Quantifying audio visual alcohol imagery in popular Indian films: a content analysis

ObjectivesThough exposure to alcohol imagery in films is a significant determinant of uptake and severity of alcohol consumption among young people, there is poor evidence regarding the content of alcohol imagery in films in low-income and middle-income countries. We have measured alcohol imagery content and branding in popular Indian films, in total and in relation to language and age rating.DesignIn this observational study we measured alcohol imagery semiquantitatively using 5-minute interval coding. We coded each interval according to whether it contained alcohol imagery or brand appearances.SettingIndia.ParticipantsNone. Content analysis of a total of 30 national box office hit films over a period of 3 years from 2015 to 2017.Primary and secondary outcome measuresTo assess alcohol imagery in Indian films and its distribution in relation to age and language rating has been determined.ResultsThe 30 films included 22 (73%) Hindi films and 8 (27%) in regional languages. Seven (23%) were rated suitable for viewing by all ages (U), and 23 (77%) rated as suitable for viewing by children subject to parental guidance for those aged under 12 (UA). Any alcohol imagery was seen in 97% of the films, with 195 of a total of 923 5-minute intervals, and actual alcohol use in 25 (83%) films, in 90 (10%) intervals. The occurrence of these and other categories of alcohol imagery was similar in U-rated and UA-rated films, and in Hindi and local language films. Episodes of alcohol branding occurred in 10 intervals in five films.ConclusionAlmost all films popular in India contain alcohol imagery, irrespective of age rating and language. Measures need to be undertaken to limit alcohol imagery in Indian films to protect the health of young people, and to monitor alcohol imagery in other social media platforms in future.

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Psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemic in low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of older persons in Thailand

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047650 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e047650

Author(s):

Wiraporn Pothisiri ◽

Paolo Miguel Manalang Vicerra

Keyword(s):

Psychological Distress ◽

Low Income ◽

Older Persons ◽

Online Survey ◽

Well Being ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Ageing Society ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Middle Income ◽

The Impact

ObjectiveThe COVID-19 situation in Thailand was controlled with various social measures. Much of the information covered in the media and in studies focused on the public health and economic aspects of the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the psychological well-being of older people, which is important especially in an ageing society categorised as low income or middle income due to the limits of economic and healthcare resources.SettingThe impact of COVID-19 on older persons in Thailand, an online survey, taken across nine provinces within the five regions of the country.ParticipantsInformation was collected from 1230 adults aged at least 60 years old.If an older person was illiterate, unable to access the internet or had a disability preventing them from responding to the survey, an intermediary residing in the community conducted the survey interview.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe analysis focused on the worries of older adults and the factors associated with psychological distress experienced during the pandemic using logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe majority of people aged at least 60 years old experienced psychological distress during COVID-19. Employment loss (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.38), inadequate income (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.44) and debt incursion (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.57 to 4.80) were detrimental to psychological well-being. The negative changes in the perception of their health status (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.99) and decreased life satisfaction (OR 1.49, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.87) also weighed on older Thais. The protective factors for psychological well-being were residing in rural areas (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.61) and being married (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.01).ConclusionObserving the concerns of the older population is important for introducing policies that can alleviate their precarious financial and health statuses.

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Cigarette stick as valuable communicative real estate: a content analysis of cigarettes from 14 low-income and middle-income countries

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053148 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 604-607 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Katherine C Smith ◽

Carmen Washington ◽

Kevin Welding ◽

Laura Kroart ◽

Adami Osho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Real Estate ◽

Low Income ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries

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Efficacy of deep learning methods for predicting under-five mortality in 34 low-income and middle-income countries

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034524 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. e034524

Author(s):

Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin ◽

Bela Stantic ◽

Jing Sun

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Low Income ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Middle Income ◽

Under Five ◽

Middle Income Countries

ObjectivesTo explore the efficacy of machine learning (ML) techniques in predicting under-five mortality (U5M) in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to identify significant predictors of U5M.DesignThis is a cross-sectional, proof-of-concept study.Settings and participantsWe analysed data from the Demographic and Health Survey. The data were drawn from 34 LMICs, comprising a total of n=1 520 018 children drawn from 956 995 unique households.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was U5M; secondary outcome was comparing the efficacy of deep learning algorithms: deep neural network (DNN); convolution neural network (CNN); hybrid CNN-DNN with logistic regression (LR) for the prediction of child’s survival.ResultsWe found that duration of breast feeding, number of antenatal visits, household wealth index, postnatal care and the level of maternal education are some of the most important predictors of U5M. We found that deep learning techniques are superior to LR for the classification of child survival: LR sensitivity=0.47, specificity=0.53; DNN sensitivity=0.69, specificity=0.83; CNN sensitivity=0.68, specificity=0.83; CNN-DNN sensitivity=0.71, specificity=0.83.ConclusionOur findings provide an understanding of determinants of U5M in LMICs. It also demonstrates that deep learning models are more efficacious than traditional analytical approach.

