scholarly journals Non-pharmaceutical interventions and COVID-19 cases in US summer camps: results from an American Camp Association survey

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2021-216711
Author(s):  
Helen H Suh ◽  
Julianne Meehan ◽  
Laura Blaisdell ◽  
Laurie Browne
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Summer Camps ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Scale Format ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

BackgroundMost camps remained closed during Summer 2020, due to concerns regarding child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and limited information about the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) within child congregate settings.MethodsWe surveyed US camps about on-site operations, camper and staff demographics, COVID-19 cases among campers and staff, and NPI usage as related to pre-camp quarantine, facial coverings, physical distancing, cleaning and facility modifications. For all NPIs, save quarantine, responses were provided on a 5-point Likert scale format.ResultsWithin 486 on-site camps, a range of NPIs were instituted, most often related to reduced camper interactions, staff face coverings, cleaning and hand hygiene. Camper facial coverings were less common, with campers always wearing masks at ~34% of the camps. Approximately 15% of camps reported 1+ confirmed COVID-19 case in either campers or staff, with three camps reporting a COVID-19 outbreak. In both single and multi-NPI analyses, the risk of COVID-19 cases was lowest when campers always wore facial coverings. Constant use of staff facial coverings and targeted physical distancing measures, but not pre-camp quarantine, also reduced COVID-19 risks.ConclusionsWe found constant facial coverings, especially for campers, and targeted physical distancing measures to reduce risks of SARS-CoV-2 transmission within summer camps. Our findings provide valuable insights for future operations of summer camps and other child congregate settings regarding the use of NPIs to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on Child and Staff COVID-19 Cases in US Summer Camps

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen H. Suh ◽  
Julianne Meehan ◽  
Laura Blaisdell ◽  
Laurie Browne
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
National Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Summer Camps ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Effective Constant ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Us ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractBackgroundMost camps remained closed during Summer 2020, due to concerns regarding child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and limited information about the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) within child congregate settings.MethodsWe surveyed US camps about on-site operations, camper and staff demographics, COVID-19 cases amongst campers and staff, and NPI usage as related to pre-camp quarantines, facial coverings, physical distancing, cleaning, and facility modifications. For all NPIs, save quarantines, responses were provided on a 5-point Likert scale format.ResultsWithin 486 on-site camps, a range of NPIs were instituted, most often related to reduced camper interactions, staff face coverings, cleaning, and hand hygiene. Camper facial coverings were less common, with campers always wearing masks at ∼34% of the camps. Approximately 15% of camps reported 1+ confirmed COVID-19 case in either campers or staff, with three camps reporting a COVID outbreak. In both single and multi-NPI analyses, the risk of COVID-19 cases was lowest when campers always wore facial coverings. While less effective, constant use of staff facial coverings and targeted physical distancing measures, but not pre-camp quarantine, also reduced COVID-19 risks.ConclusionsWe found constant facial coverings, especially for campers, and targeted physical distancing measures to reduce risks of SARS-CoV-2 transmission within summer camps. Our findings provide valuable guidance for future operations of camp and other child congregate settings with regard to efficient and effective NPI usage to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection.What’s Known on This SubjectApproximately 82% of US overnight camps did not open during Summer 2020 due to concerns regarding children’s ability to transmit SARS-CoV-2. Camps that did operate during this time instituted varied non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission, with little information available on the effectiveness of these NPIs within child congregate settings. Large population-based studies are needed to improve our understanding of the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst children and their caregivers and to determine whether and to what degree child congregate programs can safely open during the pandemic.What This Study AddsOur study, the largest survey of COVID-19 cases in child congregate settings at the national level, provides new information on the relative effectiveness of NPIs on mitigating COVID cases among children and staff within camp settings. We showed COVID-19 case rates in campers and staff to be low relative to corresponding case rates in the US and found constant camper facial coverings to be the most effective risk reduction method for SARS-CoV-2 transmission within camps. While less effective, constant use of staff facial coverings and targeted physical distancing measures, but not pre-camp quarantines, were also shown to reduce COVID-19 risks. Our findings has important implications for child congregate settings, helping to guide their successful opening and operation.

Is the Likert Scale Format Culturally Biased?

