scholarly journals Job strain and loss of healthy life years between ages 50 and 75 by sex and occupational position: analyses of 64 934 individuals from four prospective cohort studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 486-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda L Magnusson Hanson ◽  
Hugo Westerlund ◽  
Holendro S Chungkham ◽  
Jussi Vahtera ◽  
Naja H Rod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Job Strain ◽  
Health Expectancy ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Occupational Position ◽  
Psychosocial Working Conditions ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Disease Free

ObjectivesPoor psychosocial working conditions increase the likelihood of various types of morbidity and may substantially limit quality of life and possibilities to remain in paid work. To date, however, no studies to our knowledge have quantified the extent to which poor psychosocial working conditions reduce healthy or chronic disease-free life expectancy, which was the focus of this study.MethodsData were derived from four cohorts with repeat data: the Finnish Public Sector Study (Finland), GAZEL (France), the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (Sweden) and Whitehall II (UK). Healthy (in good self-rated health) life expectancy (HLE) and chronic disease-free (free from cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory disease and diabetes) life expectancy (CDFLE) was calculated from age 50 to 75 based on 64 394 individuals with data on job strain (high demands in combination with low control) at baseline and health at baseline and follow-up.ResultsMultistate life table models showed that job strain was consistently related to shorter HLE (overall 1.7 years difference). The difference in HLE was more pronounced among men (2.0 years compared with 1.5 years for women) and participants in lower occupational positions (2.5 years among low-grade men compared with 1.7 years among high-grade men). Similar differences in HLE, although smaller, were observed among those in intermediate or high occupational positions. Job strain was additionally associated with shorter CDFLE, although this association was weaker and somewhat inconsistent.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that individuals with job strain have a shorter health expectancy compared with those without job strain.

scholarly journals 1175Work stress and loss of years lived without chronic disease; an 18-year prospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeppe K. Sørensen ◽  
Elisabeth Framke ◽  
Jacob Pedersen ◽  
Kristina Alexanderson ◽  
Jens P. Bonde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Work Stress ◽  
Job Strain ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Effort Reward Imbalance ◽  
Reward Imbalance ◽  
Disease Free

Abstract Background Aim: To examine the association of work stress with future chronic disease incidence and loss of chronic disease-free life years in the Danish workforce. Method A population-based prospective register-based cohort study of all employees aged 30-59 in 2000 in Denmark, without chronic diseases at baseline (n = 1,592,491). Using job exposure matrices, we assessed exposure to work stress by a combined measure of job strain and effort-reward imbalance. We estimated the risk of incident hospital-diagnosed chronic disease or death (i.e., type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, and dementia) during 18 years of follow-up and corresponding chronic disease-free life expectancy. Results Individuals working in occupations with high risk of both job strain and effort-reward imbalance had a slightly higher risk of future incident chronic disease compared to those in occupations with low risk of both stressors. The hazard ratio was 1.04 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.05) in women and 1.12 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.14) in men. The corresponding loss in chronic disease-free life expectancy was 0.25 years in women and 0.84 years in men. Conclusion Working in occupations with a high risk of work stress was associated with a small loss of years lived without chronic disease compared to working in occupations with low risk of work stress. Key messages According to our findings, employees in occupations with high risk of work stress live slightly shorter lives free of chronic diseases compared to employees in occupations with low risk of work stress.

scholarly journals Work Stress and Loss of Years Lived Without Chronic Disease: an 18-year Follow-up of 1.5 Million Employees in Denmark

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeppe Karl Sørensen ◽  
Elisabeth Framke ◽  
Jacob Pedersen ◽  
Kristina Alexanderson ◽  
Jens P. Bonde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Work Stress ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Disease Free

Abstract We aimed to examine the association between exposure to work stress and chronic disease incidence and loss of chronic disease-free life years in the Danish workforce. The study population included 1,592,491 employees, aged 30 to 59 in 2000 and without prevalent chronic diseases. We assessed work stress as the combination of job strain and effort-reward imbalance using job exposure matrices. We used Cox regressions to estimate risk of incident hospital-diagnoses or death of chronic diseases (i.e., type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, and dementia) during 18 years of follow-up and calculated corresponding chronic disease-free life expectancy from age 30 to age 75. Individuals working in occupations with high prevalence of work stress had a higher risk of incident chronic disease compared to those in occupations with low prevalence of work stress (women: HR 1.04 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.05), men: HR 1.12 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.14)). The corresponding loss in chronic disease-free life expectancy was 0.25 (95% CI -0.10 to 0.60) and 0.84 (95% CI 0.56 to 1.11) years in women and men, respectively. Additional adjustment for health behaviours attenuated these associations among men. We conclude that men working in high-stress occupations have a small loss of years lived without chronic disease compared to men working in low-stress occupations. This finding appeared to be partially attributable to harmful health behaviours. In women, high work stress indicated a very small and statistically non-significant loss of years lived without chronic disease.