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A Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 Exposure in Low and Mid-Income Dairy Consumers in Kenya

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins10090348 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 348 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sara Ahlberg ◽

Delia Grace ◽

Gideon Kiarie ◽

Yumi Kirino ◽

Johanna Lindahl

Keyword(s):

Cancer Risk ◽

Low Income ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Informal Markets ◽

Public Health Perspective ◽

Worst Case ◽

Middle Income ◽

Low Income Families ◽

Almost All ◽

Risk Of Cancer

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a human carcinogen, is found in milk products and may have potentially severe health impacts on milk consumers. We assessed the risk of cancer and stunting as a result of AFM1 consumption in Nairobi, Kenya, using worst case assumptions of toxicity and data from previous studies. Almost all (99.5%) milk was contaminated with AFM1. Cancer risk caused by AFM1 was lower among consumers purchasing from formal markets (0.003 cases per 100,000) than for low-income consumers (0.006 cases per 100,000) purchasing from informal markets. Overall cancer risk (0.004 cases per 100,000) from AFM1 alone was low. Stunting is multifactorial, but assuming only AFM1 consumption was the determinant, consumption of milk contaminated with AFM1 levels found in this study could contribute to 2.1% of children below three years in middle-income families, and 2.4% in low-income families, being stunted. Overall, 2.7% of children could hypothetically be stunted due to AFM1 exposure from milk. Based on our results AFM1 levels found in milk could contribute to an average of −0.340 height for age z-score reduction in growth. The exposure to AFM1 from milk is 46 ng/day on average, but children bear higher exposure of 3.5 ng/kg bodyweight (bw)/day compared to adults, at 0.8 ng/kg bw/day. Our paper shows that concern over aflatoxins in milk in Nairobi is disproportionate if only risk of cancer is considered, but that the effect on stunting children might be much more significant from a public health perspective; however, there is still insufficient data on the health effects of AFM1.

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Distributing development assistance for health: simulating the implications of 11 criteria

Health Economics Policy and Law ◽

10.1017/s1744133116000487 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 245-263

Author(s):

Trygve Ottersen ◽

Suerie Moon ◽

John-Arne Røttingen

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Economic Transition ◽

Development Assistance ◽

National Income ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Economic Downturn ◽

Middle Income ◽

Development Assistance For Health ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Almost All

AbstractAfter years of unprecedented growth in development assistance for health (DAH), the DAH system is challenged on several fronts: by the economic downturn and stagnation of DAH, by the epidemiological transition and increase in non-communicable diseases and by the economic transition and rise of the middle-income countries. Central to any potent response is a fair and effective allocation of DAH across countries. A myriad of criteria has been proposed or is currently used, but there have been no comprehensive assessment of their distributional implications. We simulated the implications of 11 quantitative allocation criteria across countries and country categories. We found that the distributions varied profoundly. The group of low-income countries received most DAH from needs-based criteria linked to domestic capacity, while the group of upper-middle-income countries was most favoured by an income-inequality criterion. Compared to a baseline distribution guided by gross national income per capita, low-income countries received less DAH by almost all criteria. The findings can inform funders when examining and revising the criteria they use, and provide input to the broader debate about what criteria should be used.

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E-Learning’s “De Facto” Implementation Probabilities in Educational Sector: A Preliminary Estimation if Confinement Should Be Extended in Covid-19 Crisis Context

Journal of Public Administration and Governance ◽

10.5296/jpag.v10i3.17509 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 122

Author(s):

