scholarly journals Ischaemic heart disease in the former Soviet Union 1990–2015 according to the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study

Heart ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna Murphy ◽  
Catherine O Johnson ◽  
Gregory A Roth ◽  
Mohammad H Forouzanfar ◽  
Mohsen Naghavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Central Asian

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to compare ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality and risk factor burden across former Soviet Union (fSU) and satellite countries and regions in 1990 and 2015.MethodsThe fSU and satellite countries were grouped into Central Asian, Central European and Eastern European regions. IHD mortality data for men and women of any age were gathered from national vital registration, and age, sex, country, year-specific IHD mortality rates were estimated in an ensemble model. IHD morbidity and mortality burden attributable to risk factors was estimated by comparative risk assessment using population attributable fractions.ResultsIn 2015, age-standardised IHD death rates in Eastern European and Central Asian fSU countries were almost two times that of satellite states of Central Europe. Between 1990 and 2015, rates decreased substantially in Central Europe (men −43.5% (95% uncertainty interval −45.0%, −42.0%); women −42.9% (−44.0%, −41.0%)) but less in Eastern Europe (men −5.6% (−9.0, –3.0); women −12.2% (−15.5%, −9.0%)). Age-standardised IHD death rates also varied within regions: within Eastern Europe, rates decreased −51.7% in Estonian men (−54.0, −47.0) but increased +19.4% in Belarusian men (+12.0, +27.0). High blood pressure and cholesterol were leading risk factors for IHD burden, with smoking, body mass index, dietary factors and ambient air pollution also ranking high.ConclusionsSome fSU countries continue to experience a high IHD burden, while others have achieved remarkable reductions in IHD mortality. Control of blood pressure, cholesterol and smoking are IHD prevention priorities.

Central and Eastern Europe & The Republics of the Former Soviet Union: Guide to Current Sources of Laws and Other Documents in English

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-190
Author(s):  
Marta Kiszely
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Electronic Format ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
English Translations ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Due to the rapid changes in the legal systems of Central and Eastern European countries and the republics of the former Soviet Union, the question that researchers and librarians nowadays face is how to get current foreign materials in English in a reliable published form. Only two years ago the problem was that there were no comprehensive, consistent, and current sources in English translations. Today the problem is not so much finding sources as being certain of the reliability and continuity of the available sources. There is a boom in new publications and services (both primary and secondary, both in paper and in electronic format), but one cannot always count on them for timely, regular publication, and consistent scope of coverage.

scholarly journals El rol de Europa del Este en el principio de cohesión de la Unión Europea. Hacia una incompleta integración

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Borja Villalgordo Pujalte ◽  
Manuel Hernández Pedreño
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Rates Of Convergence ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Institutional Response ◽  
Europe 2020

La Unión Europea viene promoviendo la consecución de la cohesión social y económica desde sus Tratados Constitutivos. El alcance de este objetivo se ha visto ralentizado por varios motivos, como la entrada de los países de Europa del Este que ha supuesto un aumento de la heterogeneidad en la Unión; o por el diferente impacto de la reciente crisis económica en los distintos países. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el proceso de convergencia/divergencia de los países de Europa del Este en los parámetros socioeconómicos de la Unión Europea que fomentan la cohesión social y económica. La hipótesis de partida es que estos países han mantenido diferentes ritmos de convergencia con la Unión Europea por conformar un bloque heterogéneo, explicado por varios factores: el tiempo de permanencia en la Unión, la influencia de la Unión Soviética, el impacto de la Estrategia Europa 2020 o la situación de la que partían antes de entrar en la Unión. La metodología empleada es mixta, combinando la entrevista a profesionales con el análisis estadístico de los diferentes comportamientos sociales, económicos y políticos en los países de Europa del Este desde el estallido de la crisis hasta ahora. En la comparativa se consideran tres ámbitos de actuación, correspondientes a las principales áreas que conforman la política social y que se integran como objetivos dentro de la Estrategia Europa 2020 (ingresos, trabajo y educación), al tiempo que se incluye la respuesta institucional ofrecida por los diferentes países. European Union has been promoting the achievement of social and economic cohesion since the Treaty Establishing the European Community. A true embodiment of this goal has been slowed down by several reasons, such as the attachment of Eastern Europe countries that increased the heterogeneity in the European Union; or how European countries dealt with the latest economic recession that took place in 2008. The aim of this paper is to analyse the process of convergence/divergence among Eastern Europe countries and European Union based in a few parameters that foster the economic and social cohesion. The hypothesis is that countries from East of Europe have kept different rates of convergence with the European Union because they shape a heterogeneous group of countries due to several factors: accession year of each country to the European Union, influence of the former Soviet Union, Europe 2020 Strategy’s repercussion or the previous situation where these countries come from before being full members of the European Union. In this paper, a mixed methodology was applied, combining interviews with professionals in different fields of knowledge with the statistical analysis of social, economic and political behaviours in the Eastern European Union countries since the outbreak of the crisis until now. In this comparative, three fields of action have been considered as the main areas that compose social policy and are also integrated in the European 2020 Strategy (incomes, work and education), combined with the institutional response offered by these countries.