scholarly journals Associations between labour market policies and work stressors

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Lunau ◽  
M Rigó
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Job Strain ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Psychosocial Work ◽  
Work Stressors ◽  
Labour Market Policies ◽  
Psychosocial Working Conditions ◽  
European Working

Abstract Background Many studies have shown that psychosocial work stressors have a negative impact on health. It is therefore important to understand how psychosocial work stressors can be reduced. First cross-sectional studies have shown that working conditions are influenced at the political level. With this study, we want to extend the existing studies by specifically looking at the longitudinal dimension and test if changing labour market policies are related to changes in psychosocial work stressors. Methods We used comparative longitudinal survey data from the European Working Conditions Survey (27 countries; years 2005, 2010, 2015). The measure of psychosocial work stressors is based on two established work stress models: job strain and effort-reward imbalance. To measure labour market policies we used information on active (ALMP) and passive labour market policies (PLMP). 64659 participants were eligible for the ERI analysis and 67114 participants for the analyses on job strain. Estimation results are provided by three-level multilevel regressions. Results An increase in ALMP investments lead to a decrease of ERI and therefore to an improvement in psychosocial working conditions. The analyses for the subcomponents showed that these results are mainly driven by reward: an increase in ALMP investments lead to an increase in rewards. We didn't find significant associations between ALMP and job strain and between a change in PLMP measures and the observed work stressors. Discussion The study extends current knowledge with longitudinal information by showing that an increase in ALMP lead to an increase in rewards and a decrease of ERI. These longitudinal analyses are more closely related to a causal interpretation than previous cross-country analyses. The findings of this study may have important policy implications. Our main result suggests that investments into ALMP can improve certain working conditions and therefore improve workers' health. Key messages Psychosocial work stressors have a negative impact on health. Investments into active labour market policies can improve psychosocial working conditions.

scholarly journals Physical activity level as a predictor of healthy and chronic disease-free life expectancy between ages 50 and 75

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuija Leskinen ◽  
Sari Stenholm ◽  
Ville Aalto ◽  
Jenny Head ◽  
Mika Kivimäki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Physical Activity Level ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Disease Free

Long-term survival benefits of docetaxel plus cyclophosphamide compared to doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide in the adjuvant treatment of operable breast cancer

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 563-563
Author(s):  
M. Thompson ◽  
B. Seal ◽  
M. Tangirala ◽  
L. Asmar ◽  
S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Us ◽  
Disease Free

563 Background: The U.S. Oncology Adjuvant Trial 9735 recently demonstrated disease-free survival and overall survival (OS) benefits over 7 years for docetaxel plus cyclophosphamide (TC) compared with doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide (AC) as adjuvant treatment for women with operable stage I-III invasive breast cancer (BC). The life-time benefits of TC vs. AC, however, are unknown. This analysis aimed to project potential life-time survival benefits of TC vs. AC as adjuvant therapy for operable BC. Methods: The 7-year follow-up results of the 9735 study combined with US average life expectancy were used to project the life-time survival benefits of TC vs. AC. In the base case (scenario 1), it was assumed the survival advantage of TC did not persist beyond the 7-year clinical trial period. Rather, all patients alive and disease-free at 7 years (from the starting age of 51 to the age of 58), regardless of treatment, were assumed to be cured and received the average remaining life expectancy of a 58-year old woman in the US general population. As survival benefits from chemotherapy may persist beyond the clinical trial period, two sensitivity analyses were conducted: 1) greater life expectancy in the TC arm of 1.8 months equivalent to the mean difference in OS between TC and AC within the clinical trial period (scenario 2) and 2) greater life expectancy in the TC arm of 22 months equivalent to the difference in survival at the end of 7 years (scenario 3). The total life years gained (LYs) and quality-adjusted life years gained (QALYs) were then calculated. Results: Per patient LYs gained in scenarios 1, 2, and 3 were 0.850, 0.930, and 1.755, respectively; while QALYs gained were slightly lower at 0.674, 0.736 and 1.383, respectively. Applying this benefit to a cohort of 167,133 women in the US with newly diagnosed stage I-III invasive BC in 2008, the gains were 142,063 LYs and 112,648 QALYS in scenario 1. Conclusions: In addition to survival benefit observed within the clinical trial period, the use of TC is associated with long-term survival benefits compared to AC in patients with stage I-III invasive BC. The results provide additional support of the value of TC in the management of early stage BC. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Can favourable psychosocial working conditions in midlife moderate the risk of work exit for chronically ill workers? A 20-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study

