scholarly journals Quantifying alcohol audio-visual content in UK broadcasts of the 2018 Formula 1 Championship: a content analysis and population exposure

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e037035
Author(s):  
Alexander Barker ◽  
Magdalena Opazo-Breton ◽  
Emily Thomson ◽  
John Britton ◽  
Bruce Grant-Braham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Young People ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Minute Interval ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Advertising To Children ◽  
The Uk

ObjectivesExposure to alcohol imagery is associated with subsequent alcohol use among young people, and UK broadcasting regulations protect young people from advertising alcohol content in UK television. However, alcohol promotion during sporting events, a significant potential medium of advertising to children, is exempt. We report an analysis and estimate the UK population exposure to, alcohol content, including branding, in UK broadcasts of the 2018 Formula 1 (F1) Championship.SettingUK.ParticipantsNone. Content analysis of broadcast footage of 21 2018 F1 Championship races on Channel 4, using 1-minute interval coding of any alcohol content, actual or implied use, other related content or branding. Census data and viewing figures were used to estimate gross and per capita alcohol impressions.ResultsAlcohol content occurred in all races, in 1613 (56%) 1-minute intervals of race footage and 44 (9%) of intervals across 28% of advertisement breaks. The most prominent content was branding, occurring in 51% of race intervals and 7% of advertisement break intervals, appearing predominantly on billboard advertisements around the track, with the Heineken and Johnnie Walker brands being particularly prominent. The 21 races delivered an estimated 3.9 billion alcohol gross impressions (95% CI 3.6 to 4.3) to the UK population, including 154 million (95% CI 124 to 184) to children, and 3.6 billion alcohol gross impressions of alcohol branding, including 141 million impressions to children. Branding was also shown in race footage from countries where alcohol promotion is prohibited.ConclusionsAlcohol content was highly prevalent in the 2018 F1 Championship broadcasts, delivering millions of alcohol impressions to young viewers. This exposure is likely to represent a significant driver of alcohol consumption among young people.

scholarly journals Tobacco and alcohol content in soap operas broadcast on UK television: a content analysis and population exposure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander B Barker ◽  
John Britton ◽  
Emily Thomson ◽  
Rachael L Murray
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Young People ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Soap Operas ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Minute Interval ◽  
The Uk

ABSTRACT Background Exposure to tobacco and alcohol content in media is a risk factor for smoking and alcohol use in young people. Our previous research suggested that tobacco and alcohol imagery is common in soap operas. We now report an analysis of tobacco and alcohol content in a sample of soap operas broadcast in the UK. Methods We used 1-minute interval coding to quantify tobacco and alcohol content in all episodes (including advertisement breaks) of six soap operas broadcast on UK television during three separate weeks in November and December 2018 and January 2019. Results We coded 2222 intervals from 87 episodes and 360 intervals from 77 advertisement breaks. Tobacco content was rare, occurring in 4% of all intervals across 30% of episodes, the only tobacco appearances in adverts appeared in anti-smoking advertising. Alcohol occurred in 24% of intervals across 95% of episodes and in 13% of advertisement intervals. The programmes delivered ~381.28 million tobacco and 2.1 billion alcohol gross impressions to the UK population, including 18.91 million tobacco and 113 million alcohol gross impressions to children. Conclusion Whilst tobacco was rare, alcohol content was common, resulting in billions of viewer impressions. Soap operas represent a potential driver of alcohol consumption in young people.

scholarly journals A content analysis of tobacco and alcohol audio-visual content in a sample of UK reality TV programmes

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander B Barker ◽  
John Britton ◽  
Emily Thomson ◽  
Abby Hunter ◽  
Magdalena Opazo Breton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Reality Television ◽  
Visual Media ◽  
Reality Tv ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Big Brother ◽  
Minute Interval ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Made In

Abstract Background Exposure to tobacco and alcohol content in audio-visual media is a risk factor for smoking and alcohol use in young people. We report an analysis of tobacco and alcohol content, and estimates of population exposure to this content, in a sample of reality television programmes broadcast in the UK. Methods We used 1-minute interval coding to quantify tobacco and alcohol content in all episodes of five reality TV programmes aired between January and August 2018 (Celebrity Big Brother; Made in Chelsea; The Only Way is Essex; Geordie Shore and Love Island), and estimated population exposure using viewing data and UK population estimates. Results We coded 5219 intervals from 112 episodes. Tobacco content appeared in 110 (2%) intervals in 20 (18%) episodes, and alcohol in 2212 (42%) intervals and in all episodes. The programmes delivered approximately 214 million tobacco gross impressions to the UK population, including 47.37 million to children; and for alcohol, 4.9 billion and 580 million respectively. Conclusion Tobacco, and especially alcohol, content is common in reality TV. The popularity of these programmes with young people, and consequent exposure to tobacco and alcohol imagery, represents a potentially major driver of smoking and alcohol consumption.

