Cross-sectional study of paediatric case mix presenting to an emergency centre in Cape Town, South Africa, during COVID-19

ObjectiveTo describe and compare the effect of level 5 lockdown measures on the workload and case mix of paediatric patients presenting to a district-level emergency centre in Cape Town, South Africa.MethodsPaediatric patients (<13 years) presenting to Mitchells Plain Hospital were included. The level 5 lockdown period (27 March 2020–30 April 2020) was compared with similar 5-week periods immediately before (21 February 2020–26 March 2020) and after the lockdown (1 May 2020–4 June 2020), and to similar time periods during 2018 and 2019. Patient demographics, characteristics, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis, disposition and process times were collected from an electronic patient tracking and registration database. The χ2 test and the independent samples median test were used for comparisons.ResultsEmergency centre visits during the lockdown period (n=592) decreased by 58% compared with 2019 (n=1413) and by 56% compared with the 2020 prelockdown period (n=1342). The proportion of under 1 year olds increased by 10.4% (p<0.001), with a 7.4% increase in self-referrals (p<0.001) and a 6.9% reduction in referrals from clinics (p<0.001). Proportionally more children were referred to inpatient disciplines (5.6%, p=0.001) and to a higher level of care (3.9%, p=0.004). Significant reductions occurred in respiratory diseases (66.9%, p<0.001), injuries (36.1%, p<0.001) and infectious diseases (34.1%, p<0.001). All process times were significantly different between the various study periods.ConclusionSignificantly less children presented to the emergency centre since the implementation of the COVID-19 lockdown, with marked reductions in respiratory and infectious-related diseases and in injuries.

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Epidemiology of transport accidents based on international statistical classification of diseases (ICD-10) in Mashhad, Iran

International Electronic Journal of Medicine ◽

10.31661/iejm801 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Masoumeh Sarbaz

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Statistical Classification ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Classification Of Diseases ◽

Icd 10 ◽

International Statistical Classification ◽

Study Population ◽

Transport Accidents

Background: Road accidents are one of the main causes of death worldwide and the second cause of death in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of transport accidents based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) in patients who referred to trauma department of academic hospitals affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in the northeast of Iran. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed from March 20, 2013, to March 20, 2014. The study population included all records of inpatients referred due to transport accidents (9162 cases), to the three specialized trauma hospitals. Result: Majority of the patients involved in transport accidents were men (75%). Most transport accidents included motorcycle riders (39.36%), car occupants (26.21%) and pedestrians (24.82%), respectively. Most of the accidents occurred in summer (33.2%) and spring (26%). Majority of the accidents occurred between 6 PM to 8 PM, and fewer accidents occurred in the early hours of the day. Conclusion: Policymakers should consider more, groups at high risks, such as pedestrians and motorcyclist. Keywords: ICD-10, Transport Accident, Epidemiology, Iran

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Vitamin D status in adult patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer in Cape Town, South Africa: a cross-sectional study

International Journal of Dermatology ◽

10.1111/ijd.14068 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 57 (8) ◽

pp. 922-927

Author(s):

Linda van Deventer ◽

Susanna M.H. Kannenberg ◽

Jacques du Toit

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Skin Cancer ◽

Cape Town ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer ◽

Adult Patients ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

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Feasibility, Yield, and Cost of Active Tuberculosis Case Finding Linked to a Mobile HIV Service in Cape Town, South Africa: A Cross-sectional Study

PLoS Medicine ◽

10.1371/journal.pmed.1001281 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. e1001281 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Katharina Kranzer ◽

Stephen D. Lawn ◽

Gesine Meyer-Rath ◽

Anna Vassall ◽

Eudoxia Raditlhalo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Cape Town ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Case Finding ◽

Active Tuberculosis ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Tuberculosis Case ◽

Cross Sectional

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Using a retrospective cross-sectional study to analyse unintentional fatal drowning in Australia: ICD-10 coding-based methodologies verses actual deaths