Semliko Fulbert DOSSOU

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Probabilistic Method ◽

Traditional Education ◽

Quality Performance ◽

Middle Income ◽

Hybrid Education ◽

The World ◽

E Learning ◽

Almost All ◽

Electricity Access

Background: Before the Covid-19 breakout, some debates' subjects were left hanging in the education area: the E-Learning integration. With the pandemic impact (making closed almost all schools in the same month), the debate gained again importance. Among the temporal Anti-Covid-19 measures adopted, was the replacement of classic education by distance-online education.Purpose: This article attempted a preliminary estimate related to the probabilities of E-learning’s ‘‘de facto’’ implementation in different countries groups of the world if the confinement should be extended in Covid-19 crisis context.Methods/Approach: The probabilistic method was adopted to analyze 143 countries including (49 High income, 40 upper-middle-income, 33 lower-middle-income, and 21 low-income economies). The main variables (related to E-learning), collected from official sources in the Covid-19 period were: Access-to-electricity, Access-to-Internet, Access-to-Multimedia-Devices (Personal-Computer, Tablet and/or Smartphone).Results: Results showed that the probabilities of E-learning's ''de facto'' implementation would be around 0.6502 in the world, 0.8731 in High-Incomes, 0.7075 in Upper-Middle-Incomes, 0.5272 in Lower-Middle-Incomes, and 0.2950 in Low-Income economies.Originality/value: (1) In the past, "suddenly closing almost all schools in the world" would be inadmissible. Everyone can henceforth believe in that eventuality after the experience with Covid-19. In this context, this research shows the need to reconsider E-learning or at least, a new hybrid education model as a "plan B" for future times. Thanks to technological integration, online and traditional education could go hand in hand, even after the Covid-19. (2) This study reminds the importance of speeding up the resolution of certain thorny (pending) problems such as access to energy and the development of educational infrastructure in certain regions of the world. The quality, performance and success of the educational component depend on it.

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50-year mortality trends in children and young people: a study of 50 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries

Child Care Health and Development ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01250_5.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 608-609

Author(s):

Richard Reading

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Low Income ◽

High Income ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Middle Income ◽

Children And Young People

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Quantifying alcohol audio-visual content in UK broadcasts of the 2018 Formula 1 Championship: a content analysis and population exposure

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037035 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. e037035

Author(s):

Alexander Barker ◽

Magdalena Opazo-Breton ◽

Emily Thomson ◽

John Britton ◽

Bruce Grant-Braham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Young People ◽

Census Data ◽

Population Exposure ◽

Sporting Events ◽

Alcohol Content ◽

Minute Interval ◽

Per Capita ◽

Advertising To Children ◽

The Uk

ObjectivesExposure to alcohol imagery is associated with subsequent alcohol use among young people, and UK broadcasting regulations protect young people from advertising alcohol content in UK television. However, alcohol promotion during sporting events, a significant potential medium of advertising to children, is exempt. We report an analysis and estimate the UK population exposure to, alcohol content, including branding, in UK broadcasts of the 2018 Formula 1 (F1) Championship.SettingUK.ParticipantsNone. Content analysis of broadcast footage of 21 2018 F1 Championship races on Channel 4, using 1-minute interval coding of any alcohol content, actual or implied use, other related content or branding. Census data and viewing figures were used to estimate gross and per capita alcohol impressions.ResultsAlcohol content occurred in all races, in 1613 (56%) 1-minute intervals of race footage and 44 (9%) of intervals across 28% of advertisement breaks. The most prominent content was branding, occurring in 51% of race intervals and 7% of advertisement break intervals, appearing predominantly on billboard advertisements around the track, with the Heineken and Johnnie Walker brands being particularly prominent. The 21 races delivered an estimated 3.9 billion alcohol gross impressions (95% CI 3.6 to 4.3) to the UK population, including 154 million (95% CI 124 to 184) to children, and 3.6 billion alcohol gross impressions of alcohol branding, including 141 million impressions to children. Branding was also shown in race footage from countries where alcohol promotion is prohibited.ConclusionsAlcohol content was highly prevalent in the 2018 F1 Championship broadcasts, delivering millions of alcohol impressions to young viewers. This exposure is likely to represent a significant driver of alcohol consumption among young people.

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Tobacco and alcohol content in soap operas broadcast on UK television: a content analysis and population exposure

Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/pubmed/fdaa091 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander B Barker ◽

John Britton ◽

Emily Thomson ◽

Rachael L Murray

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Content Analysis ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Young People ◽

Population Exposure ◽

Soap Operas ◽

Alcohol Content ◽

Minute Interval ◽

The Uk

ABSTRACT Background Exposure to tobacco and alcohol content in media is a risk factor for smoking and alcohol use in young people. Our previous research suggested that tobacco and alcohol imagery is common in soap operas. We now report an analysis of tobacco and alcohol content in a sample of soap operas broadcast in the UK. Methods We used 1-minute interval coding to quantify tobacco and alcohol content in all episodes (including advertisement breaks) of six soap operas broadcast on UK television during three separate weeks in November and December 2018 and January 2019. Results We coded 2222 intervals from 87 episodes and 360 intervals from 77 advertisement breaks. Tobacco content was rare, occurring in 4% of all intervals across 30% of episodes, the only tobacco appearances in adverts appeared in anti-smoking advertising. Alcohol occurred in 24% of intervals across 95% of episodes and in 13% of advertisement intervals. The programmes delivered ~381.28 million tobacco and 2.1 billion alcohol gross impressions to the UK population, including 18.91 million tobacco and 113 million alcohol gross impressions to children. Conclusion Whilst tobacco was rare, alcohol content was common, resulting in billions of viewer impressions. Soap operas represent a potential driver of alcohol consumption in young people.

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