scholarly journals Quantifying tobacco and alcohol imagery in Netflix and Amazon Prime instant video original programming accessed from the UK: a content analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e025807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander B Barker ◽  
Jordan Smith ◽  
Abby Hunter ◽  
John Britton ◽  
Rachael L Murray
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Young People ◽  
Video On Demand ◽  
Visual Media ◽  
Prime Time ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Broadcast Television ◽  
Television Content ◽  
The Uk

ObjectivesExposure to tobacco and alcohol content in audio-visual media is a risk factor for smoking and alcohol use in young people. Previous UK research has quantified tobacco and alcohol content in films and broadcast television but not that of video-on-demand (VOD) services such as Netflix and Amazon Prime. Furthermore, it is not clear whether regulation by Dutch (Netflix) or UK (Amazon Prime) authorities results in differences in content. We report an analysis of tobacco and alcohol content in a sample of episodes from the most popular programmes from these two VOD providers, and compare findings with earlier studies of UK prime-time television content.SettingUK.ParticipantsNone. Content analysis of a sample of 50 episodes from the five highest rated series released on Netflix and Amazon Prime in 2016, using 1 min interval coding of any tobacco or alcohol content, actual or implied use, paraphernalia and branding.ResultsOf 2704 intervals coded, any tobacco content appeared in 353 (13%) from 37 (74%) episodes. Any alcohol content appeared in 363 (13%) intervals in 47 (94%) episodes. There were no significant differences between the two services, however the proportion of episodes containing tobacco and alcohol was significantly higher in VOD original programmes than those recorded in an earlier study of prime-time UK television.ConclusionsAudio-visual tobacco and alcohol content is common in VOD original programmes and represents a further source of exposure to imagery causing smoking uptake and alcohol use in young people. This appears to be equally true of services regulated in the UK and The Netherlands. Given that VOD services are consumed by a global audience, it appears likely that VOD content is an important global driver of tobacco and alcohol consumption.

scholarly journals A content analysis of alcohol content in UK television

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander B Barker ◽  
Kathy Whittamore ◽  
John Britton ◽  
Rachael L Murray ◽  
Jo Cranwell
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Young People ◽  
Prime Time ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Programme Content ◽  
Air Channels ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background Exposure to audio-visual alcohol content in media is associated with subsequent alcohol use in young people, but the extent of exposure contained in UK free-to-air prime-time television has not been explored since 2010. We report an analysis of alcohol content in a sample of UK free-to-air prime-time television broadcasts in 2015 and compare this with a similar analysis from 2010. Methods Content analysis of all programmes and advertisement/trailer breaks broadcast on the five national UK free-to-air channels in the UK between 6 and 10 pm during three separate weeks in September, October and November 2015. Results Alcohol content occurred in over 50% of all programmes broadcast and almost 50% of all advert/trailer periods between programmes. The majority of alcohol content occurred before the 9 pm watershed. Branding occurred in 3% of coded intervals and involved 122 brands, though three brands (Heineken, Corona and Fosters) accounted for almost half of all brand appearances. Conclusion Audio-visual alcohol content, including branding, is prevalent in UK television, and is therefore a potential driver of alcohol use in young people. These findings are virtually unchanged from our earlier analysis of programme content from 2010.

scholarly journals Tobacco and tobacco branding in films most popular in the UK from 2009 to 2017

Thorax ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 1103-1108
Author(s):  
Alexander Barker ◽  
Jo Cranwell ◽  
Iona Fitzpatrick ◽  
Kathy Whittamore ◽  
Khaldoon Alfayad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Box Office ◽  
Secular Decline ◽  
Smoking Uptake ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk

BackgroundExposure to tobacco content in films is a cause of smoking uptake in young people. In an earlier study, we reported that tobacco content occurred in 70% of UK box office films popular between 1989 and 2008. We now report an analysis of tobacco content in a sample of the top grossing UK box office films between 2009 and 2017, and of population exposure resulting from audience exposure to the 2017 films.MethodsOccurrence of tobacco intervals (actual tobacco use, implied use, appearance of smoking paraphernalia or branding) was measured by 5 min interval coding in the 15 most commercially successful films in the UK in each year from 2009 to 2017. A nationally representative survey was used to estimate population exposure to the top 15 films from 2017.ResultsWe coded 3248 intervals from the 135 films. Tobacco content appeared in 245 intervals (8%, 95% CI 7% to 9%) across 56 (41%, 95% CI 33% to 49%) films. Tobacco content occurred in films in all BBFC age ratings, and 36 (64%, 95% CI 51% to 77%) of films containing tobacco imagery were classified as suitable for viewing by people aged under 15 years. Although less prevalent than in our earlier study, there was no evidence of a secular decline in tobacco content during this study period. The top 15 films from 2017 delivered approximately 21.6 (95% CI 21.06–22.14) million tobacco impressions to young people aged 10–18 years in the UK.ConclusionsTobacco content continues to appear in UK Box Office films and is widely seen by young people, representing a major driver of smoking uptake.

