scholarly journals Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 into and within immigrant households: nationwide registry study from Norway

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2021-217856
Author(s):  
Fredrik Methi ◽  
Rannveig Kaldager Hart ◽  
Anna Aasen Godøy ◽  
Silje Bakken Jørgensen ◽  
Oliver Kacelnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Secondary Case ◽  
Registry Study ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Vulnerable Households ◽  
Immigrant Household

BackgroundMinority groups and immigrants have been hit disproportionally hard by COVID-19 in many developed countries, including Norway.MethodsUsing individual-level registry data of all Norwegian residents, we compared infections across all multiperson households. A household with at least one member born abroad was defined as an immigrant household. In households where at least one person tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 from 1 August 2020 to 1 May 2021, we calculated secondary attack rates (SARs) as the per cent of other household members testing positive within 14 days. Logistic regression was used to adjust for sex, age, household composition and geography.ResultsAmong all multiperson households in Norway (n=1 422 411), at least one member had been infected in 3.7% of the 343 017 immigrant households and 1.4% in the 1 079 394 households with only Norwegian-born members. SARs were higher in immigrant (32%) than Norwegian-born households (20%). SARs differed considerably by region, and were particularly high in households from West Asia, Eastern Europe, Africa and Eastern Europe, also after adjustment for sex and age of the secondary case, household composition and geography.ConclusionSARS-CoV-2 is more frequently introduced into multiperson immigrant households than into households with only Norwegian-born members, and transmission within the household occurs more frequently in immigrant households. The results are likely related to living conditions, family composition or differences in social interaction, emphasising the need to prevent introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into these vulnerable households.

scholarly journals Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 into and within immigrant households. Nation-wide registry-study from Norway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Methi ◽  
Rannveig Kaldager Hart ◽  
Anna Aasen Godoy ◽  
Silje Bakken Jorgensen ◽  
Oliver Kacelnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
Registry Study ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Vulnerable Households ◽  
Minority Ethnic ◽  
Immigrant Household

Background: Minority ethnic groups and immigrants have been hit disproportionally hard by COVID-19 in many developed countries, including Norway. Most transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 occur in households. Methods: Using individual-level registry data of all Norwegian residents we compared infections across all multi-person households. A household with at least one member born abroad was defined as an immigrant household. For the subset of households where at least one person tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 from August 1st 2020 to May 1st 2021, we calculated secondary attack rates (SARs) as the percent of other household members testing positive within 14 days after the first household member tested positive. Logistic regression model was used to adjust for sex, age, household composition and geography. Results: Among all multi-person households in Norway (n=1 421 642), immigrant households (n=341 604) comprised more members on average (3.2) than households with only Norwegian-born members (2.8). The share of immigrant households where at least one member had been tested, was 56% (vs 49% in the households with only Norwegian-born members), and the share where at least one member was infected was 3.7% (vs 1.4% in households with only Norwegian-born members). Secondary attack rates were higher in immigrant (32%) than Norwegian-born households (20%). Results differed considerably by country of birth, with secondary attack rates particularly high in households from Syria, Iraq, Turkey, and Pakistan, also after adjustment for sex, age, household composition and geography. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 is more frequently introduced into multi-person immigrant households than into households with only Norwegian-born members, and transmission within the household occurs more frequently in immigrant households. The results are likely related to living conditions, family composition or differences in social interaction, emphasizing the need to prevent introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into these vulnerable households.

scholarly journals Risk of Low Birth Weight According to Household Composition in Brussels and Montreal: Do Income Support Policies Variations Explain the Differences Observed between Both Regions?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7936
Author(s):  
Mouctar Sow ◽  
Myriam De Spiegelaere ◽  
Marie-France Raynault
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
Vulnerable Households ◽  
Welfare Families ◽  
The Impact

Variations in social policy between countries provide opportunities to assess the impact of these policies on health inequities. This study compares the risk of low birth weight in Brussels and Montreal, according to household composition, and discusses the impact of income support policies. For each context, we estimated the impact of income support policies on the extent of poverty of welfare recipients, using the model family method. Based on the differences found, we tested hypotheses on the association between low birth weight and household composition, using administrative data from the birth register and social security in each region. The extent of poverty of welfare families differs according to household composition. In Quebec, the combination of low welfare benefits and larger family allowances widens the gap between households with children and those without children. The risk of LBW also differs between these two contexts according to the number of children. Compared to children born into large welfare families, first-born children are more at risk in Montreal than in Brussels. In addition to the usual comparative studies on the topic, our study highlights the importance of an evaluative perspective that considers the combination of different types of income support measures to better identify the most vulnerable households.