2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Fleischmann ◽  
Ewan Carr ◽  
Stephen A Stansfeld ◽  
Baowen Xue ◽  
Jenny Head
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Cox Models ◽  
Psychosocial Working Conditions ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Work Social Support ◽  
New Diagnosis

ObjectivesTo investigate if favourable psychosocial working conditions can reduce the risk of work exit and specifically for workers with chronic disease.MethodsMen and women (32%) aged 35–55, working and having no chronic disease at baseline of the Whitehall II study of London-based civil servants were selected (n=9040). We observed participants’ exit from work through retirement, health-related exit and unemployment, new diagnosis of chronic disease (ie, coronary heart disease, diabetes, stroke and cancer) and their psychosocial working conditions in midlife. Using cause-specific Cox models, we examined the association of chronic disease and favourable psychosocial working conditions and their interaction, with the three types of work exit. We adjusted for gender, occupational grade, educational level, remaining in civil service, spouse’s employment status and mental health.ResultsChronic disease significantly increased the risk of any type of work exit (HR 1.27) and specifically the risk of health-related exit (HR 2.42). High skill discretion in midlife reduced the risk of any type of work exit (HR 0.90), retirement (HR 0.91) and health-related exit (HR 0.68). High work social support in midlife decreased the risk of health-related exit (HR 0.79) and unemployment (HR 0.71). Favourable psychosocial working conditions in midlife did not attenuate the association between chronic disease and work exit significantly.ConclusionsThe chronically ill have increased risks of work exit, especially through health-related exit routes. Chronic disease is an obstacle to extended working lives. Favourable working conditions directly relate to reduced risks of work exit.

scholarly journals O7B.4 Are psychosocial working conditions associated with suicide and intentional self-harm? a register-based study of 420,895 norwegians

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A63.2-A63
Author(s):  
Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum ◽  
Therese N Hanvold ◽  
Lars Mehlum ◽  
Rachel L Hasting ◽  
Suzanne L Merkus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Job Strain ◽  
Job Demands ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Psychosocial Work Factors ◽  
Psychosocial Work ◽  
Psychosocial Working Conditions ◽  
Leader Support ◽  
Work Factors ◽  
Self Harm

ObjectivesPoor psychosocial working conditions are associated with increased risk of mental health disorders. Some studies suggest that work factors may also increase the risk of suicidal behaviour. However, these studies mostly measured suicidal ideation, rarely completed suicides, and hardly ever used longitudinal data. We aimed to examine the relationship between selected psychosocial work factors and death by suicide, as well as hospital treatment for intentional self-harm and similar diagnoses.MethodsData on all persons born in Norway 1967–1976, employed in 2007 (n=420,895), were retrieved from national registers. Binary psychosocial work exposures were obtained from a job-exposure matrix for job demands, job control and leader support. Based on these, we constructed job strain (high demands, low control), and isostrain (high demands, low control, low support) exposure variables. These were linked to occupation in 2007 (ISCO88 four-digit codes). We estimated associations (Risk Ratios, RRs) between the psychosocial work factors and four-year risk of intentional self-harm and suicide in binomial regression models, adjusted for year of birth, education level, marital history and current family pattern.ResultsDuring 2008–2011, 884 had diagnoses of intentional self-harm (annual rate 53 per 100,000; women 56, men 49), while 164 suicided (annual rate 9.7; women 4.5, men 14.5). Intentional self-harm was associated with all work factors, except job demands and leader support among men. Associations were strongest for high isostrain, adjusted RR 1.5 (95% confidence interval 1.2–1.7) and high job strain RR 1.3 (1.2–1.5), similar in women and men. Associations with suicide were positive only among men, with strongest associations for high job strain, RR 1.5 (1.0–2.1).ConclusionsPsychosocial work factors were associated with intentional self-harm in both sexes, but only in men for suicide. High isostrain and high job strain showed the strongest associations. Reasons other than a causal relationship cannot be excluded, particularly health selection.

scholarly journals Smoking, physical inactivity and obesity as predictors of healthy and disease-free life expectancy between ages 50 and 75: a multicohort study