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019407 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. e019407 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Amy E Peden ◽

Richard C Franklin ◽

Alison J Mahony ◽

Justin Scarr ◽

Paul D Barnsley

Keyword(s):

Causes Of Death ◽

International Classification Of Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Life Saving ◽

Classification Of Diseases ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Underlying Causes ◽

Icd Codes ◽

Underlying Cause Of Death

ObjectivesFatal drowning estimates using a single underlying cause of death (UCoD) may under-represent the number of drowning deaths. This study explores how data vary by International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 coding combinations and the use of multiple underlying causes of death using a national register of drowning deaths.DesignAn analysis of ICD-10 external cause codes of unintentional drowning deaths for the period 2007–2011 as extracted from an Australian total population unintentional drowning database developed by Royal Life Saving Society—Australia (the Database). The study analysed results against three reporting methodologies: primary drowning codes (W65-74), drowning-related codes, plus cases where drowning was identified but not the UCoD.SettingAustralia, 2007–2011.ParticipantsUnintentional fatal drowning cases.ResultsThe Database recorded 1428 drowning deaths. 866 (60.6%) had an UCoD of W65-74 (accidental drowning), 249 (17.2%) cases had an UCoD of either T75.1 (0.2%), V90 (5.5%), V92 (3.5%), X38 (2.4%) or Y21 (5.9%) and 53 (3.7%) lacked ICD coding. Children (aged 0–17 years) were closely aligned (73.9%); however, watercraft (29.2%) and non-aquatic transport (13.0%) were not. When the UCoD and all subsequent causes are used, 67.2% of cases include W65-74 codes. 91.6% of all cases had a drowning code (T75.1, V90, V92, W65-74, X38 and Y21) at any level.ConclusionDefining drowning with the codes W65-74 and using only the UCoD captures 61% of all drowning deaths in Australia. This is unevenly distributed with adults, watercraft and non-aquatic transport-related drowning deaths under-represented. Using a wider inclusion of ICD codes, which are drowning-related and multiple causes of death minimises this under-representation. A narrow approach to counting drowning deaths will negatively impact the design of policy, advocacy and programme planning for prevention.

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Diarrhoea among Children Aged under Five Years and Risk Factors in Informal Settlements: A Cross-Sectional Study in Cape Town, South Africa

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18116043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 6043

Author(s):

Thi Yen Chi Nguyen ◽

Bamidele Oladapo Fagbayigbo ◽

Guéladio Cissé ◽

Nesre Redi ◽

Samuel Fuhrimann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

South Africa ◽

Water Storage ◽

Cape Town ◽

Informal Settlements ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Hand Washing ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Under Five

Background: There is limited data on the association between diarrhoea among children aged under five years (U5D) and water use, sanitation, hygiene, and socio-economics factors in low-income communities. The study investigated U5D and the associated risk factors in the Zeekoe catchment in Cape Town, South Africa. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 707 households in six informal settlements (IS) two formal settlements (FS) (March–June 2017). Results: Most IS households used public taps (74.4%) and shared toilets (93.0%), while FS households used piped water on premises (89.6%) and private toilets (98.3%). IS respondents had higher average hand-washing scores than those of FS (0.04 vs. −0.14, p = 0.02). The overall U5D prevalence was 15.3% (range: 8.6%–24.2%) and was higher in FS than in IS (21.2% vs. 13.4%, respectively, p = 0.01). Water storage >12 h was associated with increasing U5D (OR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.00–3.55, p = 0.05). Water treatment (OR = 0.57, 95%CI 0.34–0.97, p = 0.04), good hand-washing practices (OR = 0.59, 95%CI 0.42–0.82, p = 0.002) and Hepatitis A vaccination (OR = 0.51, 95%CI 0.28–0.9, p = 0.02) had significant preventing effects on U5D. Conclusions: The study highlights that good hygiene practice is a key intervention against U5D in informal settlements. The promotion of hand-washing, proper water storage, and hygienic breastfeeding is highly recommended.

