Light drinking during pregnancy: still no increased risk for socioemotional difficulties or cognitive deficits at 5 years of age?

Ample evidence from epidemiological studies has linked maternal obesity with metabolic disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes in the next generation. Recently, it was also shown that maternal obesity has long-term effects on the progeny’s central nervous system. However, very little is known regarding how maternal overnutrition may affect, in particular, the cognitive abilities of the offspring. We reported that first-generation offspring exposed to a maternal high-fat diet (MHFD) displayed age-dependent cognitive deficits. These deficits were associated with attenuations of amino acid levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus regions of MHFD offspring. Here, we tested the hypothesis that MHFD in mice may induce long-term cognitive impairments and neurochemical dysfunctions in the second and third generations. We found that MHFD led to cognitive disabilities and an altered response to a noncompetitive receptor antagonist of the N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor in adult MHFD offspring in both second and third generations in a sex-specific manner. Our results suggest that maternal overnutrition leads to an increased risk of developing obesity in subsequent generations as well as to cognitive impairments, affecting learning and memory processes in adulthood. Furthermore, MHFD exposure may facilitate pathological brain aging which is not a consequence of obesity. Our findings shed light on the long-term effects of maternal overnutrition on the development of the central nervous system and the underlying mechanisms which these traits relate to disease predisposition.

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Incidence of Delirium in Hospitalized Children with Cancer

Journal of Pediatrics & Neonatal Biology ◽

10.33140/jpnb.04.02.07 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Pediatric Intensive Care ◽

Limited Data ◽

Statistical Manual ◽

Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽

Dsm V ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Short Period ◽

Fluctuating Course

Delirium is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Fifth edition (DSM-V) as a “disturbance and change in attention and awareness from baseline that develops over a short period of time, with fluctuating course” [1]. Delirium occurs as a result of factors related to primary illness, the treatment of that illness, and stressful and disorientating environment of the hospital [2]. There are limited data to describe the incidence of delirium in children hospitalized with cancer [3]. Delirium occurs frequently in adults and is an independent predictor of mortality, increased length of stay, and increased risk for long-term cognitive deficits [3]. The prevalence of delirium in hospitalized adults ages 18-56 with cancer ranges from 18%-44% [4]. Most pediatric studies on delirium focus on the critically ill child in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). It is estimated that the incidence of delirium in this population is as high as 29% [5].

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A-57 The Neuropsychological Impact of Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome: A Case Study

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acab062.75 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 1099-1099

Author(s):

Jill Del Pozzo ◽

Erica F Weiss ◽

Diana Bronshteyn ◽

David M Masur ◽

John J McGinley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Somatic Symptoms ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Antiphospholipid Antibody ◽

Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome ◽

Neuropsychological Evaluation ◽

Blood Proteins ◽

Cognitive Changes ◽

Visual Spatial ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Objective Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS), also known as Hughes Syndrome, is an autoimmune condition linked to various adverse medical and neurological outcomes affecting 5 in 100,000. APS results from antibodies (aPL) that attack blood proteins that bind to phospholipids (e.g., 2-glycoprotein I and prothrombin), which can cause blood flow problems, increased risk of blood clots, and recurrent vascular thrombotic events. Research suggests APS may lead to various neurologic/medical issues including memory loss, visual disturbances, and dementia. Method Neuropsychological evaluation of 48-year-old female with triple-positive APS and history of bilateral superior parietal chronic ischemic infarctions, multiple bilateral lacunar infarctions, and bilateral encephalomalacia. Reports progressive cognitive changes (< 1 year). Results Neuropsychological evaluation evidenced low average premorbid functioning and currently, extremely low overall cognitive ability. Memory was variable with significant visual and working memory impairment but preserved delayed recall of contextual information. While verbal abilities were intact, deficits were noted in executive functioning, attention, processing speed, visuomotor, visual–spatial, and fine motor skills. Conclusion This 48-year-old woman’s cognitive profile is consistent with findings in the APS literature and is indicative of an early onset major vascular neurocognitive disorder. Retrospective studies suggest that cognitive deficits often precede somatic symptoms of APS and abnormal neuroimaging findings; she presents atypically, as somatic symptoms and abnormal neuroimaging preceded cognitive decline. This case adds to the limited body of neuropsychological data regarding the effects of APS on cognitive functioning, as the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in APS is unclear and leads to questions regarding differences in, and trajectories of, cognitive deficits in APS.

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Strategies for optimizing medication adherence in schizophrenia

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852912000405 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 31-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Debbi A. Morrissette ◽

Andrew J. Cutler

Keyword(s):

Treatment Adherence ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Treatment Team ◽

Adverse Side Effects ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Medication Selection ◽

Medication Efficacy ◽

Dosing Strategy ◽

Long Acting ◽

Psychosocial Approaches

Medication nonadherence is a common problem in the treatment of schizophrenia. The consequences of nonadherence are numerous and can be quite serious, including increased risk of rehospitalization and suicide. There are numerous factors that affect a patient's decision and ability to take medication, including medication efficacy and tolerability, treatment regimen, cognitive deficits, and the patient's relationship with the treatment team. Fortunately, there are several strategies that may increase treatment adherence, including individualization of medication selection and dosing strategy to maximize efficacy and minimize adverse side effects, utilization of long-acting injectable depot formulations that eliminate the need for the patient to remember daily oral medication, and psychosocial approaches that emphasize the benefits of staying well.

