FindingsThe authors found that three e-commerce models played a substantial role in preventing the spread of the epidemic and ensuring the food supply for urban residents. The nationwide e-commerce platforms under market leadership played their roles by relying on the sound infrastructure of large cities and its logistics system was vulnerable to the epidemic. In the worst-affected areas, particularly in closed and isolated communities, the local e-commerce model was the primary model, supplemented by the unofficial e-commerce model based on social relations. Through online booking, centralized procurement and community distribution, the risk of cross infection could be effectively reduced and the food demand could be effectively satisfied. The theoretical explanation further verifies that, apart from e-commerce, a governance system that integrates the government, e-commerce platform, community streets and the unofficial guanxi also impels the success of these models.Originality/valueLessons from China are drawn for other countries struggling to deliver food to those in need under COVID-19. The study not only provides a solution that will ensure constant food supply to urban residents under the COVID-19 epidemic but also provides some reference for the maintenance of the food system of urban residents under the impact of a globalization-related crisis in future.

scholarly journals The impact of the policy of expanding coverage for 4 major diseases on out-of-pocket payments

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
G R Lee ◽  
J H Lee
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
National Health Insurance ◽  
National Health ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In South Korea, Cancers, cardiac disease, cerebrovascular diseases and rare incurable disease cause high medical expenses which are putting a heavy burden on the household economy. They are called '4 Major Severe Diseases'. The government has established the plan of Expanding Coverage for Four Major Severe Diseases. The Policy of Expanding Coverage for the 4 Major Severe Diseases is to apply the necessary medical services including coverage for uncovered services to national health insurance payments in stages. This study aims to evaluate the effects of the policy implemented from 2013 to 2015 by comparing the changes in the out-of-pocket payments before and after the policy. Using the data from the Korea Health Panel(2012, 2016), the policy effect was evaluated by the Difference-In-Difference analysis. A total of 4,686 patients (2,343 in 2012 and 2,343 in 2016) were included, who are enrolled in National Health Insurance, and have at least one chronic disease. People who are under 20 years old were excluded. In addition, severity of disease was adjusted by CCI(Charson's comorbidity index). Compared to before the policy was implemented, the Out-of-pocket payments significantly decreased. In addition, there were significant differences in gender, types of health care system, disabled, economic activity, income level, and CCI. According to previous studies, the policy of Expanding health insurance coverage since 2005 has been criticized for its low effectiveness. However, It is revealed that the Policy of Expanding Coverage for 4 Major Severe Diseases has an effect in this study. Given that the policy needs time to work, this study showed the effect of the policy more comprehensively compared to previous studies evaluating the effectiveness for just one year. Key messages Due to the Policy of Expanding Coverage for 4 Major Severe Diseases, the out-of-pocket health expenditure were reduced in the policy group. Given that the policy needs time to work, this study has shown more comprehensive results than previous studies that evaluated the effect of policy carried out over a short period.

scholarly journals Vulnerability of Women in Disasters: A Case Study of District Badin

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (No 1) ◽  
pp. 159-172
Author(s):  
Nosheen Khaskhelly ◽  
Shuhabuddin Mughal ◽  
Erum Khushnood
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The climate change is universal phenomenon, its severe impact can be clearly observed in poor countries having mainly dependence on natural resources and having limited coping strategies for extreme climate change. Given the role of women in society, they tend to face more damages in terms of reduction in their income level, saving pattern and the level of education in disaster prone areas. This article examines the impact of disaster on women. The data for study is collected through questionnaire from district Badin of Sindh province. The findings of study revealed that income level of household is affected after disaster, and households who were low at saving pattern are affected more than households with high savings. To combat the impact of disaster on women the government should initiate awareness drive to respond the disaster related vulnerabilities.