Environmental Behavior in Cross-National Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Pisano ◽  
Mark Lubell
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Behavior ◽  
National Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Education Development ◽  
Proenvironmental Behavior ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross National

This article seeks to explain cross-national differences on environmental behavior. After controlling for a series of sociodemographic and psychosocial factors, it was predicted that national levels of wealth, postmaterialism, education development, and environmental problems are positively related to environmental behavior. The national-level variance is to a substantial degree explained by individual-level variables, capturing compositional effects. The remaining variance is explained by the contextual-level variables. All of the country-level variables are predictors in the expected direction, with the exception of environmental degradation, which is negatively related to behavior, and education development, which has no impact on private environmental behavior. More importantly, cross-level interactions show that in more developed countries, there are stronger relationships between proecological attitudes and reported proenvironmental behavior. These findings contribute to the growing cross-cultural research on environmental behavior pointing out the necessity of simultaneously assessing the effects of both individual and contextual-level forces affecting behavior across nations.

scholarly journals Ethnicity, household composition and COVID-19 mortality: a national linked data study

2021 ◽  
pp. 014107682199997
Author(s):  
Vahé Nafilyan ◽  
Nazrul Islam ◽  
Daniel Ayoubkhani ◽  
Clare Gilles ◽  
Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
White Women ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Dependent Children ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Increased Risk

Objective To estimate the proportion of ethnic inequalities explained by living in a multi-generational household. Design Causal mediation analysis. Setting Retrospective data from the 2011 Census linked to Hospital Episode Statistics (2017-2019) and death registration data (up to 30 November 2020). Participants Adults aged 65 years or over living in private households in England from 2 March 2020 until 30 November 2020 (n=10,078,568). Main outcome measures Hazard ratios were estimated for COVID-19 death for people living in a multi-generational household compared with people living with another older adult, adjusting for geographic factors, socioeconomic characteristics and pre-pandemic health. Results Living in a multi-generational household was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 death. After adjusting for confounding factors, the hazard ratios for living in a multi-generational household with dependent children were 1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.30) and 1.21 (95% CI 1.06–1.38) for elderly men and women. The hazard ratios for living in a multi-generational household without dependent children were 1.07 (95% CI 1.01–1.13) for elderly men and 1.17 (95% CI 1.07–1.25) for elderly women. Living in a multi-generational household explained about 11% of the elevated risk of COVID-19 death among elderly women from South Asian background, but very little for South Asian men or people in other ethnic minority groups. Conclusion Elderly adults living with younger people are at increased risk of COVID-19 mortality, and this is a contributing factor to the excess risk experienced by older South Asian women compared to White women. Relevant public health interventions should be directed at communities where such multi-generational households are highly prevalent.

scholarly journals Economic Development and Growth in Central and Eastern Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-84
Author(s):  
Csilla Polster
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Migration Activity ◽  
Member States

The study investigates the economic growth in Central and Eastern Europe in the last 25 years. The economy can be regarded as a substantial topic in any country, but it is even more interesting in developing countries. One of the basic ideas of the European Union is the convergence between member states, namely the reduction of development disparities, which can be achieved through faster economic growth in less‑developed countries. Growth theory is one of the main topics in economics. Its significant importance is because the desire for development is one of the main driving forces of mankind. The aim of the study is to reveal the crucial differences and common features between the growth paths of the eleven Central and Eastern European member states of the European Union. After presenting growth theories, the growth performance of the examined Central and Eastern European member states is pinpointed. During the research, GDP per capita, population, migration, activity rate, employment rate, unemployment rate, foreign direct investment and foreign trade openness are considered.

Applying Behavioral and Social Science Theory to HIV Prevention

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-30
Author(s):  
R. A Crosby ◽  
R. J DiClemente
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Science Theory ◽  
Theory Application

Set in the context of high-impact prevention, this chapter provides a brief historical account of how theory application to HIV prevention has evolved from individual-level models to structural-level approaches. The chapter describes the value and limitations of applying behavioral science and social science theories to the pandemic and describes several models and theory-based approaches. It then proceeds to identify emerging, structural-level approaches to achieving population-level HIV prevention in developing and developed countries. The chapter distinguishes structural-level interventions from multilevel interventions, and it describes strengths and weaknesses of structural-level approaches to achieving high-impact prevention. In so doing, several critical principles of structural-level approaches are identified.