1988 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 185???186 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACQUELYN H. FLASKERUD
Keyword(s):  
Likert Scale ◽  
Scale Format

scholarly journals Important but Impractical: Hand Hygiene Among Operating Room Anesthesia Providers

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s285-s286
Author(s):  
Sadie Mae Moseley ◽  
Andrea Ankrum ◽  
Normidaris Jimenez ◽  
Alyssa Guthrie ◽  
Felicia Scaggs Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Nurse Anesthetists ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Anesthesia Providers ◽  
Performance Barriers ◽  
High Adherence ◽  
Suboptimal Adherence ◽  
Inductive Thematic Analysis

Background: Use of the WHO 5 Moments of Hand Hygiene (HH) by operating room (OR) anesthesia personnel has been called by some logistically unfeasible, despite evidence that HH can reduce patients’ risk of pathogen acquisition. We developed and implemented a set of 7 moments based on WHO guidance (Fig 1) with high adherence. We conducted this study 6 months later to determine whether the improvement was sustained. In addition, we sought to understand practices, beliefs, barriers, and perceptions among anesthesia providers regarding HH. Methods: We measured HH adherence by direct observation using locally developed 7 moments tailored to the anesthesia workflow during June–August 2019. Adherence was defined as the percentage of observed HH performed when a moment occurred. We used the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a framework to conduct 11 individual interviews (8 attending anesthesiologists and 3 certified nurse anesthetists) with a semistructured instrument that included Likert scale and open-ended questions. Interview transcripts were reviewed and a codebook of themes was created through inductive thematic analysis. Resultant themes and Likert scale averages were grouped by the 3 key TPB variables. Results: In total, 294 HH moments were observed for 50 anesthesia providers during 36 cases. The average HH adherence was 21.1% with the highest adherence moment being after patient contact (61.7%). Interview participants stated universally that HH was important for patient care, but acknowledged barriers to performance. Barriers cited included interruption in workflow, a lack of evidence, lack of clarity of HH standard, and limited availability of product. Conclusions: Adherence to the 7 moments of HH for anesthesia providers was not sustained after 6 months. Providers identified numerous barriers to HH, including a lack of knowledge of a standard, as reasons for suboptimal adherence. These data suggest future interventions could be designed to address gaps in knowledge and remove barriers to improve HH adherence among OR anesthesia providers.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

scholarly journals What it takes to save lives: An assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities in temporary COVID-19 isolation and treatment centers of Southern Ethiopia: A mixed-methods evaluation

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256086
Author(s):  
Aiggan Tamene
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Care Facilities

Background Quality water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities act as barricades to the transmission of COVID-19 in health care facilities. These facilities ought to also be available, accessible, and functional in temporary treatment centers. Despite numerous studies on health care facilities, however, there is limited information on the status of WASH facilities in such centers. Methods The assessment of health care facilities for the COVID-19 response checklist and key informant interviews, were used for data collection. 35 treatment centers in Southern Ethiopia were surveyed. Eightkey informants were interviewed to gain an understanding of the WASH conditions in the treatment centers. The Quantitative data was entered using EPI-INFO 7 and exported to SPSS 20 for analysis. Results are presented using descriptive statistics. Open Code 4.02 was used for the thematic analysis of the qualitative data. Results Daily water supply interruptions occurred at 27 (77.1%) of the surveyed sites. Only 30 (85.72%) had bathrooms that were segregated for personnel and patients, and only 3 (3.57%) had toilets that were handicapped accessible. 20(57.2%) of the treatment centers did not have a hand hygiene protocol that satisfied WHO guidelines. In terms of infection prevention and control, 16 (45.71%) of the facilities lacked adequate personal protective equipment stocks. Between urban and rural areas, there was also a significant difference in latrine maintenance, hand hygiene protocol design and implementation, and incineration capacity. Conclusion The results reveal crucial deficiencies in the provision of WASH in the temporary COVID-19 treatment centers. Efforts to improve WASH should offer priority to hygiene service interventions to minimize the risk of healthcare-acquired infections. The sustainable provision of hygiene services, such as hand washing soap, should also be given priority.

Development and validation of an educational video on the care for children using a semi-implantable catheter

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verônica Braga Corrêa ◽  
Liliane Faria da Silva ◽  
Ana Luiza Dorneles da Silveira ◽  
Fernanda Garcia Bezerra Góes ◽  
Michelle Darezzo Rodrigues Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Technology ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Educational Video ◽  
Concordance Index ◽  
Methodological Research ◽  
Catheter Complications ◽  
Development And Validation

ABSTRACT Objectives: To develop and validate an educational video for family members of children with leukemia using a semi-implantable catheter. Method: Methodological research, carried out from 2018 to 2020 in six stages: search for themes through interviews with family members of children with leukemia using a semi-implantable catheter at the Institute of Pediatrics of Rio de Janeiro; theoretical study; video development; online validation with expert judges; adequacy of the video and validation with family members. Interviews analyzed with Iramuteq software and validation with Likert scale considering validated items with a concordance index of 90%. Results: The themes hand hygiene, dressing and catheter fixation; bath care and catheter complications were addressed in an animated video created and validated with a concordance index of 97% among judges and 100% by family members. Conclusion: The study valued the participation of family members in all conception of the video and created a validated educational technology of far reaching and easy to use.