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New Clinically Relevant Findings about Violence by People with Schizophrenia

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/0706743716648300 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 86-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Sheilagh Hodgins ◽

Sanja Klein

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Aggressive Behaviour ◽

Antisocial Behaviour ◽

First Episode ◽

Cognitive Behavioural ◽

Increased Risk ◽

History Of ◽

Persons With Schizophrenia ◽

First Contact ◽

Internalizing And Externalizing

Objective: To review findings with clinical relevance that add to knowledge about antisocial and aggressive behaviour among persons with schizophrenia. Method: Nonsystematic literature review. Results: Recent evidence shows that individuals who develop schizophrenia present cognitive deficits, psychotic-like experiences, and internalizing and externalizing problems from childhood onwards. Many of their relatives present not only schizophrenia-related disorders but also antisocial behaviour. While the increased risk of aggressive behaviour among persons with schizophrenia has been robustly established, recent findings show that by first contact with clinical services for psychosis, most people with schizophrenia who will engage in aggressive behaviour may be identified. At first episode, 2 distinct types are distinguishable: those who present a history of antisocial and aggressive behaviour since childhood and those who began engaging in aggressive behaviour as illness onsets. Antipsychotic medications and other treatments shown to be effective for schizophrenia are needed by both types of patients. Additionally, those with a history of antisocial and aggressive behaviour since childhood require cognitive-behavioural programs aimed at reducing these behaviours and promoting prosocial behaviour. Reducing physical victimisation and cannabis use will likely reduce aggressive behaviour. Evidence suggests that threats to hurt others often precede assaults. Conclusions: At first contact with services, patients with schizophrenia who have engaged in aggressive behaviour should be identified and treated for schizophrenia and for aggression. Research is needed to identify interactions between genotypes and environmental factors, from conception onwards, that promote and that protect against the development of aggressive behaviour among persons with schizophrenia.

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Acceptability of Intimate Partner Violence among Male Offenders: The Role of Set-Shifting and Emotion Decoding Dysfunctions as Cognitive Risk Factors

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16091537 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. 1537 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ángel Romero-Martínez ◽

Marisol Lila ◽

Enrique Gracia ◽

Christina M. Rodriguez ◽

Luis Moya-Albiol

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Set Shifting ◽

Attention Switching ◽

Emotion Decoding ◽

Increased Risk

Attitudes towards the acceptability of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) contribute to an increased risk of IPVAW perpetration, and these attitudes are common among IPVAW offenders. Research suggests that IPVAW offenders present cognitive deficits related to information processing. Little is known, however, about how these deficits are related to the acceptability of IPVAW. The main aim of this study was to explore the relationship between specific cognitive deficits (i.e., deficits in attention switching, set-shifting, and emotion decoding abilities) and the acceptability of IPVAW in a sample of 84 IPVAW offenders. Results revealed that IPVAW offenders with deficits in attention switching, set-shifting, and emotion decoding abilities demonstrated greater acceptability of IPVAW, and these relationships remained significant after controlling for socio-demographic variables (i.e., age and educational level) and drug consumption. These results highlight the role of cognitive processes in maintaining attitudes of acceptability of IPVAW. Thus, the findings may guide professionals in developing specific intervention programs focused on improving cognitive abilities, in order to reduce the acceptability of IPVAW.

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Mild hyponatremia is linked to cognitive deficits and increased risk of falls

European Journal of Internal Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.ejim.2013.08.593 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. e231-e232

Author(s):

R. Gunathilake ◽

C. Oldmeadow ◽

K. Inder ◽

B. Kelly ◽

M. McEvoy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Risk Of Falls

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DIABETIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IN TYPE 2 DIABETES

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2016.6.8 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 52-58

Author(s):

Van Vy Hau Nguyen ◽

Hai Thuy Nguyen ◽

Dinh Toan Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Organ Damage ◽

Diabetic Encephalopathy ◽

Downstream Effects ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

The Brain

Type 2 diabetes is a common metabolic disease with a rising global prevalence. It is associated with slowly progressive end-organ damage in the eyes and kidneys, but also in the brain. The latter complication is often referred to as "diabetic encephalopathy" and is characterized by mild to moderate impairments in cognitive functioning. It is also associated with an increased risk of dementia. Diabetic encephalopathies are now accepted complications of diabetes. To date, its pathogenetic mechanisms are largely unclear. They appear to differ in type 1 and type 2 diabetes as to underlying mechanisms and the nature of resulting cognitive deﬁcits. The increased incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, and commonly accompanying attributes such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and obesity. However, cognitive impairement in type 1 diabetes have other differences with type 2 diabetes. The major underlying component here appears to be insulin deﬁciency with downstream effects on the expression of neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, oxidative and apoptotic stressors resulting in defects in neuronal integrity, connectivity and loss commonly occurring in the still developing brain.

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