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 1260-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari Stenholm ◽  
Jenny Head ◽  
Mika Kivimäki ◽  
Ichiro Kawachi ◽  
Ville Aalto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Disease Free

Abstract Background: Smoking, physical inactivity and obesity are modifiable risk factors for morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which the co-occurrence of these behaviour-related risk factors predict healthy life expectancy and chronic disease-free life expectancy in four European cohort studies. Methods: Data were drawn from repeated waves of four cohort studies in England, Finland, France and Sweden. Smoking status, physical inactivity and obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) were examined separately and in combination. Health expectancy was estimated by using two health indicators: suboptimal self-rated health and having a chronic disease (cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory disease and diabetes). Multistate life table models were used to estimate sex-specific healthy life expectancy and chronic disease-free life expectancy from ages 50 to 75 years. Results: Compared with men and women with at least two behaviour-related risk factors, those with no behaviour-related risk factors could expect to live on average8 years longer in good health and 6 years longer free of chronic diseases between ages 50 and 75. Having any single risk factor was also associated with reduction in healthy years. No consistent differences between cohorts were observed. Conclusions: Data from four European countries show that persons with individual and co-occurring behaviour-related risk factors have shorter healthy life expectancy and shorter chronic disease-free life expectancy. Population level reductions in smoking, physical inactivity and obesity could increase life-years lived in good health.

Are We Living Longer and Healthier?

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1645-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zheng ◽  
Karen Siu Lan Cheung ◽  
Paul S. F. Yip
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
The World ◽  
Disease Free

Objective: To examine whether we live healthier as we live longer in Hong Kong, which has one of the highest life expectancies in the world. Methods: Sullivan’s method was used to evaluate the chronic disease–free life expectancy (CDFLE), life expectancy in good self-perceived health (GPHLE), and impairment-free life expectancy (IFLE) among population aged 50 years and older in Hong Kong in 2007–2016. Results: In spite of the marked improvement in life expectancy in Hong Kong, the increase in GPHLE was much smaller, while CDFLE and IFLE even declined for both genders. The situation was more severe among older population. Discussion: People in Hong Kong live longer but with worsening health. The expansion of chronic diseases, self-perceived poor health, and impairments among older adults calls for more fiscal investments, government attention, and public health policies.

scholarly journals Diet quality as a predictor of healthy and cardiometabolic disease-free life expectancy between ages 50 to 85

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Lagström ◽  
Sari Stenholm ◽  
Tasnime Akbararly ◽  
Jaana Pentti ◽  
Jussi Vahtera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Occupational Position ◽  
Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽  
Disease Free

AbstractPoor dietary quality is one of the leading modifiable risk factor for premature mortality worldwide. People live longer than ever, but spend more years with illness and disability although the ultimate goal is to increase healthy years of life. Less research has considered the role of dietary habits in relation to health or cardiometabolic disesase-free life expectancy (LE). This study investigate the association of diet quality with healthy and cardiometabolic disease-free LE between ages 50 and 85. The study comprised 8,075 participants of the Whitehall II study. Diet quality was assessed with Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) 2010 at phases 3, 5 and 7 and took the measure of diet closest to age of 50 years for each participant. We utilized repeat measures of self-rated health and cardiometabolic disease from the first observation when participants were aged 50 years or older. In the analyses the AHEI-2010 total score was categorized in to quintiles, where the lowest quintile represents unhealthiest diet quality and highest quintiles healthiest diet. Multistate life table models were used to estimate healthy and cardiometabolic disease-free LE from age 50 to 85 years for each category of AHEI-2010 quintiles and three occupational position group. Participants in the highest AHEI-2010 quintile lived 3.6 years longer in good health and 2.7 years longer without cardiometabolic diseases than participants in the lowest quintile of the AHEI-2010. Higher diet quality associated with an increased healthy and cardiometabolic disease-free LE was observed across different occupational positions: Men in highest occupational position and highest AHEI-2010 quintile lived 9.4 years longer with good health compared to lowest occupational position and lowest AHEI-2010 quintile and for women the corresponding difference was 8.2 years. In terms of proportion of years spent without cardiometabolic diseases ranged from 77% (high occupational position and highest AHEI-2010) to 57% (low occupational position and lowest AHEI-2010) in men and from 82% to 70% in women. The difference in years lived healthy across AHEI-2010 quintiles was most remarkable in persons with low occupation status. Healthier dietary habits are associated with longer healthy and longer cardiometabolic disease-free LE between ages 50 and 85. Attention to poor diet should be paid especially among people in the lowest occupational position.

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