scholarly journals The impact of digital technologies on modern society. An example of a social credit rating system in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
A. P. Klimovich
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
The State ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Social Credit ◽  
Western Democracy ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The issue on the first principles of Internet building in China has been considered. An overview of establishment has been made and the specifics of the development of the Chinese information technology industry in recent years has been analysed. The influence of the state policy on digital technology market has been studied. The principles of Chinese authorities’ actions in relation to the domestic and foreign high tech markets have been highlighted. The causes of the Chinese industry rapid development, based on the state activity aimed at supporting the local manufacturers, have been analysed. Protectionism policy defining the government control pattern has been evaluated. Chinese development main program scale, embracing not only national, but also world economics, has been considered. It has been shown how domestic economy policy coincides with Chinese government foreign policy and how it is directly reflected in it. A parallel has been drawn between the principle of establishing of social credit system and the idea of counting merits and drawbacks, laying in the basis of finely built system of rewards and punishments of traditional Chinese society. A connection of this tradition with the official goal of the system, stated by the government of China to teach the Chinese society to become more honest by complete surveillance over people, has been shown. It has been shown how this system classifies people into several categories, creating the lists of those to reward and those to censure. The mechanism of how the state uses private companies’ resources, applying all its power to influence on them, has been considered. A critical analysis of the foundations of the system from the point of view of Western democracy values has been carried out. An overview of development prospects of the studied system and the assessment of the risks associated with it have been made. It has been noted that despite the fact that the basic ideas for the system are borrowed from the international practice of the financial sector, making decisions on authorizing going beyond the judicial system and transferring the classification of people in the lists of good and bad to the level of algorithms run counter to the principles of European and international law.

scholarly journals The Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact of April 13, 1941: China's response

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Yiting Yang
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
International System ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The subject of this research is response of the government, political parties, and society of the Republic of China to signing the Neutrality Pact between the USSR and Japan on April 13, 1941 – one of the crucial bilateral agreements of the World War II, which entailed fundamental changes to the Far Eastern international system. The Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact negatively affected the relations between the Soviet Union and the Republic of China. The goal of this work is to objectively assess the impact of the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact of April 13, 1941 upon the domestic and foreign policy of the Chinese government, as well as further development of the Sino-Soviet relations. The novelty of this work consists in the fact that based on the poorly studied Russian and foreign documentary materials, the author examines the questions that have been rarely touched upon within the Russian historiography, such as: China’s response to conclusion of the Neutrality Pact between the USSR and Japan; its effect upon Sino-Soviet relations. The conclusion is made that the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact of April 13, 1941, which marked the most difficult moment of the Sino-Japanese War, was a psychological blow to China. The position of the Kuomintang government was ambivalent: on the one hand, it refrained from the public anti-Soviet propaganda; while on the other hand, used dissatisfaction of China’s population to enhance pressure on its major political opponent – China’s Communist Party. Therefore, the Sino-Soviet relations in general did not experience severe problems; however, the internal split in the Chinese society has worsened, which substantially undermined the formation of Second United Front.

scholarly journals DILEMA TROTOAR Studi Kasus Dampak Pembangunan Trotoar terhadap Pedagang Kaki Lima di Salatiga

KRITIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-162
Author(s):  
Amos Mario Khosasi ◽  
Dita Mawar Kusumaningtyas ◽  
Theodore Halsted ◽  
Gatot Sasongko
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Income Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Impact

The existence of street vendors can reduce the burden of government in overcoming unemployment. Due to the existence of street vendors, can absorb labor that can not be accommodated by the formal sector. But on the other hand, the presence of street vendors often disrupt the activities in the public sphere area such as sidewalks. Therefore, the government of Salatiga City made a policy by improving the function of the sidewalk and sterilize it to be enjoyed again by pedestrians. But with the sterilization, the impact also to the street vendors, which they should move. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact caused by the construction of the sidewalk to the income level of street vendors. In conducting this research, we conducted interviews with several street vendors who are still actively selling. Among other things, soto traders,chicken noodles, and leker. The results showed that the impact of pavement development had a negative impact on the income level of street vendors. Also found obstacles that arise after the street vendors are moving places, such as infrastructure facilities are not met, inadequate facilities, and reduced visitors who come.