scholarly journals Quantifying audio visual alcohol imagery in popular Indian films: a content analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e040630
Author(s):  
Rohith Bhagawath ◽  
Muralidhar M Kulkarni ◽  
John Britton ◽  
Jo Cranwell ◽  
Monika Arora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Young People ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Parental Guidance ◽  
Minute Interval ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Language Measures ◽  
Almost All

ObjectivesThough exposure to alcohol imagery in films is a significant determinant of uptake and severity of alcohol consumption among young people, there is poor evidence regarding the content of alcohol imagery in films in low-income and middle-income countries. We have measured alcohol imagery content and branding in popular Indian films, in total and in relation to language and age rating.DesignIn this observational study we measured alcohol imagery semiquantitatively using 5-minute interval coding. We coded each interval according to whether it contained alcohol imagery or brand appearances.SettingIndia.ParticipantsNone. Content analysis of a total of 30 national box office hit films over a period of 3 years from 2015 to 2017.Primary and secondary outcome measuresTo assess alcohol imagery in Indian films and its distribution in relation to age and language rating has been determined.ResultsThe 30 films included 22 (73%) Hindi films and 8 (27%) in regional languages. Seven (23%) were rated suitable for viewing by all ages (U), and 23 (77%) rated as suitable for viewing by children subject to parental guidance for those aged under 12 (UA). Any alcohol imagery was seen in 97% of the films, with 195 of a total of 923 5-minute intervals, and actual alcohol use in 25 (83%) films, in 90 (10%) intervals. The occurrence of these and other categories of alcohol imagery was similar in U-rated and UA-rated films, and in Hindi and local language films. Episodes of alcohol branding occurred in 10 intervals in five films.ConclusionAlmost all films popular in India contain alcohol imagery, irrespective of age rating and language. Measures need to be undertaken to limit alcohol imagery in Indian films to protect the health of young people, and to monitor alcohol imagery in other social media platforms in future.

scholarly journals Population exposure to smoking and tobacco branding in the UK reality show ‘Love Island’

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander B Barker ◽  
Magdalena Opazo Breton ◽  
Jo Cranwell ◽  
John Britton ◽  
Rachael L Murray
Keyword(s):  
Reality Television ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Media Criticism ◽  
Lucky Strike ◽  
Reality Show ◽  
Television Shows ◽  
Cigarette Brand ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
The Uk

BackgroundReality television shows are popular with children and young adults; inclusion of tobacco imagery in these programmes is likely to cause smoking in these groups. Series 3 of the UK reality show Love Island, broadcast in 2017, attracted widespread media criticism for high levels of smoking depicted. We have quantified this tobacco content and estimated the UK population exposure to generic and branded tobacco imagery generated by the show.MethodsWe used 1-min interval coding to quantify actual or implied tobacco use, tobacco paraphernalia or branding, in alternate episodes of series 3 of Love Island, and Census data and viewing figures from Kantar Media to estimate gross and per capita tobacco impressions.ResultsWe coded 21 episodes comprising 1001 min of content. Tobacco imagery occurred in 204 (20%) intervals; the frequency of appearances fell significantly after media criticism. An identifiable cigarette brand, Lucky Strike Double Click, appeared in 16 intervals. The 21 episodes delivered an estimated 559 million gross tobacco impressions to the UK population, predominantly to women, including 47 million to children aged <16 and 44 million gross impressions of Lucky Strike branding, including 4 million to children <16.ConclusionDespite advertising legislation and broadcasting regulations intended to protect children from smoking imagery in UK television, series 3 of Love Island delivered millions of general and branded tobacco impressions both to children and adults in the UK. More stringent controls on tobacco content in television programmes are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Content analysis of tobacco content in UK television

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander B Barker ◽  
Kathy Whittamore ◽  
John Britton ◽  
Jo Cranwell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Young People ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Media Analysis ◽  
Prime Time ◽  
Programme Content ◽  
Air Channels ◽  
The Uk

AimsExposure to audiovisual tobacco content in media is a risk factor for smoking in young people. While tobacco content in films has been extensively documented, content in mainstream television has received relatively little attention. We report an analysis of tobacco content in a sample of UK free-to-air prime-time television broadcasts in 2015, and compare this with a similar analysis from 2010.DesignContent analysis of all programmes and advertisements or trailers broadcast on the five national UK free-to-air channels in the UK between 18:00 and 22:00 during three separate weeks in September, October and November 2015.SettingGreat Britain.ParticipantsNone (media analysis only).MeasurementsOccurrence of any tobacco, tobacco use, implied use, other tobacco reference/related objects and branding in every 1 min coding interval.FindingsTobacco content occurred in 33% of all programmes and 8% of all adverts or programme trailer breaks. Actual tobacco use occurred in 12% of all programmes broadcast. Tobacco-related objects, primarily no smoking signs, occurred in 2% of broadcasts; implied tobacco use and tobacco branding were also rare. The majority of tobacco content occurred after the 21:00 watershed.ConclusionsThese findings are virtually unchanged from our earlier analysis of programme content from 2010. Audiovisual tobacco content remains common in UK television programmes.

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