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Dietary Intake and Beliefs of Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes in Cape Town, South Africa

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10091183 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1183 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Stephanie M. Krige ◽

Sharmilah Booley ◽

Naomi S. Levitt ◽

Tawanda Chivese ◽

Katherine Murphy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Cape Town ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nutritional Guidelines

This study investigated the dietary intake of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their beliefs relating to the consumption of fruits and vegetables (F&V) and sugary foods and drinks. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 239 pregnant women with GDM in Cape Town. Dietary intake was assessed using a quantified Food Frequency Questionnaire and beliefs relating to food choices were assessed using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). The mean energy intake was 7268 KJ, carbohydrate was 220 (±104.5) g, protein 60.3 (±27.5) g and fat 67.7 (±44.2) g. The macronutrient distribution was 55% carbohydrates, 14.5% protein and 30.5% fat of total energy. The majority of the sample had inadequate intakes of vitamin D (87.4%), folate (96.5%) and iron (91.3%). The median (IQR) amount of added table sugar and sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) was 4.0 (0.00–12.5) g and 17.9 (0.0–132.8) mL per day, respectively. Only 31.4% met the recommendation (400 g per day) for F&V. Beliefs that it was not easy to exclude sugary foods/drinks and that knowing how to control cravings for sugary foods/drinks are areas to target messages on the sugar content of SSBs. In conclusion, the dietary intake of these women was not optimal and fell short of several nutritional guidelines for pregnant women with hyperglycaemia. The strongly held beliefs regarding sugary foods/drinks may contribute to poor adherence to nutritional guidelines among pregnant women with GDM in South Africa.

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A prospective, cross-sectional study of anaemia and peripheral iron status in antiretroviral naïve, HIV-1 infected children in Cape Town, South Africa

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/1471-2334-2-3 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Brian S Eley ◽

Alan A Sive ◽

Margaret Shuttleworth ◽

Gregory D Hussey

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Iron Status ◽

Cape Town ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hiv 1

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Factors impacting knowledge and use of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods by postpartum HIV positive and negative women in Cape Town, South Africa: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/1471-2458-12-197 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Sarah Credé ◽

Theresa Hoke ◽

Deborah Constant ◽

Mackenzie S Green ◽

Jennifer Moodley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Cape Town ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Contraceptive Methods ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Long Acting

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The prevalence of refractive error in three communities of Cape Town, South Africa

African Vision and Eye Health ◽

10.4102/aveh.v71i1.65 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

Author(s):

M. Otutu ◽

J. Nachega ◽

J. Harvey ◽

D. Meyer

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Cape Town ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sampling Procedure ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Consent Forms

The prevalence, distribution and demographic associations of refractive error in three communities in Cape Town, South Africa were assessed. In this cross-sectional study, a clustered random sampling procedure was used to recruit participants (n=176; age=40.6±14.7 years; males=76, females=96) from Khayelitsha, Milnerton, and Mitchell’s Plain. From March to May 2010, participants underwent autore-fraction and subjective refraction eye examinations.A structured interview was used to collect data on sociodemographics, age, gender, level of education, employment and race. Participants younger than 15 years, non-residents, or residents for less than six months, who declined signing the informed consent forms were excluded from the study. In this study myopia was defined as the spherical equivalent value in the better eye of −1.00D or worse and hyperopia as the spherical equivalent value in the better eye of ≥1.00D. Astigmatism was defined as −0.50 cylinder or worse in the better eye. The prevalence of myopia was 17.4% with a 90% confidence interval (CI) of 12.65-22.15, hyperopia was 13.4% (90% CI 9.13-17.67), and astigmatism was 60% (90% CI 53.86-66.14). Myopia was found to be significantly associated with race and age; while hyperopia was significantly associated with age, employment and race. The results of this study may assist in planning for eye care on district level. (S Afr Optom 2012 71(1) 32-38)

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