scholarly journals The positive relationship between alcohol and heart disease in eastern Europe: potential physiological mechanisms

1998 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 402-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Mckee ◽  
Annie Britton
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Increased Risk

Research into the effect of alcohol on cardiovascular disease has indicated protective effects from moderate consumption. These observations, made in industrialized countries, have influenced policies on alcohol in countries where the situation may be quite different—specifically, where consumption is substantially higher or patterns of drinking are different. In central and eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, a growing body of epidemiological research indicates a positive rather than negative association between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular deaths, especially sudden cardiac deaths. By means of a systematic review of published work, we examine whether there is a physiological basis for the observed association between alcohol and heart disease seen in eastern Europe, focusing on the effects of high levels of consumption and of irregular or binge drinking. In binge drinkers, cardioprotective changes in high-density lipoproteins are not seen, and adverse changes in low-density lipoproteins are acquired. Irregular drinking is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, occurring after cessation of drinking. It predisposes both to histological changes in the myocardium and conducting system and to a reduction in the threshold for ventricular fibrillation. Measures of frequency as well as quantity of consumption should be included in epidemiological studies. Taken with the epidemiological evidence emerging from eastern Europe, these observations have important implications for estimates of the burden of disease attributable to alcohol.

Institutions, Nationalism, and the Transition Process in Eastern Europe

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetozar Pejovich
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Convincing Case ◽  
Current Production ◽  
Eastern European Countries

In the late 1980s, the actual accomplishments of capitalism finally made a convincing case against socialism. After several decades of experimentation with human beings, socialism in the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries (hereafter, Eastern Europe) died an inglorious death. To an economist, the present value of the expected future benefits from socialism fell relative to their current production costs. And Marx was finally dead and, hopefully, buried.

scholarly journals How Far Has the Transition Progressed?

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Murrell
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Democratic Capitalism ◽  
Early Results

As the opening contribution to a four-page symposium, this paper provides an overview of the economic transformation in reforming countries of eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, describing reforms, their consequences, and lessons economists might derive from transition. The topics covered are political developments, liberalization, institutional reconstruction, reforms of systems for social protection, and the early results of transition. The final section considers future possibilities in the light of the last few years’ events, concluding that the process of democratic capitalism is well established in central Europe, but uncertainty still prevails in most of the former Soviet Union.

Epidemiology and global burden of ischaemic heart disease

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 297-304
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ischaemic Heart Disease ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Death Rates

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of disease burden worldwide, mostly due to 7.0 million IHD deaths. Age standardized IHD death rates declined in most countries at the end of the twentieth century, but rates have remained high in the countries of the former Soviet Union. Now, about two-thirds of global IHD burden falls on middle-income nations. IHD death or disability is more likely to impact the middle-aged working population of these countries.

Social and economic changes and health in Europe East and West

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL MARMOT ◽  
MARTIN BOBAK
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Socioeconomic Changes ◽  
Health And Disease

The health status of populations of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union underwent major changes after the fall of communism. While mortality started declining in Central Europe, mortality in Russia and most other countries of the former Soviet Union rose dramatically and has yet to improve. In terms of the socioeconomic changes, some countries (mainly Central Europe) were able to contain the fall in income and rise in income inequalities, but across the former Soviet Union gross domestic product plummeted and income inequality grew rapidly. This led to two types of inequality: first, the widening gap in mortality between countries, and second, the increasing social gradient in health and disease within countries. The thrust of our argument is that the disadvantages in health in Eastern Europe, and the growing social inequalities in health in the region, are direct results of the social changes, and that psychosocial factors played a pivotal role in the health pattern seen in Central and Eastern Europe.

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