scholarly journals Cleaning Staff’s Attitudes about Hand Hygiene in a Metropolitan Hospital in Australia: A Qualitative Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marguerite Sendall ◽  
Laura McCosker ◽  
Kate Halton
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infections ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Improve Hand Hygiene ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Hygiene Compliance ◽  
Cleaning Staff ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Hospital Cleaning

Background: In 2009, the National Hand Hygiene Initiative (NHHI) was implemented in hospitals across Australia with the aim of improving hand hygiene practices and reducing healthcare-associated infections. Audits conducted post-implementation showed the lowest rates of compliance with hand hygiene practices are among operational staff including hospital cleaners. There is limited information about hand hygiene issues in hospital cleaners to inform development of evidence-based interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in this group. Aim: This qualitative study was undertaken to explore the attitudes of hospital cleaning staff regarding hand hygiene and the National Hand Hygiene Initiative. Methodology: Focus groups were conducted with 12 cleaning staff at a large Australian hospital implementing the National Hand Hygiene Initiative. Findings: Hospital cleaners recognise the importance of hand hygiene in preventing healthcare-associated infections. Cleaners cite peer support, leadership, and the recognition and reward of those excelling in hand hygiene as strong motivators. Barriers to optimal hand hygiene practice include the presence of multiple conflicting guidelines, hand hygiene “overload” and a lack of contextualised education programs. This exploratory qualitative study reveals three themes about attitudes of hospital cleaning staff towards hand hygiene. These themes are: (1) “The culture of hand hygiene: It’s drummed into us”; (2) “Reminders and promotion for hand hygiene: We just need a big ‘Please wash your hands’ sign”; and (3) “The personal value of hand hygiene: Like he said, it’s second nature to us”. Conclusion: Hand-hygiene messages and training need to be more consistent and contextualised to achieve improvements in hand hygiene practices in hospital cleaning staff in Australia.

ANALISIS PSIKOMETRI INSTRUMEN OPTIMISME PADA MAHASISWA PENULIS SKRIPSI

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
Laurentius Purbo Christianto
Keyword(s):  
Scale Score ◽  
Item Analysis ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Reliability Test ◽  
Item Discrimination ◽  
Validity Test ◽  
The Right ◽  
Good Homogeneity ◽  
Scale Format

ABSTRACT The optimism of students in working on the thesis is important to know so that the faculty can make the right policy to ensure students who do the thesis immediately finish it. Related to this, this study tries to develop an optimism scale, which aims to measure optimism in students who work on thesis, in completing their thesis. This scale is a self-report inventory in a Likert scale format. The scale measures the level of respondents' approval of the items that support the construct of optimism. The greater the scale score, the greater the respondents' optimism, while the smaller the scale score, the respondents can be indicated to be less optimistic. Based on the item analysis the scale netted 11 items of scale which had good homogeneity and item discrimination scores. Furthermore, based on the validity test and reliability test, it is known that this scale is valid and reliable. Keyword: optimism, optimism scale

scholarly journals Access to Functional Handwashing Facilities and Associated Factors among South Sudanese Refugees in Rhino Camp Settlement, Northwestern Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Frank Namara ◽  
Hilbert Mendoza ◽  
Gloria Tumukunde ◽  
Solomon Tsebeni Wafula
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
South Sudanese ◽  
Home Based ◽  
History Of ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Sudanese Refugees ◽  
Prevalence Ratios

Background. Hand hygiene in refugee camp settlements remains an important measure against diarrhoeal infections. Refugee settings are characterised by overcrowding and inadequate access to water and hygiene facilities which favour proliferation of faecal-oral diseases. Handwashing with soap and water is therefore an effective way of preventing such diseases. Despite this knowledge, there is limited information about access to functional handwashing facilities in these settings and associated factors in Uganda. Methods. Quantitative data were collected from 312 refugee households in Rhino Camp Settlement, Northwestern Uganda, using a semistructured interviewer-administered questionnaire. A modified Poisson regression was used to obtain prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the determinants of access to a functional handwashing facility among refugee households. All analyses were performed using STATA 14.0 statistical software. Results. Of the 312 households, 123 (39.4%) had access to a handwashing facility, but only 72 (23.1%) of households had handwashing facilities that were functional. Duration of stay in the camp exceeding 3 years (adjusted PR = 2.63; 95% CI (1.73–4.00)) and history of receiving home-based education on hand hygiene (adjusted PR = 9.44; 95% CI (1.40–63.86)) were independent predictors of access to a functional handwashing facility. Conclusion. Access to functional handwashing facilities among the refugee households was low. Our findings highlight the need for more and continued handwashing promotional programs, most especially among newly arrived refugees in the camp.

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