A Right to Education for All: The Meaning of Equal Educational Opportunities

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Hemelsoet
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
Conceptual Tool ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Irregular Migrants ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Equal Educational Opportunities

The debate on the social function of schooling is as old as the idea of schooling itself. In those discussions, the concept of equal opportunities is often referred to as a means or a strategy to pursue social equality. This article discusses four conceptions of equality, each referring to different notions of justice. In meritocratic, distributive and social equality of opportunities, the conceptualisation of equality is deduced from a particular societal order. The subject-oriented equality position, as an alternative, focuses on the consequences of these approaches at an individual level. A closer look at the everyday social practices of minority groups (in this case irregular migrants), is very useful in order to gain insight into these consequences. Are equal opportunities as a conceptual tool for educational policy making helpful to realise the ‘universal right to education’ that we are willing to offer to all? Conclusions will be drawn on how this universal right can be turned from merely a legal provision into a vivid practice in an educationally more promising way.

Does Individual Health Have Implications for Individuals’ Attitudes towards Minority Groups? A Case Study from the Greek Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (Special_Issue_1) ◽  
pp. i238-i252
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hall ◽  
Carolin Rapp ◽  
Terje Andreas Eikemo
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
System Functioning ◽  
Moral Crisis ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Immunological defence against pathogens and behavioural responses to members of other ethnic or racial groups may be understood as co-evolved solutions to a commonly recurring adaptive problem in our ancestral environment: the need to avoid infectious disease. In recent years, research on the concept of the behavioural immune system has highlighted behavioural defence, showing in particular that individual-level disgust sensitively is associated with greater prejudice towards members of other—particularly stigmatized—social groups. Stigma thus represents in part a human disease-avoidance strategy. This mechanism is thereby assumed to be particularly strong for individuals who report poor mental and/or physical health. In this article, we draw upon MIGHEAL data to examine how health vulnerabilities impact prejudice towards new immigrants in Greece—a key refugee- and migrant-receiving society. The findings have direct implications for the political consequences of health interventions: policies that result in enhanced immune-system functioning and resilience to health shocks may reduce prejudice towards new migrants, enhancing a society’s capacity to receive and integrate refugees and other migrants. Health policy may thus provide an avenue by which societies improve their responses to large-scale migration flows—a policy area that arguably represents the greatest moral crisis of our time.

scholarly journals Social Identification and Redistribution in Heterogeneous Federations: Evidence From Germany and Belgium

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1177-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Holm ◽  
Benny Geys
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Identification ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Redistributive Taxation ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Local Politicians

Recent evidence of increasing income heterogeneity within developed countries has reignited debates concerning the redistribution of income and wealth. In this article, we contribute to this debate by assessing the role of individuals’ jurisdictional identification for their preferences toward intrafederation redistributive financial flows. Incorporating insights from social identity theory in a model of redistributive taxation, we show that federal, rather than local, identification can lead individuals to shift their redistribution preferences independent of their narrowly defined personal economic interests. Moreover, contrary to conventional wisdom, welfare state support will sometimes be decreasing in national identification. We empirically assess these predictions using individual-level data from the 2008 German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) and a 2013-2014 survey among Belgian local politicians. Our findings provide strong support for the model’s core predictions in both settings.

Descentrando a crítica: a literatura das minorias

1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Eliana Lourenço de Lima Reis
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Edouard Glissant ◽  
Minor Literature ◽  
Henry Louis Gates ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Different Cultures

Partindo do conceito de "literatura menor" de Deleuze e Guattari, este trabalho procura mostrar como a literatura e a crítica são encaradas por autores pertencentes ao Terceiro Mundo e a grupos minoritários dentro dos grandes centros. Ao comparar as opiniões do martiniquense Edouard Glissant e do crítico negro americano Henry Louis Gates Jr. com as idéias de autores brasileiros contemporâneos, podemos perceber como, embora originários de culturas diversas, estes autores se aproximam em seus pontos de vista, principalmente na defesa do direito à diferença. Writers and critics of the Third World and of minority groups in developed countries, despite representing different cultures, share similar points of view, especially the affirmation of the right to one's difference. In the light of Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of "minor literature", this paper endeavors to present the ideas of the Martiniquan writer Edouard and of the Negro critic Henry Louis Gates, Jr., as well as to compare them to the opinions of some contemporary Brazilian writers and critics.

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