scholarly journals How Trust Makes a Difference: The Impact of the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life Satisfaction in Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Bittmann
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Institutional Trust ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Media Report ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe extraordinary COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most severe disruptions of human life since the end of World War II, even in rich and industrialized countries like Germany. The introduction of a rather comprehensive “lockdown” and the restriction of multiple basic civil rights have affected the population in many areas of life, like employment, economic prosperity, health and trust in public institutions. The question arises how life satisfaction is influenced by these measures in detail and whether there are interactions between institutional trust, life satisfaction and time of crisis. Fixed-effect regression analyses using German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) data demonstrate that life satisfaction has fallen sharply after the onset of the crisis and that interaction effects with institutional trust are present. Individuals with low levels of pre-crisis trust in institutions like the government, courts or the media report a stronger decrease of satisfaction than individuals with higher levels of trust. We believe that these results are relevant to explain the role of institutions in times of crisis and might serve as foundations for interventions to strengthen trust and increase overall satisfaction.

Health Insurance Costs and Early Retirement Decisions

ILR Review ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 716-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Johnson ◽  
Amy J. Davidoff ◽  
Kevin Perese
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Insurance Premium ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Insurance Costs ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The loss of health insurance may be an important component of the cost of retirement, especially for workers without retiree health insurance coverage. The authors find that insurance costs significantly reduce retirement rates for full-time wage and salary workers ages 51 to 61. Simulations suggest that a $1,000 increase in the net present value of health insurance premium costs reduces the probability of early retirement by 0.17 percentage points for men and by 0.24 percentage points for women, corresponding to elasticities of −0.22 and −0.24, respectively. The authors' models predict that expanding the Medicare program to cover those aged 62–64 would increase retirement rates for workers with employer-sponsored coverage who lack retiree benefits, if the government subsidizes their coverage. However, the impact would be small, increasing overall retirement rates by only 7%.

scholarly journals The impact of government subsidy programs on equity in health financing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousef Mohammadzadeh ◽  
Jafar Yahyavi Dizaj ◽  
Ali Mohammad Mosadeghrad ◽  
Ali Kazemi ◽  
Hasan Yusefzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
National Development ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Government Subsidy ◽  
Equity In Health ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Subsidy Programs

Abstract Background: Iran government launched the targeted subsidy plan (TSP) in December 2011 to reduce inequality and poverty. In addition, Health Transformation Plan (HTP) was implemented in ministry of health to reduce people out of pocket payment. This study aimed to examine the impact of these two government subsidy programs on equity in health financing. Method: In this longitudinal study, data on 413,201 households were collected using household surveys during 11 years (2007-2017). The Fairness in Financial Contribution (FFCI) index and Catastrophic Health Expenditures (CHE) index were calculated.Also Logistic regression model was performed by the applied software of Stata V.14 to examine the effects of TSP and HTP policies and other socioeconomic characteristics of households on their exposure to CHE.Results: The FFC index was 0.829 and 0.830 respectively in 2007 and 2017. The trend analysis did not show significant changes in FFC index between 2007 and 2017. TSP and HTP implementation die not reduce households’ exposure to CHE significantly. Crowded households with more elder people, belonging to low income deciles, without houses, living in rural areas and deprived provinces, are more likely to be at risk of CHE. Health insurance coverage did not protect households from CHE. High educated and employed households were exposed to less CHE.Conclusion: The government subsidy programs have not been effective in improving FFC and reducing CHE indices. None of them has been able to realize the goal of the 6th National Development Plan of reducing CHE to 1%. The government should devise support packages for target household (households with more elderly people, lower incomes, without private house, crowded, rural and inhabited in deprived provinces), so they can protect households against CHE. Modifying and improving the quality of insurance coverage is strongly recommended due to its inefficiency.

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